CEN/TC 10 - Passenger, goods and service lifts

1.1   This document specifies the safety rules for new accessible goods only lifts with traction, positive or hydraulic drive, permanently installed and only used by users (see 3.57), serving fixed and permanent landing levels, having a carrier made of a single load carrying area, designed for the transportation of goods only, moving along a fixed path by rigid guide rails and inclined not more than 15° to the vertical, with rated speed not exceeding 1 m/s.
This document covers accessible goods only lifts with rated load exceeding 300 kg and not intended to transport persons.
1.2   For the purpose of this document, a goods only lift carrier is regarded as accessible where one of the following conditions is satisfied:
a)   floor area of the carrier is greater than 1,0 m2;
b)   depth of the carrier is greater than 1,0 m;
c)   clear height of the carrier is greater than 1,20 m.
In case the carrier is without a roof, it is considered accessible when the clear height of the landing doors is greater than 1,20 m.
1.3   Two types of accessible goods only lifts are addressed:
a)   Type A, where the intended use is bound to the maximum rated speed of 0,30 m/s;
b)   Type B, where the intended use is bound to the maximum rated speed of 1,0 m/s.
1.4   In addition to the requirements of this document, supplementary requirements are to be considered in special cases (operation subject to ATEX rules, operational in ambiental condition not addressed by this standard, seismic conditions, transporting dangerous goods, etc.).
1.5   This document does not cover:
a)   accessible goods only lifts:
1)   with more than one lift machine;
i)   where loading and unloading is automated, or the carrier floor is fitted with mobile devices (e.g. rollers) for loading and unloading purposes;
ii)   intended to carry bulk loads (such as loose sand, gravel, etc.);
iii)   with drive systems other than those stated in 4.8;
b)   lifting tables according to EN 1570-1 and EN 1570-2;
c)   lifting appliances, such as appliances with more than one carrier, skips, goods only lifts for construction sites, for underground applications, mine winding gear, goods only lifts on seagoing vessels and mobile offshore units, construction and maintenance appliances in wind turbines, goods only lifts specially designed and constructed for research purposes for temporary use in laboratories, goods only lifts specially designed and constructed for military or police purposes;
d)   safety during operation of transport, erection, repairs and dismantling of accessible goods only lifts;
e)   the use of translucent material for the walls of the well and machinery spaces, for the carrier with the exception of the landing doors vision panels;
f)   the use of programmable electronic systems in safety related applications for lifts (PESSRAL);
g)   hydraulic lifts where the setting of the pressure relief valve exceeds 50 MPa;
h)   any form of radiation except EMC;
i)   fire propagation;
j)   energy dissipation type buffers;
k)   the possibility of two simultaneous acts of imprudence and/or the abuse of instructions for use.
l)   ambient temperature in the well and machinery spaces lower than +5 °C and higher than +40 °C;
m)   health and safety of animals.
However, this document can usefully be taken as a basis.
Noise and vibrations are not dealt with in this document as they are not considered a significant nor relevant hazard for the actual type of the accessible goods only lifts.
1.6   The requirements of this document are such that the possibility of a failure of an electric safety device or a safety component complying with all the requirements of this document needs not to be taken into consideration.
1.7   This document is not applicable to accessible goods only lifts which were manufactured before the date of its publication as EN.

1.1   This document specifies the safety requirements for the construction and installation of power operated lifting appliances installed permanently for indoor or outdoor service in wind turbines and intended for access to workplaces on wind turbines, including rescue and evacuation procedures. A lifting appliance serves defined landing levels and can move persons to working positions where they are carrying out work (which could be from the carrier) and has a carrier which is:
a)   designed for the transportation of persons and goods;
b)   guided;
c)   travelling vertically or along a path within 15° maximum from the vertical;
d)   supported or sustained by rack and pinion or rope traction drive;
e)   travelling with a speed not more than 0,7 m/s;
f)   able to operate in a temperature range between - 25 °C to + 55 °C.
1.2   This document does not cover hazards related to:
a)   noise;
b)   the use of the lifting appliance for erection or dismantling of the wind turbine;
c)   lightning protection;
d)   use in potentially explosive atmospheres;
e)   electromagnetic compatibility (emission, immunity);
f)   transporting of goods outside the carrier;
g)   the use of combustion engines;
h)   hydraulic and pneumatic drive units;
i)   the use of lifting appliances in floating wind turbines;
j)   use during earthquakes.
1.3   This document is not applicable to lifting appliances manufactured before the date of its publication.

1.1   This document specifies power operated temporarily installed builders’ hoists (referred to as “hoists” in this document) intended for use by persons who are permitted to enter sites of engineering and construction, serving landing levels, having a cage:
-   designed for the transportation of persons or of persons and materials;
-   guided;
-   travelling vertically or along a path within 15° max. of the vertical;
-   supported or sustained by rack and pinion;
-   designed with and / or without support from separate structure.
1.2   This document specifies the significant hazards, hazardous situations or hazardous events relevant to the machine as listed in Annex C which arise during the various phases in the life of the machine and describes methods for the elimination or reduction of these hazards when it is used as intended and under conditions of misuse which are reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer.
1.3   This document does not specify the additional requirements for:
-   operation in severe conditions (e.g. extreme climates, strong magnetic fields);
-   lightning protection;
-   operation subject to special rules (e.g. potentially explosive atmospheres);
-   electromagnetic compatibility (emission, immunity);
-   handling of loads the nature of which could lead to dangerous situations (e.g. molten metal, acids/bases, radiating materials, fragile loads);
-   the use of combustion engines;
-   the use of remote controls;
-   hazards occurring during manufacture;
-   hazards occurring as a result of mobility;
-   hazards occurring as a result of being erected over a public road;
-   earthquakes;
-   emission of airborne noise;
-   dual (twin) cage hoists;
-   twin masts hoists;
-   combination hoists, e.g. an EN 12159 hoist with an EN 12158-1 hoist;
-   counterweighted hoists, neither by separate counterweight nor counterweighted by another cage.
1.4   This document does not apply to:
-   builders’ hoists for the transport of goods only EN 12158-1:2021 and EN 12158-2:2000+A1:2010;
-   lifts according to EN 81-20:2020, EN 81-3:2000+A1:2008 and EN 81-43:2009;
-   work cages suspended from lifting appliances;
-   work platforms carried on the forks of fork trucks;
-   work platforms according to EN 1495:1997+A2:2009  ;
-   transport platforms according to EN 16719:2018;
-   funiculars;
-   lifts specially designed for military purposes;
-   mine lifts;
-   theatre elevators;
-   hoists with hydraulic drive/braking systems and hydraulic safety devices.
1.5   This document specifies the hoist installation. It includes the base frame and base enclosure but excludes the design of any concrete, hard core, timber or other foundation arrangement. It includes the design of mast ties but excludes the design of anchor bolts to the supporting structure. It includes the landing gates and their frames but excludes the design of any anchorage fixing bolts to the supporting structure.
1.6   This document does not apply to builders’ hoists for persons and material with vertically guided cages which are manufactured before the date of publication of this document by CEN.

This document specifies:
a)       methods of measuring actual energy consumption of lifts, escalators and moving walks on a single unit basis;
b)       methods of carrying out periodic energy verification checks on lifts, escalators and moving walks in operation.
This document only considers the energy performance during the operational portion of the life cycle of the lifts, escalators or moving walks.
For lifts, this document does not cover energy aspects, such as:
a)       hoistway lighting;
b)       heating and cooling equipment, including fans in the lift car;
c)        machine room lighting;
d)       machine room heating, ventilation and air conditioning;
e)       non-lift, display systems, closed circuit television security cameras, etc.;
f)         non-lift, monitoring systems (building management systems, etc.);
g)       the effect of lift group dispatching on energy consumption;
h)       non-lift equipment consumption through the power sockets;
i)         energy storage systems if used as an alternative energy source for operation.
For escalators and moving walks, this document does not cover energy aspects of the ancillary equipment, such as:
a)       lighting with the exception of comb plate lighting and step gap lighting and traffic light;
b)       cooling and heating;
c)        alarm devices and emergency battery supplies equipment, etc.

1.1   This document deals with safety requirements for construction, manufacturing, installation, maintenance and dismantling of electrically operated stairlifts (chair, standing platform and wheelchair platform) affixed to a building structure, moving in an inclined plane and intended for use by persons with impaired mobility:
-   travelling over a stair or an accessible inclined surface;
-   intended for use by one person;
-   whose carriage is directly retained and guided by a guide rail or rails;
-   supported or sustained by rope (5.4.4), rack and pinion (5.4.5), chain (5.4.6), friction traction drive (5.4.7), and guided rope and ball (5.4.8).
1.2   This document identifies hazards as listed in Clause 4 which arise during the various phases in the life of such equipment and describes methods for the elimination or reduction of these hazards when used as intended by the manufacturer.
1.3   This document does not specify the additional requirements for:
-   operation in severe conditions (e.g. extreme climates, strong magnetic fields);
-   operation subject to special rules (e.g. potentially explosive atmospheres);
-   handling of materials, the nature of which could lead to dangerous situations;
-   use of energy systems other than electricity;
-   hazards occurring during manufacture;
-   earthquakes, flooding, fire;
-   evacuation during a fire;
-   stairlifts for goods only;
-   concrete, hardcore, timber or other foundation or building arrangement;
-   design of anchorage bolts to the supporting structure.
NOTE   For the actual type of machinery, noise is not considered a significant nor relevant hazard.
1.4   This document is not applicable to power operated stairlifts which are manufactured before the date of publication of this document by CEN.

1.1   This document specifies the additional or deviating requirements to EN 81-20:2020 for new passenger and goods passenger lifts, which can be used for firefighting and evacuation purposes under firefighters control.
1.2   This document applies, when the following conditions are fulfilled:
-   the lift well and the lift environment are designed to restrict the ingress of fire, heat and smoke to the lift well, machinery spaces and safe areas;
-   the building design limits the flow of water into the lift well;
-   the firefighters lift is not used as an escape route;
-   the lift well and the lift environment are fire protected for at least to the same level as the building structure;
-   the power supply is secure and reliable;
-   the electrical cable(s) providing power to the lift is fire protected to the same fire protection level as given to the lift well structure;
-   a suitable maintenance and verification plan is implemented.
1.3   This document does not cover:
-   the use of lifts with partially enclosed wells for use as firefighters lifts;
-   lifts installed in new or existing buildings, which are not included in fire resisting building structure;
-   important modification to existing lifts.
1.4   This document does not define:
-   the number of firefighters lifts and the floors to be served during firefighting operations;
-   size of safe area(s);
-   the use of other than the highest deck of a multi deck lift for firefighting operations.
1.5   This document deals with the significant hazards, hazardous situations and events relevant to firefighters lifts (as listed in Clause 4) when they are used as intended and under the conditions as foreseen by the installer.
1.6   The following significant hazards are not dealt with in this document and are assumed to be addressed by the building designer:
-   not having enough or correctly located firefighters lifts to move the firefighters up the building;
-   a fire in the firefighters lift well, safe area, machinery space or car;
-   the absence of building floor identification signs at any floor;
-   water management is not operating correctly.

This document specifies the special provisions and safety rules describing the behaviour of lifts in the event of fire in a building, on the basis of a recall signal(s) to the lift(s) control system.
This document applies to new passenger lifts and goods passenger lifts with all types of drives. However, it may be used as a basis to improve the safety of existing passenger and goods passenger lifts.
This document does not apply to:
-   lifts that remain in use in the event of fire, e.g. firefighters lifts as defined in EN 81-72:2020,
-   lifts used for the evacuation of a building.

This document specifies the minimum requirements for the safe and independent access and use of lifts by persons, including persons with disabilities. It covers the needs of persons with disabilities according to Annex A.
NOTE For guidance on solutions for increased accessibility and usability, see Annex D

This document specifies the emission limits in relation to electromagnetic disturbances and test conditions for lifts, escalators and moving walks, which are intended to be permanently installed in buildings. These limits however, may not provide full protection against disturbances caused to radio and TV reception when such equipment is used within distances given in Table 1.
This document is not applicable for apparatus which are manufactured before the date of its publication as EN.

This document specifies the technical requirements for the alarm systems for passenger and goods passenger lifts, as described in the EN 81 series.
This includes:
-   activation of the alarm,
-   transmission of the alarm,
-   information for use and maintenance,
-   site testing to verify the requirements of this document have been met before the lift is used.
Excluded are:
-   the failure of the communication network (see Annex A), including mobile network signal strength or similar;
-   the failure of the network power supply such that all the lifts in a geographical area create entrapment simultaneously.
This document deals with the following significant hazards, hazardous situations or hazardous events relevant to lift, when it is used as intended and under conditions of misuse which are reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer:
-   risk of entrapment of users in the car and in the well.
This document is not applicable to alarm systems for lifts installed before the date of its publication.

This document defines requirements addressing the significant hazards related to lifts, which are subject to different expected levels of vandalism (see Annex A and Annex D for further information).
Those requirements are supplementary (additional and/or modified) to the requirements of EN 81-20:2020, intended to mitigate the effect of vandalism.
This document is not applicable to lifts installed before the date of its publication.

This document specifies the safety rules related to passenger and goods/passenger lifts installed in existing buildings where limitations enforced by certain building constraints mean that some requirements of EN 81-20:2020 cannot be met.
It addresses the following constraints and gives requirements for alternative solutions:
-   existing perforate walls of the lift well;
-   reduction in available well are leading to reduced distance between car, counterweight or balancing weight;
-   counterweight or balancing weight in a separate existing well;
-   reduced building dimensions and clearances leading to:
-   reductions in available space for headroom and pit;
-   reduced car roof balustrade dimensions;
-   reduced height of sill apron;
-   reduced height of machine and/or pulley room;
-   reduced available area for access door/trap door;
-   reduction in available height of landing doors.
This document is not applicable to lifts installed before the date of its publication.

This document specifies the fire resistance requirements for lift landing doors which are intended to provide a barrier to the spread of fire from the landing side and via the lift well in buildings during a defined period of time. The fire resistance requirements are expressed in terms of integrity (E), insulation (EI) and radiation (EW).
It is applicable to lift landing doors installed in the lift well openings at landings and used as means of access to lift car.
It also specifies the method of testing and classification of fire resistance of lift landing doors. The test method is only valid for furnaces where the door is mounted in a vertical position. The test method specifies the measurement of integrity and if required the measurement of radiation and thermal insulation.
This document does not cover other technical requirements in addition to fire resistance requirements.
This document refers to CO2 as means of tracing the propagation of fire. The document does not cover hazards due to emission of gases.
This document is not applicable to lifts which are installed before the date of its publication.

This document specifies the additional special provisions and safety rules for passenger and goods passenger lifts where these lifts are installed in buildings and constructions (hereinafter buildings) intended to withstand seismic events in compliance with EN 1998-1:2004 (Eurocode 8), during use, maintenance, inspection and emergency operation of lifts.
The aim of this document is to:
-   avoid loss of life and reduce the extent of injuries;
-   avoid people getting trapped in the lift;
-   avoid damage;
-   avoid environmental problems related to oil leakage;
-   reduce the number of lifts out of service.
This document does not introduce any specific provisions and safety rules for lifts when ad ≤ 1 m/s2 as defined in Annex A.
This document does not address other risks due to seismic events (e.g. fire, flood, explosion).
This document is not applicable to lifts installed before the date of its publication.

This standard specifies the design rules, calculations, examinations and tests of lift components which are referred to by other standards used for the design of passenger lifts, goods passenger lifts, goods only lifts, and other similar types of lifting appliances.

1.1   This document specifies the safety rules for permanently installed new passenger or goods passenger lifts, with traction, positive or hydraulic drive, serving defined landing levels, having a car designed for the transportation of persons or persons and goods, suspended by ropes or chains or jacks and moving between guide rails inclined not more than 15° to the vertical.
1.2   In addition to the requirements of this document, supplementary requirements shall be considered in special cases (use of lifts by persons with disabilities, in case of fire, potentially explosive atmosphere, extreme climate conditions, seismic conditions, transporting dangerous goods, etc.).
1.3   This document does not cover:
a)   lifts with:
1)   drive systems other than those stated in 1.1;
2)   rated speed ≤ 0,15 m/s;
b)   hydraulic lifts:
1)   with a rated speed exceeding 1 m/s;
2)   where the setting of the pressure relief valve exceeds 50 MPa (5.9.3.5.3);
c)   new passenger or goods passenger lifts in existing buildings  ) where in some circumstances due to limitations enforced by building constraints, some requirements of EN 81 20 cannot be met and EN 81 21 should be considered;
d)   lifting appliances, such as paternosters, mine lifts, theatrical lifts, appliances with automatic caging, skips, lifts and hoists for building and public works sites, ships' hoists, platforms for exploration or drilling at sea, construction and maintenance appliances or lifts in wind turbines;
e)   important modifications (see Annex C) to a lift installed before this standard is brought into application;
f)   safety during operations of transport, erection, repairs, and dismantling of lifts.
However, this standard may usefully be taken as a basis.
Noise and vibrations are not dealt with in this standard as they are not found at levels which could be considered as harmful with regard to the safe use and maintenance of the lift (see also 0.4.1).
1.4   This document is not applicable to passenger and goods passenger lifts which are installed before the date of its publication as EN.
2) Existing building is a building which is used or was already used before the order for the lift was placed. A building whose internal structure is completely renewed is considered as a new building.

1.1   This document deals with power-operated temporarily installed builder’s hoists (referred to as "hoists" in this document) intended for use by persons who are permitted to enter sites of engineering and construction, serving landing levels, having a load-carrying device:
-   designed for the transportation of goods only;
-   guided;
-   travelling vertically or along a path within 15° max. of the vertical;
-   supported or sustained by drum-driven wire rope, chain, rack and pinion or an expanding linkage mechanism;
-   where masts, when erected, may or may not require support from separate structures;
-   which permits the access of instructed persons during loading and unloading;
-   which are driven by appointed persons;
-   which permits, if necessary, during erection, dismantling, maintenance and inspection, the access and travel by persons who are competent and authorized.
1.2   The document deals with the significant hazards, hazardous situations or hazardous events relevant to such equipment as listed in Annex C which arise during the various phases in the life of such equipment and describes methods for the elimination or reduction of these hazards when it is used as intended and under conditions of misuse which are reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer.
1.3   This document does not specify the additional requirements for:
-   hydraulic installations;
-   operation in severe conditions (e.g. extreme climates, strong magnetic fields);
-   lightning protection;
-   operation subject to special rules (e.g. potentially explosive atmospheres);
-   electromagnetic compatibility (emission, immunity);
-   handling of loads the nature of which could lead to dangerous situations (e.g. molten metal, acids/bases, radiating materials, fragile loads);
-   the use of combustion engines;
-   the use of remote controls;
-   hazards occurring during manufacture;
-   hazards occurring as a result of mobility;
-   hazards occurring as a result of being erected over a public road;
-   earthquakes;
-   noise;
-   ergonomics;
-   fixed guards;
-   operator intervention.
1.4   This document is not applicable to:
-   builder’s hoists for persons and materials;
-   lifts according to EN 81 3:2000+A1:2008 and EN 81 20:2020;
-   inclined hoists according to EN 12158 2:2000+A1:2010;
-   work cages suspended from lifting appliances;
-   work platforms carried on the forks of fork trucks;
-   transport platforms according to EN 16719:2018;
-   work platforms;
-   funiculars;
-   lifts specially designed for military purposes;
-   mine lifts;
-   theatre elevators;
-   special purpose lifts.
1.5   This document deals with the hoist installation. It includes the base frame and base enclosure but excludes the design of any concrete, hard core, timber or other foundation arrangement. It includes the design of mast ties but excludes the design of anchorage bolts to the supporting structure. It includes the landing gates and their frames but excludes the design of any anchorage fixing bolts to the supporting structure.
1.6   This document is not applicable to builders' hoists for goods (hoists with accessible platforms) manufactured before the date of publication of this document by CEN.

1.1   This document specifies the safety rules for the construction and installation of permanently installed new electric lifts, with traction or positive drive, serving defined landings levels, having a vehicle designed to convey passengers or passengers and loads, suspended by ropes or chains and travelling in a vertical plan along guide rails that are inclined at an angle of between 15° and 75° in relation to the horizontal.
1.2   In addition to the requirements of this document, supplementary requirements should be considered in special cases (potentially explosive atmosphere, extreme climate conditions, seismic conditions, transporting dangerous goods, etc.).
1.3   This document does not cover:
a)   lifts with drives other than those stated in 1.1;
b)   installation of electric lifts in existing buildings to the extent that space does not permit;
c)   important modifications (see Annex E) to a lift installed before this document is brought into application;
d)   lifting appliances, such as paternosters, mine lifts, theatrical lifts, appliances with automatic caging, skips, lifts and hoists for building and public works sites, ships' hoists, platforms for exploration or drilling at sea, construction and maintenance appliances;
e)   safety during transport, installation, repairs, and dismantling of lifts;
f)   lifts with rated speed ≤ 0,15 m/s.
However, this document can usefully be taken as a basis.
Noise is not dealt with in this document because it is not relevant to the safe use of the lift.
Vibrations are dealt with for electric parts only. Direct effects on human bodies are not considered as harmful.
1.4   This document does not specify the additional requirements necessary for the use of lifts in case of fire.
1.5   Taking into account the state of the art, the scope of the present standard is limited as follows:
-   inclination: a variation in inclination is permitted for the travel path;
-   travel path: confined within the vertical plane;
-   maximum capacity of the car: 7 500 kg (100 passengers);
-   maximum rated speed (v): 4 m/s.
Both characteristics (capacity and speed) are linked by the relation given in the following Figure 1.
[Figure 1 not represented]
Key
Q   maximum capacity
v   rated speed
Figure 1 - Speed and capacity
The document applies to all the constituent components of the lift including: running tracks, guides, safety gear operating device, counter-rails, but excludes the supporting structures, civil engineering structures and anchorages that are dealt with by other regulations.
1.6   This document is not applicable for inclined lifts which are manufactured before the date of its publication as EN.

This document gives a methodology for improving the safety of existing lifts with the aim of reaching an equivalent level of safety to that of a newly installed lift by the application of today’s state-of-the-art for safety.
NOTE Due to situations such as the building design, etc. it may not be possible in all cases to reach today’s state-of-the-art for safety.
This document applies to permanently installed passenger or goods passenger lifts, with traction, positive or hydraulic drive serving defined landing levels, having a car designed for the transportation of persons or persons and goods and moving along guide rails inclined not more than 15° to the vertical.
This document includes the improvement of safety of existing lifts for:
a) passengers;
b) maintenance and inspection personnel;
c) persons outside the well, machinery space(s) and the pulley room(s) (but in their immediate vicinity);
d) any other authorized persons.
This document is not applicable to:
e) lifts with drive systems others than those mentioned above;
f) lifting appliances such as paternosters, mine lifts, theatre lifts, appliances with automatic caging, skips, lifts and hoists for building and public works sites, ships’ hoists, platforms for exploration or drilling at sea, construction and maintenance appliances;
g) installations where the inclination of the guide rails to the vertical exceeds 15°;
h) lifting appliances with a rated speed lower than or equal to 0,15 m/s;
i) safety during transport, installation, repairs and dismantling of lifts.
However, this document can usefully be taken as a reference basis.

This document gives rules for improving the safety of existing escalators and moving walks with the aim of reaching an equivalent level of safety to that of a newly installed escalator and moving walk by the application of today’s state of the art for safety.
NOTE   Due to situations such as the existing machine or building designs, it might not be possible in all cases to reach today’s state of the art for safety. Nevertheless, the objective is to improve the level of safety wherever possible.
This document includes the improvement of safety of existing escalators and moving walks for:
a)   users;
b)   maintenance and inspection personnel;
c)   persons outside the escalator or moving walk (but in its immediate vicinity);
d)   authorized persons.
This document is not applicable to:
1)   safety during transport, installation, repairs and dismantling of escalators and moving walks;
2)   spiral escalators;
3)   accelerating moving walks.
However, this document can usefully be taken as a reference basis.

This document is a collection of interpretations related to the EN 115 series. This document collects interpretations to EN 115-1:2008+A1:2010 and EN 115-1:2017. Interpretations to other standards of the EN 115 series will be added when they are available.
Interpretations aim to improve the understanding of the clause(s) they are referring to and by that facilitating common understanding between manufacturers, lift installers, notified bodies, inspection bodies and national authorities.
Interpretations do not have the same status as the European standards to which they are related. However, the application of interpretations give to the interested parties confidence that the relevant European standard has not been wrongly applied.

This European Standard is applicable for new escalators and moving walks (pallet or belt type) as defined in Clause 3.
This European Standard deals with all significant hazards, hazardous situations and events relevant to escalators and moving walks when they are used as intended and under conditions of misuse which are reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer (see Clause 4).
This European Standard is not applicable to escalators and moving walks which were manufactured before the date of its publication. It is, however, recommended that existing installations be adapted to this standard.

1.1   Temporarily-installed, guided powered platforms with rack and pinion drive, which have an open carrier and hold-to-run controls operated by authorized, trained operators  on the carrier.
Used for transporting authorised passengers  and materials vertically (or along the path 15° maximum of the vertical), at limited speed (max 0,2 m/s), with a minimum offset distance of 500 mm and serving fixed levels on a building or structure for construction related activities including renovation and maintenance.
This European Standard does not include
a)   hydraulic drives for transport platforms,
b)   wire rope drives for transport platforms,
c)   chain drives for transport platforms,
d)   use as a Mast Climbing Work Platform (see EN 1495),
e)   use as a Goods Hoist (see EN 12158-1),
f)   use as a Passenger/Goods Hoist (see EN 12159).
1.2   This European Standard identifies hazards as listed in Clause 4 which arise during the various phases in the life of such equipment and describes methods for the elimination or reduction of these hazards when used as intended by the manufacturer.
1.3   This European Standard does not specify the additional requirements for
a)   operation in severe conditions (e.g. extreme climates, strong magnetic fields),
b)   lightning protection,
c)   operation subject to special rules (e.g. potentially explosive atmospheres),
d)   electromagnetic compatibility (emission, immunity),
e)    handling of loads the nature of which could lead to dangerous situations (e.g. molten metal, acids/bases,
f)   radiating materials, fragile loads),
g)   the use of combustion engines,
h)   the use of remote controls,
i)   hazards occurring during manufacture,
j)   hazards occurring as a result of mobility,
k)   hazards occurring as a result of being erected over a public road,
l)   earthquakes,
m)   noise.
1.4   This European Standard is not applicable to
a)   builders hoists for materials,
b)   builders hoists for persons and materials,
c)   lifts according to EN 81-1:1998, EN 81-2:1998 and EN 81-3:2000,
d)    inclined hoists according to EN 12158-2:2000,
e)   work cages suspended from lifting appliances,
f)   work platforms carried on the forks of fork trucks,
g)   work platforms,
h)   funiculars,
i)   lifts specially designed for military purposes,
j)   mine lifts,
k)   theatre elevators,
l)   special purpose lifts.
1.5   This European Standard deals with the transport platform installation. It includes the base frame and base enclosure but excludes the design of any concrete, hard core, timber or other foundation arrangement. It includes the design of mast ties but excludes the design of anchorage bolts to the supporting structure. It includes the landing gates and their frames but excludes the design of any anchorage fixing bolts to the supporting structure.

This Technical Report applies to escalators and moving walks built in accordance with EN 115-1:2017.

1.1   This European Standard specifies the safety requirements applicable to slow-speed platform lifts presenting the following characteristics:
   serving 2 or more set levels of a building or construction structure;
   able to cross landings;
   designed exclusively for lifting or lowering loads;
   only accessible to operators during the loading/unloading phases;
   with a travel speed of no more than 0.15 m/s;
   useable solely by people who have been authorized and briefed;
   permanently installed.
1.2   This European Standard deals with all significant hazards pertinent to slow-speed platform lifts when used as intended and under the conditions foreseen by the manufacturer (see Article 4). This European Standard specifies the appropriate technical measures for eliminating and reducing the risks arising from the significant hazards.
1.3   This European Standard does not apply to the following equipment:
   permanently and/or temporarily installed platform lifts, serving specific levels of a building, with a vertical travel speed exceeding 0.15 m/s (EN 81-31);
   lifting tables serving no more than two set levels of a building and not crossing a landing (EN 1570-1);
   lift platforms designed for mobility-impaired persons (EN 81-40 and prEN 81 41);
   platform lifts used on ships;
   lifts designed for lifting artists and stage set features during artistic performances;
   lifts driven by pusher chains.

ISO 25745-3:2015 specifies generic tools for estimating energy consumption of escalators and moving walks, and    a consistent method for energy performance classification of existing, modernized, or new escalators and moving walks.
It considers the energy performance during the operational portion of the life cycle of escalators and moving walks. It does not cover energy consumption and classification of the ancillary equipment, such as the following:
a)    lighting with the exception of comb plate lighting, step gap lighting, and traffic light (comb plate lighting, step gap lighting, and traffic light are considered essential for the operation of the equipment and are therefore not defined as ancillary equipment);
b)    cooling and heating and machine room ventilation;
c)    alarm devices and emergency battery supplies equipment, etc.;
d)    environmental conditions;
e)    consumption through the power sockets.
There can be other electrical loads not associated with the escalator or moving walk, and not included.
ISO 25745-3:2015 considers all escalators and inclined moving walks up to a rise of 8 m and horizontal moving walks with a length up to 60 m (this represents about 85 % of worldwide installed units).

ISO 25745-2:2015 specifies a method to estimate energy consumption based on measured values, calculation, or simulation, on an annual basis for traction, hydraulic and positive drive lifts on a single unit basis, and an energy classification system for new, existing, and modernized traction, hydraulic, and positive drive lifts on a single unit basis.
It applies to passenger and goods passenger lifts with rated speeds greater than 0,15 m/s and only considers the energy performance during the operational portion of the life cycle of the lifts. For other types of lifts (e.g. service lifts, lifting platforms, etc.), it can be taken as a reference.
It does not cover energy aspects, which affect the measurements, calculations, and simulations, such as the following: hoistway lighting; heating and cooling equipment in the lift car; machine room lighting; machine room heating, ventilation, and air conditioning; non-lift display systems, CCTV security cameras, etc.; non-lift monitoring systems (e.g. building management systems, etc.); effect of lift group dispatching on energy consumption; environmental conditions; consumption through the power sockets; lifts whose travel includes an express zone (an express zone is unlikely to affect the average car load but can significantly affect the average travel distance).

This Technical Report gives guidance to users, specifically outside Europe, in order to enable them to apply EN 81-20 and EN 81-50 so far as is reasonably practical, whilst recognising specific socio-economic needs or national legislation in their country.

1.1   This European Standard provides rules on how to apply EN 81-70 referred to in EN 81-80:2003, 5.2.1 [4] to existing lifts to improve their accessibility for persons including persons with disability.
1.2   This European Standard applies to permanently installed lifts serving defined landing levels, having a car designed for the transportation of persons or persons and goods and moving between guide rails inclined not more than 15° to the vertical.

1.1   This European Standard specifies the immunity performance criteria and test levels for apparatus used in lifts, escalators and moving walks which are intended to be permanently installed in buildings including the basic safety requirements in regard to their electromagnetic environment. These levels represent essential EMC requirements.
The standard refers to EM conditions as existing in residential, office and industrial buildings.
This standard addresses commonly known EMC related hazards and hazardous situations relevant to lifts, escalators and moving walks when they are used as intended and under the conditions foreseen by the lift installer or escalator and/or moving walk manufacturer.
However:
-   performance criteria and test levels for apparatus/assembly of apparatus used in general function circuits do not cover situations with an extremely low probability of occurrence;
-   this standard does not apply to other apparatus already proven to be in conformity to the EMC Directive, and not related to the safety of the lift, escalator or moving walk, such as lighting apparatus, communication apparatus, etc.
1.2   This European Standard does not apply to electromagnetic environments such as:
-   radio-transmitter stations,
-   railways and metros,
-   heavy industrial plant,
-   electricity power station,
which need additional investigations.
1.3   This standard is not applicable to apparatus which were manufactured before the date of its publication as EN 12016.

ISO 14798:2009 establishes general principles and specific procedures for assessing risk. Its purpose is to provide a process for making decisions relevant to the safety of lifts during the
       design, construction, installation and servicing of lifts, lift components and systems,
       development of generic procedures for the use, operation, testing, compliance verification and servicing of lifts, and
       development of technical specifications and standards affecting the safety of lifts.
While the examples given in ISO 14798:2009 refer primarily to risks of harm to persons, the risk assessment procedure it specifies can be equally effective for assessing other types of risk relevant to lifts, such as the risk of damage to property and environment.

1.1   Use of the lift
This Technical Specification gives rules for the intended use of the lift by persons with impaired mobility in order to assist the evacuation of a building. To achieve this objective, the selected lift(s) must be incorporated within an overall building design that includes all the usual stairs and escape routes without any reduction in their quantity or capacity.
It specifies the special provisions and safety rules to assist persons with impaired mobility to safely evacuate a building using lifts in relative safety with the help of suitably trained assistants.
This specification does not define the number and size of lift required, or the size of door openings that must be determined on a case by case basis by the building designer in line with applicable national regulations.
1.2   This Technical Specification applies
To permanently installed new:
a)   electric lifts, with traction or positive drive (as defined in EN 81-1);
b)   hydraulic lifts (as defined in EN 81-2).
1.3   This Technical Specification defines requirements to allow safe lift use where
a)   the buildings has not sustained structural damage e.g. from explosion, flood, lightening strike, earthquake, storm etc.
b)   the well and car is safe for persons to use. e.g. free of smoke, etc.
c)   a fire resisting structure for the lift provides suitable protection;
d)   some form of fire detection means is provided at least at the lift and safe areas;
e)   where power supplies are secure and reliable, the provision of a secondary supply is not essential but the cable providing power to the lift shall be fire protected to the same level as given to the lift structure;
f)   where a building secondary supply is not provided, the lift shall have a provision to allow the lift to be recovered electrically to an adjacent safe area (floor).
1.4   Assumptions
The following assumptions are made:
a)   The lift is provided with a means to protect it from the effects of fire and smoke.
(....)

1.1   This European Standard deals with safety requirements for construction, manufacturing, installation, maintenance and dismantling of electrically powered vertical lifting platforms affixed to a building structure intended for use by persons with impaired mobility:
-   travelling vertically between predefined levels along a guided path whose inclination to the vertical does not exceed 15°;
-   intended for use by persons with or without a wheelchair;
-   supported or sustained by rack and pinion, wire ropes, chains, screw and nut, friction/traction between wheels and the rail, guided chain, scissors mechanism or hydraulic jack (direct or indirect);
-   with enclosed liftways;
-   with a speed not greater than 0,15 m/s;
-   with platforms where the carrier is not completely enclosed
1.2   This standard deals with all significant hazards relevant to lifting platforms, when they are used as intended and under the conditions foreseen by the manufacturer (see Clause 4).
1.3   This European Standard does not specify the additional requirements for:
-   operation in severe conditions (e.g. extreme climates, strong magnetic fields);
-   lightning protection;
-   operation subject to special rules (e.g. potentially explosive atmospheres);
-   handling of materials, the nature of which could lead to dangerous situations;
-   vertical lifting platforms whose primary function is the transportation of goods;
-   vertical lifting platforms whose carriers are completely enclosed;
-   vertical lifting platforms prone to vandalism;
-   hazards occurring during manufacture;
-   earthquakes, flooding;
-   fire fighting, evacuation and behaviour during a fire;
-   noise and vibrations;
-   the design of concrete, hardcore, timber or other foundation or building arrangement;
-   the design of anchorage bolts to the supporting structure;
-   type C wheelchairs as defined in prEN 12183 and/or prEN 12184.
(....)

This Technical Specification is a collection of interpretations related to the EN 81 family of standards (see CEN/TR 81-10:2008). As second issue, this document collects interpretations to EN 81-1:1998, EN 81-2:1998, EN 81-28:2003, EN 81-58:2003, EN 81-70:2003, EN 81-72:2003 and EN 81-73:2005.
Interpretations to other standards of the EN 81 family will be added when they are available.
Interpretations aim to improve the understanding of the clause(s) they are referring to and by that facilitating common understanding between manufacturers, lift installers, notified bodies, inspection bodies and national authorities.
Interpretations do not have the same status as the standards to which they are related. However, the application of interpretations should give to the interested parties confidence that the relevant standard has not been wrongly applied.

1.1   This standard deals with power operated temporarily installed builders hoists intended for use by persons who are permitted to enter sites of engineering and construction, serving either one upper landing or a work area extending to the end of the guides, (e.g. a roof) having a load carrying device (lcd):
-   which is intended for the transportation of goods only;
-   where it is forbidden for persons to step upon it at any time;
-   which is guided;
-   which is designed to travel at an angle of at least 30 degrees to the vertical but may be used at any angle between the vertical and the maximum inclination as specified by the manufacturer;
-   which is sustained by steel wire rope and a positive drive system;
-   which is controlled by hold-to-run controls by the operator;
-   which does not benefit from the use of any counterweight;
-   which has a maximum rated load of 300 kg;
-   which has a maximum speed of 1,00 m/s;
and where the guides require support from separate structures.
1.2   The standard identifies hazards as listed in clause 4, which arise during the various phases in the life of such equipment and describes methods for the elimination or reduction of these hazards when used as intended by the manufacturer.
1.3   This European standard does not specify the additional requirements for:
-   operation in severe conditions (e.g. extreme climates, strong magnetic fields);
-   lightning protection;
-   operation subject to special rules (e.g. potentially explosive atmospheres);
-   electromagnetic compatibility (emission, immunity);
-   handling of loads the nature of which could lead to dangerous situations (e.g. molten metal, acids/bases, radiating materials, fragile loads);
-   the use of combustion engines;
-   the use of remote controls;
-   hazards occurring during manufacture;
-   hazards occurring as a result of mobility;
-   hazards occurring as a result of being erected over a public road;
-   earthquakes;
-   noise.
(...)

1.1   This document specifies the safety requirements for the construction and installation of power operated lifts attached to cranes and intended for access to workplaces on cranes, by authorised persons. This includes intended use, erection, dismantling, inspection and maintenance. The lift serves defined landing levels and has a load carrying unit which is:
-   designed for the transportation of persons and goods;
-   guided;
-   travelling vertically or along a path within 15 degrees maximum from the vertical;
-   supported by rack and pinion or suspended by steel wire ropes;
-   travelling with a speed not more than 1,0 m/s for permanent lifts and not more than 0,4 m/s for temporary lifts.
1.2   This document identifies hazards as listed in Clause 4 which arise during the various phases in the life of such equipment and describes methods for the elimination or reduction of these hazards when used as intended by the manufacturer.
1.3   This document does not specify the additional requirements for:
-   operation in severe conditions (e.g. extreme climates, strong magnetic fields);-
-   lightning protection;
-   operation subject to special rules (e.g. potentially explosive atmospheres);
NOTE   Directive 94/9/EC concerning equipment and protective systems intended for use in potentially explosive atmospheres can be applicable to the type of machine or equipment covered by this European Standard. The present standard is not intended to provide means of complying with the essential health and safety requirements of Directive 94/9/EC.
-   electromagnetic compatibility (emission, immunity);
-   handling of loads the nature of which could lead to dangerous situations;
-   the use of combustion engines;
-   hydraulic drive units;
-   hazards occurring during manufacturing process;
-   hazards occurring as a result of being erected over a public road;
-   earthquakes;
-   noise (see also Directive on noise emissions from machines used outdoors (2000/14/EC)).

1.1   This standard specifies the safety rules for the construction and installation of permanently installed new electric service lifts with traction or positive drive, or hydraulic service lifts defined as lifting equipment, serving defined landing levels, having a car, the interior of which is regarded as inaccessible to persons on account of its dimensions and means of construction, suspended by ropes or chains or supported by a ram and moving between rigid vertical guide rails or guide rails whose inclination to the vertical does not exceed 15° and driven electrically or hydraulically.
This standard covers service lifts with rated load not exceeding 300 kilogrammes and not intended to move persons.
1.2   In addition to the requirements of this standard supplementary requirements shall be considered in special cases (potentially explosive atmosphere, extreme climate conditions, seismic conditions, transporting dangerous goods, etc.).
1.3   This standard does not cover:
a)   service lifts with drives other than stated in 1.1;
b)   important modifications (see annex E) to a service lift installed before this standard is brought into application;
c)   lifting appliances, such as paternosters, mines lifts, theatrical lifts, appliances with automatic caging, skips and hoists for building and public works sites, ships’ hoists, platforms for exploration or drilling at sea, construction and maintenance appliances;
d)   installations where the inclination of the guide rails to the vertical exceeds 15°;
e)   safety during transport, installation, repairs and dismantling of service lifts;
f)   the use of glass for the walls of the well, for the car and for the landing doors including the vision panels.
However, this standard may usefully be taken as a basis.
Noise and vibrations are not dealt with in this standard because these are not relevant to the safe use of the service lift.
Fire propagation is not dealt with in this standard.
1.4   To satisfy the condition of inaccessibili

1.1   This Technical Specification provides ways on how to apply EN 81-71 referred to in EN 81-80:2003 2, 5.3 to existing lifts in order to improve their vandal resistance.
1.2   This document applies to permanently installed lifts serving defined landing levels, having a car designed for the transportation of persons or persons and goods and moving between guide rails inclined not more than 15° to the vertical.

TC - Improvement of instructions to update CENELEC harmonization documents in line with the CEN rules and corrections in 15.3 b)
2013: Originator of XML version: first setup pilot of CCMC in 2012

This Technical Report describes the system of the EN 81 series of standards.
As long as the internal rules of CEN do not specify provisions to handle interpretations, this Technical Report also describes the procedure for interpretations to be followed by the working groups of CEN/TC 10.

This European Standard specifies the elements necessary for the preparation of the instructions for the maintenance operations, as in 3.1, which are provided for new installed passenger lifts, goods passenger lifts, accessible goods only lifts, service lifts, escalators and passenger conveyors.
This European Standard does not cover:
a) instructions for the installation and the dismantling;
b) any legal examinations and tests based on national regulations.
Existing installations are not covered by this Standard, but it can be taken as a reference.

This European Standard specifies the fundamental characteristics of data logging and monitoring systems for lift, escalator and passenger conveyor installations.

1.1   This document specifies the safety rules for permanently installed new passenger or goods passenger lifts, with traction, positive or hydraulic drive, serving defined landing levels, having a car designed for the transportation of persons or persons and goods, suspended by ropes or chains or jacks and moving between guide rails inclined not more than 15° to the vertical.
1.2   In addition to the requirements of this document, supplementary requirements shall be considered in special cases (use of lifts by persons with disabilities, in case of fire, potentially explosive atmosphere, extreme climate conditions, seismic conditions, transporting dangerous goods, etc.).
1.3   This document does not cover:
a)   lifts with:
1)   drive systems other than those stated in 1.1;
2)   rated speed ≤ 0,15 m/s;
b)   hydraulic lifts:
1)   with a rated speed exceeding 1 m/s;
2)   where the setting of the pressure relief valve exceeds 50 MPa (5.9.3.5.3);
c)   new passenger or goods passenger lifts in existing buildings  ) where in some circumstances due to limitations enforced by building constraints, some requirements of EN 81 20 cannot be met and EN 81 21 should be considered;
d)   lifting appliances, such as paternosters, mine lifts, theatrical lifts, appliances with automatic caging, skips, lifts and hoists for building and public works sites, ships' hoists, platforms for exploration or drilling at sea, construction and maintenance appliances or lifts in wind turbines;
e)   important modifications (see Annex C) to a lift installed before this standard is brought into application;
f)   safety during operations of transport, erection, repairs, and dismantling of lifts.
However, this standard may usefully be taken as a basis.
Noise and vibrations are not dealt with in this standard as they are not found at levels which could be considered as harmful with regard to the safe use and maintenance of the lift (see also 0.4.1).
1.4   This document is not applicable to passenger and goods passenger lifts which are installed before the date of its publication as EN.
2) Existing building is a building which is used or was already used before the order for the lift was placed. A building whose internal structure is completely renewed is considered as a new building.

This standard specifies the design rules, calculations, examinations and tests of lift components which are referred to by other standards used for the design of passenger lifts, goods passenger lifts, goods only lifts, and other similar types of lifting appliances.

This document specifies the additional requirements to EN 81-20:2020 for passenger and goods passenger lifts, which can be used to support faster evacuation of persons with disabilities and persons with walking difficulties, including in case of fire alarm.
This document does not apply to:
-   lifts installed into buildings which are not in accordance with Annex C;
-   lifts for evacuation due to circumstances which introduce other hazards such as explosion threat, chemical or biological attack, flooding, storm damage, or earthquake. In these cases, this document can be used as a basis with further measures as required from risk assessment.
The following significant hazards are out of the scope of this document (see Table 2):
-   fire or smoke in the evacuation lift well, safe areas or machinery spaces;
-   ingress of water to the lift well during evacuation process;
-   insufficient or incorrectly located evacuation lifts;
-   insufficient evacuation capacity;
-   entrapment in waiting area (safe area) due to absence of lift service or adjacent stairs;
-   structural collapse or failure of building services (including public supply network, lighting, ventilation) before the evacuation using lifts has been completed;
-   presence of harmful gases, potentially explosive atmosphere, extreme climate conditions, transport of dangerous goods.

1.1   This document specifies the safety requirements for the construction and installation of power operated lifts attached to cranes and intended for access to workplaces on cranes. The lift serves defined landing levels and has a car which is:
a)   designed for the transportation of persons and goods;
b)   guided;
c)   travelling vertically or along a path within 15 degrees maximum from the vertical;
d)   supported by rack and pinion or suspended by steel wire ropes;
e)   travelling with a speed not more than 1,0 m/s for permanent installed lifts and not more than 0,4 m/s for temporarily installed lifts.
1.2   This document identifies hazards as listed in Annex A that arise during the various phases in the life of such equipment and describes methods for the elimination or reduction of these hazards when used as intended by the manufacturer.
This document deals with significant hazards, hazardous situations and events relevant to lifts for cranes, when it is used as intended and under conditions of misuse which are reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer. This document specifies the appropriate technical measures to eliminate or reduce risks arising from the significant hazards (see Annex A).
1.3   This document does not specify requirements for:
a)   noise;
b)   lighting;
c)   potentially explosive atmospheres;
NOTE   Directive 2014/34/EU concerning equipment and protective systems intended for use in potentially explosive atmospheres can be applicable to the type of machine or equipment covered by this document. The present standard is not intended to provide means of complying with the essential health and safety requirements of Directive 2014/34/EU.
d)   electromagnetic compatibility (emission, immunity);
e)   handling of loads the nature of which could lead to dangerous situations (e.g. molten metal, acids/bases, radiating materials, fragile loads);
f)   the use of combustion engines;
g)   hydraulic drive units.
1.4   This document is not applicable to:
a)   builders hoists according to EN 12158 1:2021, EN 12158 2:2000+A1:2010 and EN 12159:2012 and transport platforms according to EN 16719:2018;
b)   elevating control stations according to EN 14502 2:2005+A1:2008;
c)   lifts according to EN 81 20:2020.
1.5   This document deals with the complete lift design but excludes the design of the crane. It includes the base frame and base enclosure of the lift but excludes the design of any concrete, hard core, timber or other foundation arrangement. It includes the design of mast ties and the design of anchorage parts between the mast tie and the crane structure. This document also includes the design of the landing gates and their fixings.
1.6   This document does not apply to lifts for cranes manufactured before the date of publication of this document by CEN.

This document provides rules on how to apply EN 81-71:2022 to existing lifts to improve their vandal resistance. It is detailing the general requirement for vandal resistance as referred to in EN 81-80:2019, Annex A, Table A.1, No. 1.2.
NOTE EN 81-71:2018 referenced in EN 81-80:2019 has been replaced by EN 81-71:2022 without technical changes. The reference to category 0 has been removed.
This document applies to permanently installed lifts serving defined landing levels, having a car designed for the transportation of persons or persons and goods.

This document provides rules on how to apply EN 81-20:2020 and EN 81-70:2021+A1:2022 to existing lifts to improve their accessibility and usability for persons including persons with disability. It is detailing the general requirement for accessibility as referred to in EN 81-80:2019, Annex A, Table A.1, No. 1.1.
NOTE EN 81-70:2018 referenced in EN 81 80:2019 has been replaced by EN 81-70:2021+A1:2022.
This document applies to permanently installed lifts serving defined landing levels, having a car designed for the transportation of persons or persons and goods.
This document does not cover lifts with destination control system.

This document specifies the additional requirements to EN 81-20:2020 for passenger and goods passenger lifts, which can be used to support faster evacuation of persons with disabilities and persons with walking difficulties, including in case of fire alarm.
This document does not apply to:
-   lifts installed into buildings which are not in accordance with Annex C;
-   lifts for evacuation due to circumstances which introduce other hazards such as explosion threat, chemical or biological attack, flooding, storm damage, or earthquake. In these cases, this document can be used as a basis with further measures as required from risk assessment.
The following significant hazards are out of the scope of this document (see Table 2):
-   fire or smoke in the evacuation lift well, safe areas or machinery spaces;
-   ingress of water to the lift well during evacuation process;
-   insufficient or incorrectly located evacuation lifts;
-   insufficient evacuation capacity;
-   entrapment in waiting area (safe area) due to absence of lift service or adjacent stairs;
-   structural collapse or failure of building services (including public supply network, lighting, ventilation) before the evacuation using lifts has been completed;
-   presence of harmful gases, potentially explosive atmosphere, extreme climate conditions, transport of dangerous goods.