ISO/TC 44 - Welding and allied processes

This document specifies how a preliminary welding procedure specification (pWPS) is qualified by welding procedure tests. This document is applicable to production welding and repair welding. This document is applicable to fusion welding of steels covered by groups 1, 2, 3 and 8 in accordance with ISO 15608 in a hyperbaric wet environment. This document is applicable to the following welding processes, in accordance with ISO 4063:2023, applicable in hyperbaric wet environments: — 111 manual metal arc welding (metal arc welding with covered electrode); — 114 self-shielded tubular-cored arc welding. The principles of this document can be applied to other steel groups and fusion welding processes not listed. This document specifies three weld quality levels, A, B, and Z in order to permit application to a wide range of weldments. Each weld quality level defines a set of criteria for weldment properties that are established during qualification. This document does not address the selection of the weld quality level to meet the requirements of a particular application.

This document specifies a uniform system for grouping materials for welding purposes. This document can also be applied for other purposes, such as heat treatment, forming and non-destructive testing. This document is applicable to grouping systems for the following standardized materials: — steels; — aluminium and its alloys; — copper and its alloys; — nickel and its alloys; — titanium and its alloys; — zirconium and its alloys; — cast irons; — cobalt alloys.

This document specifies requirements for qualification testing of welding procedure specifications (WPSs) for electron or laser beam welding. This document applies to metallic materials, irrespective of the shape of the parts, their thicknesses, the manufacturing method (e.g. rolling, forging, casting, sintering) or their heat treatment. It covers both the production of new parts and repair work.

This document specifies requirements for calibration, verification and validation of equipment used for: — control of process variables during fabrication, — control of the properties of equipment used for welding or welding allied processes, where the resulting output cannot be readily or economically documented by subsequent monitoring, inspection and testing. This involves process variables influencing the fitness-for-purpose and in particular the safety of the fabricated product. NOTE This document is based on the lists of process variables stated in International Standards for specification of welding procedures, in particular, but not exclusively in the ISO 15609 series. Future revisions of these International Standards can result in addition or deletion of parameters considered necessary to specify. Some guidance is, in addition, given in Annex B for requirements for calibration, verification and validation as part of acceptance testing of equipment used for welding or allied processes. This document does not specify requirements to calibrate, verify and validate as part of inspection, testing, non-destructive testing or measuring of final welded products performed in order to verify product conformance. This document applies only to calibration, verification and validation of equipment for use in production or on site. This document does not apply to the manufacture and installation of equipment for welding. Requirements for new equipment are formulated in directives and product codes (standards), as necessary. Annex C provides information when other parties are involved in calibration, verification and validation activities.

This document specifies requirements for the measurement of preheating temperature, interpass temperature and preheat maintenance temperature for fusion welding. This document can also be applied as appropriate in the case of other welding processes. This document does not apply to the measurement of post weld heat treatment temperatures.

This document specifies how a preliminary welding procedure specification is qualified based on a pre-production welding test. This document is applicable to arc welding, gas welding, beam welding, resistance welding, stud welding and friction welding of metallic materials.

This document specifies how a preliminary welding procedure specification (pWPS) is qualified by welding procedure tests. This document applies to production welding, repair welding and build-up welding. This document defines the conditions for the execution of welding procedure tests and the range of qualification for welding procedures for all practical welding operations within the qualification of this document. This document applies to the arc welding of wrought and cast aluminium and its alloys. In this document the term aluminium stands for aluminium and for aluminium alloys. This document does not apply to finishing welding of aluminium castings, which is addressed in ISO 15614-4. Arc welding of aluminium is covered by the following welding processes in accordance with ISO 4063:2023: 131 — MIG welding with solid wire electrode; 141 — TIG welding with solid filler material (wire/rod); 142 — Autogenous TIG welding; 15 — plasma arc welding.

This document applies to arc stud welding of metallic materials subject to static and fatigue loading. This document specifies requirements that are particular to stud welding, in relation to welding knowledge, quality requirements, welding procedure specification, welding procedure qualification, qualification testing of operators and testing of production welds. This document is applicable where it is necessary to demonstrate the capability of a manufacturer to produce welded construction of a specified quality. NOTE General quality requirements for fusion welding of metallic materials are given in ISO 3834-1, ISO 3834-2, ISO 3834-3, ISO 3834-4 and ISO 3834-5. This document has been prepared in a comprehensive manner, with a view to it being used as a reference in contracts. The requirements contained within it can be adopted in full, or partially, if certain requirements are not relevant to a particular construction (see Annex A). For the working range of stud welding, see Annex B.

This document specifies the requirements for visual inspection of welds in metallic materials and requirements for qualification and certification of personnel for visual weld inspection. This document is also applicable to the visual inspection of the joint prior to or between welding sequences. In this case, the contents of theoretical and practical training will need to be adapted accordingly. This document can also be applied for brazed joints.

This document specifies the dimensions and tolerances of female electrode caps for resistance spot welding of metallic materials. Taper dimensions and tolerances of the electrode caps follow the values specified in ISO 1089. NOTE Electrode caps with locking tapers are addressed in ISO 20168. Male electrode caps are specified in ISO 5830.

This document specifies requirements for qualification of welding operators and weld setters for mechanized and automatic welding of metallic materials. This document does not apply to personnel who: — do not control or adjust welding parameters; — are not involved in the setup of welding equipment. Qualification of welding operators and weld setters for friction stir welding and friction stir spot welding are covered by ISO 25239-3 and ISO 18785-3, respectively.

This document specifies the general requirements and tests for decomposition blockers downstream of pressure regulators in acetylene manifold systems (see ISO 14114). Decomposition blockers can be used in the low-pressure section (downstream of acetylene manifold system outlet) up to 0,15 MPa (1,5 bar) e.g. in pipelines, outlet points or for the protection of low-pressure sections in big pipe systems. Decomposition blockers can only be used in sections with pure acetylene. The possible backflow of oxygen or air into the section where the decomposition blocker is installed needs to be prevented by a non-return valve downstream of the decomposition blocker.

This document gives guidelines for the choice of non-destructive testing (NDT) methods for welds in metals and for the evaluation of the results for quality control purposes, based on quality requirements, material, weld thickness, welding process and extent of testing. This document also specifies general rules and standards to be applied to the different types of testing, for the selection of the method, the techniques and the acceptance levels. Acceptance levels cannot be a direct interpretation of the quality levels defined in ISO 5817 or ISO 10042. They are linked to the overall quality of the produced batch of welds. The requirements specified in this document for acceptance levels for NDT conform with quality levels stated in ISO 5817 or ISO 10042 (moderate, intermediate, stringent) only on a general basis and not in detail for each indication. Annex A gives correlations between quality levels, testing levels and acceptance levels for specific testing techniques. Annex B gives an overview on specific testing techniques of standards linked to quality levels, acceptance levels and testing methods.

ISO 17633:2017 specifies requirements for classification of tubular flux and metal cored electrodes and rods, based on the all-weld metal chemical composition, the type of core, shielding gas, welding position and the all-weld metal mechanical properties, in the as-welded or heat-treated conditions, for gas shielded and non-gas shielded metal arc welding of stainless and heat-resisting steels. ISO 17633:2017 is a combined standard providing for classification utilizing a system based upon nominal composition or utilizing a system based upon alloy type. a) Clauses, subclauses, and tables which carry the suffix letter "A" are applicable only to products classified using the system based upon nominal composition. b) Clauses, subclauses, and tables which carry the suffix letter "B" are applicable only to products classified using the system based upon alloy type. c) Clauses, subclauses, and tables which do not have either the suffix letter "A" or the suffix letter "B" are applicable to all products classified in accordance with this document. ISO 17633:2017 does not use pulsed current for determining the product classification.

This document specifies requirements for classification of solid wire electrodes, tubular cored electrodes, and electrode-flux combinations (the all-weld metal deposits) in the as-welded condition and in the post-weld heat-treated condition for submerged arc welding of high strength steels with a minimum yield strength greater than 500 MPa or a minimum tensile strength greater than 570 MPa. One flux can be tested and classified with different electrodes. One electrode can be tested and classified with different fluxes. The solid wire electrode is also classified separately based on its chemical composition. This document is a combined specification providing for classification utilizing a system based on the yield strength and average impact energy of 47 J for the all-weld metal, or utilizing a system based on the tensile strength and average impact energy of 27 J for the all-weld metal. a) Clauses, subclauses and tables which carry the suffix “system A” are applicable only to solid wire electrodes, tubular cored electrodes and the all-weld metal deposits classified to the system based on the yield strength and the average impact energy of 47 J for the all-weld metal obtained with electrode-flux combinations in accordance with this document. b) Clauses, subclauses and tables which carry the suffix “system B” are applicable only to solid wire electrodes, tubular cored electrodes and the all-weld metal deposits classified to the system based on the tensile strength and the average impact energy of 27 J for the all-weld metal obtained with electrode-flux combinations in accordance with this document. c) Clauses, subclauses and tables which do not have either the suffix “system A” or “system B” are applicable to all solid wire electrodes, tubular cored electrodes and electrode-flux combinations classified in accordance with this document. For comparison purposes, some tables include requirements for electrodes classified in accordance with both systems, placing individual electrodes from the two systems, which are similar in composition and properties, on adjacent lines in the particular table. In a particular line of the table that is mandatory in one system, the symbol for the similar electrode from the other system is indicated in parentheses. By appropriate restriction of the formulation of a particular electrode, it is often, but not always, possible to produce an electrode that can be classified in both systems, in which case the electrode, or its packaging, can be marked with the classification in either or both systems. For system B only, electrode flux combinations for the single-run and two-run techniques are classified on the basis of the two-run technique.

This document specifies requirements for classification of wire electrodes, wires and rods for gas shielded metal arc welding and tungsten inert-gas welding of creep-resisting steels, and for their deposits in the as-welded or post-weld heat-treated condition. One wire electrode can be tested and classified with different shielding gases. This document is a combined specification providing for classification utilizing a system based upon the chemical composition of wire electrodes, wires and rods with requirements for yield strength and average impact energy of 47 J of all-weld metal, or utilizing a system based upon the tensile strength of the all-weld metal deposits and the chemical composition of wire electrodes, wires and rods. a) Clauses, subclauses and tables which carry the suffix “system A” are applicable only to wire electrodes, wires, rods and deposits classified in accordance with the system based upon the chemical composition with requirements for yield strength and the average impact energy of 47 J of all-weld metal deposits under this document. b) Clauses, subclauses and tables which carry the suffix “system B” are applicable only to wire electrodes, wires, rods and deposits classified in accordance with the system based upon the tensile strength of all‑weld metal deposits and the chemical composition of wire electrodes, wires and rods under this document. c) Clauses, subclauses and tables which do not have either the suffix “system A” or the “system B” are applicable to all wire electrodes, wires, rods and deposits classified under this document.

This document specifies requirements for classification of wire electrodes, wires, rods and all-weld metal deposits in the as-welded condition and in the post-weld heat-treated (PWHT) condition for gas shielded metal arc welding and tungsten inert-gas welding of high-strength steels with a minimum yield strength greater than 500 MPa, or a minimum tensile strength greater than 570 MPa. One wire electrode can be tested and classified with different shielding gases. This document is a combined specification providing for classification utilizing a system based upon the yield strength and the average impact energy of 47 J of all-weld metal, or utilizing a system based upon the tensile strength and the average impact energy of 27 J of all-weld metal. a) Clauses, subclauses and tables which carry the suffix “System A” are applicable only to wire electrodes, wires, rods and deposits classified according to the system based upon the yield strength and the average impact energy of 47 J of all-weld metal under this document. b) Clauses, subclauses and tables which carry the suffix “System B” are applicable only to wire electrodes, wires, rods and deposits classified according to the system based upon the tensile strength and the average impact energy of 27 J of all-weld metal under this document. c) Clauses, subclauses and tables which do not have either the suffix “System A” or “System B” are applicable to all wire electrodes, wires, rods and deposits classified under this document. Annex A gives information on the description of composition designations for electrodes in the classification system based upon tensile strength and average impact energy of 27 J – System B.

This document specifies requirements for classification of wire electrodes, strip electrodes, wires and rods for gas-shielded metal arc welding, gas tungsten arc welding, plasma arc welding, submerged arc welding, electroslag welding and laser beam welding of stainless and heat-resisting steels. The classification of the wire electrodes, strip electrodes, wires and rods is based upon their chemical composition. This document is a combined specification providing for classification utilizing a system based upon nominal composition (system A), or utilizing a system based upon alloy type (system B). a) Paragraphs which carry the label “classification according to nominal composition” and the suffix “system A”, or “ISO 14343-A”, are applicable only to products classified according to system A; b) Paragraphs which carry the label “classification according to alloy type” and the suffix “system B”, or “ISO 14343-B”, are applicable only to products classified according to system B. c) Paragraphs which carry neither label nor suffix letter are applicable to products that can be classified according to either system A or B or both.

This document establishes the general specifications, requirements and tests for decomposition blockers located on the high-pressure side in battery vehicles and gas containers as defined in EN 13807 or in acetylene bundles as defined in ISO 10961. NOTE 1 The terms “upstream” and “downstream” refer to the normal direction of gas flow in the decomposition blocker. 1 bar = 0,1 MPa = 105 Pa; 1 Pa = 1 N/m2. All pressures are expressed in gauge pressures. NOTE 2 This document can be used as a guideline for decomposition blocker for filling centre application.

This document specifies requirements for line pressure regulators and line pressure regulators with flow-metering devices to be connected to industrial gas distribution pipelines of: — compressed gases and carbon dioxide up to 6 MPa (60 bar); — acetylene up to 150 kPa (1,5 bar); — liquefied petroleum gases (LPG); — methylacetylene-propadiene mixtures (MPS); for use in welding, cutting and allied processes. This document does not apply to pressure regulators intended for direct use on cylinders or bundles, such regulators are addressed in ISO 2503 or ISO 7291, respectively. NOTE Where there is no risk of ambiguity, both line pressure regulators and line pressure regulators with flow-metering devices are addressed with the collective term ‘pressure regulators’.

This document specifies requirements for classification of rods, wires and deposits in the as-welded condition and in the post-weld heat-treated condition for tungsten inert gas welding of non-alloy and fine-grain steels with a minimum yield strength of up to 500 MPa or a minimum tensile strength of up to 570 MPa. This document is a combined specification providing classification utilizing a system based upon the yield strength and the average impact energy of 47 J of all-weld metal or utilizing a system based upon the tensile strength and the average impact energy of 27 J of all-weld metal. a) Components which carry the suffix “system A” are applicable only to rods, wires and deposits classified to the system based upon the yield strength and the average impact energy of 47 J of all-weld metal in accordance with this document. b) Components which carry the suffix “system B” are applicable only to rods, wires and deposits classified to the system based upon the tensile strength and the average impact energy of 27 J of all-weld metal in accordance with this document. c) Components which have neither the suffix “system A” nor the suffix “system B” are applicable to all rods, wires and deposits classified in accordance with this document.

This document specifies tools for communication between a purchaser and a supplier of welding consumables within quality systems, such as those based upon ISO 9001. This document, together with an applicable welding consumable standard (ISO or other), provides a method for preparing the specific details needed for welding consumable procurement which consists of: a) the welding consumable classification (selected from the applicable welding consumable standard); b) the lot classification (selected from Clause 4); c) the testing schedule (selected from Clause 5). Selection of the specific welding consumable classification, lot classification, and testing schedule depends upon the requirements of the application for which the welding consumable is being procured. This document does not apply to non-consumable electrodes or shielding gases.

This document specifies technical delivery conditions for filler materials and fluxes for fusion welding. This document does not apply to other auxiliary materials such as shielding gases.

This document specifies test methods for the cleanliness of soldered printed circuit assemblies before and/or after soldering and cleaning. The test is applicable to all fluxes as defined in ISO 9454-1.

This document specifies the requirements for classification of tubular cored electrodes with or without a gas shield for metal arc welding of high-strength steels in the as-welded condition or in the post-weld heat-treated condition with a minimum yield strength higher than 550 MPa or a minimum tensile strength higher than 590 MPa. One tubular cored electrode can be tested and classified with different shielding gases, if used with more than one. This document is a combined specification providing classification utilizing a system based upon the yield strength and an average impact energy of 47 J of the all-weld metal, or utilizing a system based upon the tensile strength and an average impact energy of 27 J of the all-weld metal. — Subclauses and tables which carry the suffix “system A” are applicable only to tubular cored electrodes classified under the system based upon the yield strength and an average impact energy of 47 J of the all-weld metal given in this document. — Subclauses and tables which carry the suffix “system B” are applicable only to tubular cored electrodes classified under the system based upon the tensile strength and an average impact energy of 27 J of the all-weld metal given in this document. — Subclauses and tables which do not have either the suffix “system A” or the suffix “system B” are applicable to all tubular cored electrodes classified under this document. It is recognized that the operating characteristics of tubular cored electrodes can be modified by the use of pulsed current but, for the purposes of this document, pulsed current is not used for determining the electrode classification.

This document specifies a coding system for the classification and designation of solid and flux-cored solder wire, and the performance requirements to be met by flux-cored wire and its constituents. Requirements for sampling, labelling and packaging are also specified.

This document specifies two methods for the determination of the flux content of a sample flux-cored solder wire.

This document specifies a procedure for sampling airborne particles in the breathing zone of a person who performs welding and allied processes (the operator). It also provides details of relevant standards that specify required characteristics, performance requirements and test methods for workplace air measurement, and augments guidance provided in EN 689 on assessment strategy and measurement strategy. This document also specifies a procedure for making gravimetric measurements of personal exposure to airborne particles generated by welding and allied processes (welding fumes) and other airborne particles generated by welding-related operations. Additionally, it provides references to suitable methods of chemical analysis specified in other standards to determine personal exposure to specific chemical agents present in welding fumes and other airborne particles generated by welding-related operations.

This document provides guidance and specifications for the determination of personal exposure to gases and vapours in welding and allied processes. It applies to the following thermal processes used to join, cut, surface or remove metals: (111) Manual metal arc welding (metal arc welding with covered electrode); shielded metal arc welding /USA/ (114) Self-shielded tubular-cored arc welding (131) Metal inert gas welding; MIG welding; gas metal arc welding /USA/ (135) Metal active gas welding; MAG welding; gas metal arc welding /USA/ (136) Tubular-cored metal arc welding with active gas shield; flux cored arc welding /USA/ (137) Tubular-cored metal arc welding with inert gas shield; flux cored arc welding /USA/ (141) Tungsten inert gas arc welding; TIG welding; gas tungsten arc welding /USA/ (15) Plasma arc welding; (31) Oxy-fuel gas welding; oxy-fuel gas welding /USA/ (52) Laser beam welding; (912) Flame brazing; torch brazing /USA/ (97) Braze welding; — arc and flame gouging; — arc and laser cutting processes; — flame and plasma cutting processes; — metal-spraying (see ISO 4063). The following gases and vapours which can be produced or be present during welding and allied processes are covered: — ozone (O3); — carbon monoxide (CO); — carbon dioxide (CO2); — nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2); — vapours produced in the welding or cutting of metals having paint or other surface coatings. Fuel, oxidant and shielding gases used in welding and allied processes are not covered. The general background level of gases and vapours in the workplace atmosphere influences personal exposure, and therefore the role of fixed-point measurements is also considered.

This document specifies designations for filler materials for brazing on the basis of their chemical composition. The designation includes their solidus/liquidus temperatures. This document applies to the metallic part of filler materials used in brazing products, for example foils, wires, rods, pastes, flux-coated rods or wires and flux-cored rods or wires.

This document specifies the compositional ranges of a series of filler metals used for brazing. The filler metals are divided into seven classes, related to their composition but not necessarily to the major element present. NOTE 1 For the major element(s) present, see Annex A. In the case of composite products, such as flux-coated rods, pastes or plastics tapes, this document covers only the filler metal that forms parts of such products. The melting temperatures given in the tables are only approximate, as they necessarily vary within the compositional range of the filler metal. Therefore, they are given only for information. Technical delivery conditions are given for brazing filler metals and products containing brazing filler metals with other constituents such as flux and/or binders. NOTE 2 For some applications, such as precious metal jewellery, aerospace and dental, filler metals other than those included in this document are often used. These are covered by other International Standards to which reference can be made.

This document specifies requirements for the additive manufacturing of metallic parts with directed energy deposition (DED) in the aerospace industry. Within the application scope of this document, wire is used as feedstock, and arc processes (gas-shielded metal arc processes (MIG/MAG/GMAW), tungsten inert gas processes (TIG/GTAW), plasma arc processes (PAW)) are used as the main energy source. This document is to be used in conjunction with the engineering documents, if required by the engineering authority. This document does not address health and safety issues.

This document specifies how a welding procedure can be qualified by using tested welding consumable data. It expands on the requirements given in ISO 15607. In addition, it gives the range of qualification. Application of this document is limited to parent material groups 1.1, 8.1, 21, 22.1 and 22.2 in accordance with ISO/TR 15608, which produce acceptable microstructures and properties in the heat-affected zone which do not deteriorate significantly in service. This document is limited to: — butt welds and fillet welds in material of thicknesses t ≤ 40 mm (groups 1.1 and 8.1) and t ≤ 20 mm (groups 21, 22.1 and 22.2); — fillet welds with throat thickness a ≥ 1 mm. This document is not applicable when any of the following is specified for the welded joint: a) hardness; b) impact properties; c) preheating; d) controlled heat input; e) interpass temperature; f) post-weld heat treatment. The use of this document can also be restricted by an application standard, specification or other documents.

This document gives guidelines for the implementation of requirements given in the other parts of the ISO 3834 series. It is intended to help users select the appropriate part of the ISO 3834 series. It is expected that users will already be familiar with the ISO 3834 series as a whole. This document does not provide additional requirements to those in ISO 3834-1 to ISO 3834-5.

This document specifies how a preliminary welding procedure specification (pWPS) is qualified by welding procedure tests. This document specifies the conditions for the execution of welding procedure tests and the qualification range for welding procedures for all practical welding operations within the range of variables listed in Clause 8. This document specifies the required tests. Additional tests can be required by application standards. This document applies to the arc welding of titanium, zirconium and their alloys in all product forms. Arc welding is covered by the following processes in accordance with ISO 4063: 131 – metal inert gas welding, MIG welding; 14 – tungsten inert gas welding, TIG welding; 15 – plasma arc welding. The principles of this document can be applied to other fusion welding processes.

This document applies to types of joint preparation for submerged arc welding with one wire electrode (process 121 according to ISO 4063) on steel. This document covers only the welding positions PA and PB according to ISO 6947. If PC is used, special preparation is necessary. This document applies to fully penetrated welds. For partly penetrated welds, types of joint preparation, shapes and dimensions can differ from the listed proposals if they are specified in the relevant application standard or agreed by the parties concerned.

This document specifies requirements for resistance spot welding in the fabrication of assemblies of uncoated and metallic-coated or weldable non-metallic-coated low-carbon steel, comprising two or three sheets of metal, where the maximum single-sheet thickness of components to be welded is within the range 0,4 mm to 3,0 mm. This document is applicable to welding of sheets of the same or unequal thickness, where the thickness ratio is less than or equal to 3:1. Welding with the following types of equipment is within the scope of this document: a) pedestal welding equipment; b) portable welding guns; c) automatic welding equipment where the components are fed by robots or automatic feeding equipment; d) multi-spot-welding machines; e) robotic welding machines.

This document specifies a method of testing for deleterious effects that can arise from flux residues after soldering or tinning test coupons. The test is applicable to type 1 and type 2 fluxes, as specified in ISO 9454-1, in solid or liquid form, or in the form of flux-cored solder wire, solder preforms or solder paste constituted with eutectic or near-eutectic tin/lead (Sn/Pb) or Sn95,5Ag3Cu0,5 or other lead-free solders as agreed between user and supplier (see ISO 9453). This test method is also applicable to fluxes for use with lead-containing and lead-free solders. However, the soldering temperatures can be adjusted with agreement between tester and customer.

This document gives the necessary information to explain the requirements referenced in ISO 15607 about the qualification of welding procedures based on previous welding experience. In addition, it gives the range of qualification. The use of this document can be restricted by an application standard or a specification.

This document details a classification of imperfections that can occur in brazing joints. In addition, guidance is provided on quality levels and suggested limits for imperfections are detailed. For requirements not covered by this document, reference can be made to other sources, such as statutory regulations, codes of practice and technical delivery conditions. No information is given on how imperfections are to be assessed in individual cases because this depends on the requirements for the particular brazed joint. These imperfections are not always detectable by the use of non-destructive testing alone. This document covers only imperfections that can occur in connection with brazing without the effect of any additional service loads. Only the type, shape and position of such imperfections are covered; no indication is given of the conditions of occurrence or causes. For requirements for brazed joints which are relevant and essential to the particular function of the component, reference can be made to the relevant documentation, for example manufacturing documents or procedure sheets. It is important that these requirements be precisely prescribed and that conformity with them be verifiable. Conformity can be established by testing either the brazed assembly itself or a test piece produced under comparable conditions. This document does not specify requirements for acceptance levels for imperfections, since these will differ very markedly depending on the application, but it does suggest some quality levels which can be of value in the absence of more detailed information.

This document specifies how a preliminary welding procedure specification (pWPS) is qualified by welding procedure tests. This document defines the conditions for the execution of welding procedure tests and the range of qualification for welding procedures for all welding operations within the qualification of this document. Two classes of welding procedure tests are given in order to permit application to a wide range of welded fabrication. They are designated by classes A and B. In class A, the extent of testing is greater and the ranges of qualification are more restrictive than in class B. Procedure tests carried out to class A automatically qualify for class B requirements, but not vice-versa. When no class is specified in a contract or application standard, all the requirements of class A apply. NOTE Class B corresponds to level 1 and class A corresponds to level 2 in accordance with ISO 15614-1. This document applies to upset (resistance butt) welding and flash welding of any metallic materials in all product forms (e.g. with solid, tubular, flat or circular cross-sections). It covers the following resistance welding processes, as defined in ISO 4063:2023: — 24 – flash welding, using direct current or alternating current with various movement sequences, constant flashing and pulsed flashing; — 25 – resistance butt welding (upset welding), using direct current or alternating current with various current and pressure sequences.

This document specifies requirements and test methods for air-aspirated hand blowpipes. This document applies to blowpipes for brazing, soldering, heating, fusion and other allied thermal processes which use a fuel gas and aspirated air (injector-type blowpipes) and are intended for manual use. This document is applicable to: — air-aspirated hand blowpipes which are fed with a fuel gas in the gaseous phase, at a controlled pressure by a regulator, through a gas supply hose; — air-aspirated hand blowpipes which are fed with a liquefied fuel gas in the gaseous phase at the container pressure, through a gas supply hose; — so-called liquid-phase blowpipes which are fed with a fuel gas in the liquid phase, and where thermal evaporation takes place within the blowpipe. It does not apply to blowpipes in which the fuel gas leaves the injector in the liquid phase, or to so-called “cartridge” blowpipes where the gas supply is fixed directly onto the blowpipe and possibly constitutes the shank. NOTE Figures 1 to 4 are given for guidance only, to facilitate the explanation of the terms. They do not specify the construction details, which are left to the discretion of the manufacturer.

This document specifies requirements for the qualification of welders and welding operators for fusion welding of metallic materials for aerospace applications. NOTE Success in the test is an essential precondition for the qualification of welders and welding operators in new production and repair work in aerospace. However, welding equipment operators do not need to be qualified according to this document.

This document specifies requirements for classification of covered electrodes, based on the all-weld metal chemical composition, the type of electrode covering and other electrode properties, and the all-weld metal mechanical properties, in the as-welded or heat-treated conditions, for manual metal arc welding of stainless and heat-resisting steels. This document is a combined standard providing for classification utilizing a system based upon classification according to nominal composition or utilizing a system based upon classification according to alloy type. a) Paragraphs and tables which carry the label “classification according to nominal composition-A” or “ISO 3581-A” are applicable only to products classified to that system. b) Paragraphs and tables which carry the label “classification according to alloy type-B” or “ISO 3581-B” are applicable only to products classified to that system. c) Paragraphs and tables which carry neither label are applicable to products classified according to either or both systems. Annex B gives information on considerations on weld metal ferrite content.

This document prescribes requirements for the classification of nickel and nickel-alloy covered electrodes for manual metal arc welding and overlaying. The classification of the covered electrodes is based on the chemical composition of their deposited all-weld metal. It includes those compositions in which the nickel content exceeds that of any other element.

This document specifies the dimensions and tolerances of taper fits between the following: — straight electrodes and electrode holders; — electrode adapters connecting electrode caps and electrode holders; — female electrode caps and electrode adapters; — male electrode caps and electrode adapters. NOTE Electrode holders and electrode caps utilizing locking tapers are addressed in ISO 20168.

This document specifies general tolerances for linear and angular dimensions and for shape and position of welded structures in four tolerance classes, based on customary workshop accuracy. The main criterion for selection of a particular tolerance class is based on the functional requirements which are to be met. The applicable tolerances are always those which are stated in the drawing. Instead of specifying individual tolerances the tolerance classes according to this document can be used. General tolerances for linear and angular dimensions and for shape and position as specified in this document apply for weldments, welding assemblies, welded structures, etc. Special provisions can be necessary for complex structures. The specifications given in this document are based on the independency principle of ISO 8015, according to which the dimensional and geometrical tolerances apply independently of each other. Manufacturing documentation in which linear and angular dimensions or indications for shape and position are presented without individually indicated tolerances shall be deemed incomplete if there is no, or inadequate, reference to general tolerances. This does not apply to temporary dimensions.

This document specifies safety requirements for transparent welding curtains, strips and screens to be used in workplaces where arc welding is taking place. They are intended to provide protection against harmful levels of optical radiation and spatter for workers who are in the vicinity of arc welding processes but not involved in the welding itself. They are intended to reduce the discomfort glare from the arc but also allow sufficient luminous transmittance to permit a view into the workspace behind. The transparent welding curtains can also be used in other applications as long as the UV- and blue-light emissions are less than in arc welding and the transmitted infrared irradiance is below applicable exposure limits. They are designed to be used at a distance from the arc of at least 1 m. Welding curtains, strips and screens specified in this document are not intended to replace welding filters. For intentional viewing of welding arcs, other means of protection are used, see ISO 16321-1 and ISO 16321-2. This document is not applicable to protection against laser radiation, for which ISO 19818-1 applies.