ISO/TC 44 - Welding and allied processes

This document specifies the sizes of test specimen and the procedure for carrying out transverse tensile tests in order to determine the tensile strength and the location of fracture of a welded butt joint. This document applies to metallic materials in all forms of product with joints made by any welded butt joint.

This document specifies procedures for assessing the generic weldability for resistance spot, seam and projection welding of uncoated and coated metals. The purpose of the tests described in this document are to a) compare the metallurgical weldability of different metals, b) assess the weldability of differing component designs, e.g. dimensional configuration, stack-up, projection geometry, etc., c) investigate the effect of changes in welding parameters such as welding current, weld time, electrode force or complex welding schedules including pulse welding, current stepping etc. on weldability, and/or d) compare the performance of resistance welding equipment. Precise details of the test procedure to be used depend on which aspect of items a) to d) will be evaluated relative to the welding result obtained.

This document specifies the techniques for manual ultrasonic testing of claddings on steel applied by welding, rolling and explosion using single-transducer or dual-transducer probes. The test is intended to cover detection of two-dimensional or three-dimensional discontinuities in the cladding and in the region of the interface. This document does not give acceptance criteria nor define the extent of testing.

This document specifies the method to be used when describing test specimen location and notch orientation for the testing and reporting of impact tests on welded butt joints. This document applies to impact tests on metallic materials in all forms of product made by any fusion and pressure welding process. It is used in addition to the ISO 148 series and includes test specimen denomination and additional reporting requirements.

This document gives recommendations for specimen preparation, test procedures and their main objectives for macroscopic and microscopic examination.

This document specifies acceptance levels for the phased array ultrasonic testing technique (UT-PA) of full-penetration welds in low-alloy and/or fine-grained steels in the wall thickness range from 3,2 mm to 8 mm which correspond to the quality levels of ISO 5817. These acceptance levels are applicable to indications detected according to ISO 20601.

This document specifies requirements for the specification and qualification of brazing procedures for brazing of metallic materials. This document specifies requirements for brazing of the test piece, testing of the test specimen, essential variables and their range of qualification, acceptance criteria, brazing procedure qualification record (BPQR) and brazing procedure specification (BPS). This document gives general provisions on quality requirements for brazing (see Annex A). This document does not cover testing of residual stresses, corrosion resistance and impact properties. This document applies to the following brazing processes according to ISO 857-2 and ISO 4063:2009 with local and global heating: — 911 Infrared brazing; — 912 Flame brazing, torch brazing; — 913 Laser beam brazing; — 914 Electron beam brazing; — 916 Induction brazing; — 918 Resistance brazing; — 919 Diffusion brazing; — 921 Furnace brazing; — 922 Vacuum brazing; — 923 Dip-bath brazing; — 924 Salt-bath brazing; — 925 Flux bath brazing; — 926 Immersion brazing; — 972 Arc weld brazing. The principles of this document can be applied to other brazing processes and brazing of materials not listed.

This document specifies acceptance levels for indications from imperfections in aluminium butt welds detected by radiographic testing. If agreed, the acceptance levels can be applied to other types of welds (such as fillet welds etc.) or materials. The acceptance levels can be related to welding standards, application standards, specifications or codes. This document assumes that the radiographic testing has been carried out in accordance with ISO 17636‑1 for RT-F (F = film) or ISO 17636‑2 for RT-S (S = radioscopy) and RT-D (D = digital detectors).

This document specifies acceptance levels for indications from imperfections in butt welds of steel, nickel, titanium and their alloys detected by radiographic testing. If agreed, the acceptance levels can be applied to other types of welds (such as fillet welds, etc.) or materials. The acceptance levels can be related to welding standards, application standards, specifications or codes. This document assumes that the radiographic testing has been carried out in accordance with ISO 17636‑1 for RT-F (F = film) or ISO 17636‑2 for RT-S (S = radioscopy) and RT-D (D = digital detectors).

This document specifies tests for the qualification of welding procedure specifications applicable to upset (resistance butt) welding and flash welding of metallic materials, e.g. with solid, tubular, flat or circular cross-section. Its basic principles can also be applied to other resistance welding processes when this is stated in the specification. This document defines the conditions for carrying out tests and the limits of validity of a qualified welding procedure for all the practical welding operations that it covers. It covers the following resistance welding processes, as defined in ISO 4063: — 24 flash welding, using direct current or alternating current with various movement sequences, constant flashing and pulsed flashing; — 25 resistance upset welding, using direct current or alternating current with various pressure sequences.

This document specifies the tests which can be used for qualification of welding procedure specifications for spot, seam, and projection welding processes. NOTE The procedures are written for embossed projection welding. They can be adapted for solid projections as well, e.g. nut welding, stud welding. cross wire welding. This document defines the conditions for carrying out tests and the limits of validity of a qualified welding procedure for all practical welding operations covered by this document. It covers the following resistance welding processes, as defined in ISO 4063: — 21 – resistance spot welding; — 211 – indirect spot welding; — 212 – direct spot welding; — 22 – resistance seam welding; — 221 – lap seam welding; — 222 – mash seam welding; — 223 – Prep-lap seam welding; — 224 – Wire seam welding; — 225 – foil butt-seam welding; — 226 – seam welding with strip; — 23 – projection welding; — 231 – indirect projection welding; — 232 – direct projection welding.

This document specifies the International Standards, including clauses and subclauses, with which conformity to the quality requirements of ISO 3834-2, ISO 3834-3 or ISO 3834-4 can be claimed. NOTE For brazing, see ISO 22688.

This document specifies a general outline of the ISO 3834 series and criteria to be taken into account for the selection of the appropriate level of quality requirements for fusion welding of metallic materials, among the three levels specified in ISO 3834-2, ISO 3834-3 and ISO 3834-4. It is applicable to manufacturing, both in workshops and at field installation sites. This document does not specify requirements for a total quality management system (QMS). However, Clause 6 identifies QMS elements where their inclusion complements the ISO 3834 series.

This document specifies the geometries and dimensions of projections for embossed projection welding. Tools to make the projections are also included in Annex B. The projections are used on hot-rolled, cold-rolled, uncoated and coated steels, stainless steels and nickel alloys for conventional welding quality up to 3 mm thickness, as single projections, in multiples or as a group of multiples. Any solid projections are not included in this document.

This document establishes a European grouping system for materials for welding purposes, classified in accordance with the grouping system of ISO/TR 15608. It is also applicable for other purposes such as heat treatment, forming and non-destructive testing. This document covers grouping systems for the following standardized materials: a) steel; b) aluminium and its alloys; c) copper and its alloys; d) cast irons; e) nickel and nickel alloys. For materials that are not assigned to a group in this document, the criteria of ISO/TR 15608 apply.

This document defines comprehensive quality requirements for fusion welding of metallic materials both in workshops and at field installation sites.

This document defines elementary quality requirements for fusion welding of metallic materials both in workshops and at field installation sites.

This document defines standard quality requirements for fusion welding of metallic materials both in workshops and at field installation sites.

This document gives specifications for single- and double-conductor secondary connection cables used for resistance welding and allied processes. These specifications include requirements for electrical, mechanical and cooling characteristics of the cables and their test procedures.

This document specifies three test methods for investigating brazeability. A spreading test shows testing method with measurement of the spread area of the filler metals. A T-joint test describes a scheme to construct a T-shape design by the test pieces and a testing method. A varying gap test describes a test piece and a testing method for assessing the influence of the various parameters which can influence brazing during manufacture as a function of clearances.

This document specifies the requirements for the test methods for joint of micro-joining of 2G HTS to fulfil the requirements of ISO 17279-1 and ISO 17279-2. This document specifies test methods for determining the capability of joints for the production of the specified quality. It defines specific test requirements, but does not assign those requirements to any specific product group.

This document gives guidance on levels of imperfections in electron and laser beam welded joints in aluminium, magnesium and their alloys and pure copper. Three levels are given in such a way as to permit application for a wide range of welded fabrications. The levels refer to production quality and not to the fitness-for-purpose of the product manufactured. This document applies to electron and laser beam welding of: — aluminium and its alloys; — magnesium and its alloys; — pure copper (e.g. Cu-ETP1 CW003A, Cu-ETP CW004A, Cu-FRHC CW005A, Cu-FRTP CW006A, Cu-OF1 CW007A, Cu-OF CW008A, Cu-OFE CW009A, Cu-PHC CW020A, Cu-HCP CW021A, Cu-PHCE CW022A, Cu-DLP CW023A, Cu-DHP CW024A); — all types of welds welded with or without additional filler wire; — materials equal to or above 0,5 mm thickness for electron and laser beam welding. When significant deviations from the joint geometries and dimensions stated in this document are present in the welded product, it is necessary to evaluate to what extent the provisions of this document can apply. NOTE For circular welds, a lower quality level can be specified for the fade-out zone. Metallurgical aspects, e.g. grain size, hardness, hydrogen embrittlement (pure copper) are not covered by this document. This document is directly applicable to visual examination of welds and does not include details of recommended methods of detection or sizing by other non-destructive means. There are difficulties in using these limits to establish appropriate criteria applicable to non-destructive testing methods, such as ultrasonic, radiographic and penetrant testing, and they can need to be supplemented by requirements for inspection, examination and testing.

This document specifies the geometry of test specimens and the testing procedure for mechanized peel testing of single mechanical joints on single-lap test specimens up to a single sheet thickness of 4,5 mm. The term "sheet", as used in this document, includes extrusions and cast materials. The purpose of the mechanized peel tests is to determine the mechanical characteristics and the failure modes of the joints made with different joining methods. This document does not apply to civil engineering applications such as metal buildings and steel constructions which are covered by other application standards. NOTE For mechanized peel testing of resistance spot, seam and embossed projection welds, see ISO 14270

This document specifies requirements for resistance spot welding in the fabrication of assemblies of aluminium sheet, extrusions (both work- and age-hardening alloys) and/or cast material comprising two or three thicknesses of metal, where the maximum single (sheet) thickness of components to be welded is within the range 0,6 mm to 6 mm. This document is applicable to the welding of sheets or plates of dissimilar thickness where the thickness ratio is less than or equal to 3:1. It applies to the welding of three thicknesses where the total thickness is less than or equal to 9 mm. Welding with the following types of machines is within the scope of this document: — pedestal welding machines; — gun welders; — automatic welding equipment where the components are fed by robots or automatic feeding equipment; — multi-welders; — robotic welders. Information on appropriate welding equipment is given in Annex A and on spot welding conditions in Annex B. The latter are for guidance only and can require modification depending on service conditions of the fabrication, type of welding equipment, characteristics of the secondary circuit, electrode material and geometry. The welding of coated material, e.g. zinc-coated or anodized material, is outside the scope of this document.

This document specifies requirements and test methods for the qualification and re-qualification of laser beam machines for metal powder bed fusion additive manufacturing for aerospace applications. It can also be used to verify machine features during periodic inspections or following maintenance and repair activities.

This document outlines the equipment and operator qualification needed for laser-arc hybrid welding, and recommends butt, fillet and flange joint preparations and consumables suitable for use with this process. It also gives an overview of the steps to take during equipment set-up, procedure specification, workpiece set-up immediately prior to welding, and after welding once inspecting and testing the welds. This document applies to laser-arc hybrid welding of steels, aluminium and its alloys. This document does not apply to hybrid processes where laser beam welding is hybridized with another welding process not using an electric arc as its heat source.

This document specifies the performance requirements for fluxes in solid, liquid and paste forms intended for use with soft solders. NOTE 1 ISO 9454‑1 specifies the requirements for labelling and packaging as well as the coding system for the classification of the fluxes. NOTE 2 Some of the fluxes intended for inert gas and vapour phase soldering may not pass some of the criteria in Tables 1 and 2. Requirements for these fluxes are agreed between the purchaser and the supplier.

This document specifies a distillation method for the determination of the ammonia content of solid, paste or liquid fluxes. The method is applicable to fluxes of class 311 and 321 only, as defined in ISO 9454‑1.

This document specifies a qualitative method for assessing the aggressiveness of a flux towards copper. The test is applicable to all fluxes of type 1 as defined in ISO 9454‑1.

This document specifies the requirements for chemical composition for soft solder alloys containing two or more of: tin, lead, antimony, copper, silver, bismuth, zinc, indium and/or cadmium. An indication of the forms generally available is also included.

This document specifies the classification of fluxes used for brazing metals and characterizes these fluxes on the basis of their properties and use, and gives technical delivery conditions and health and safety precautions. This document covers two classes of flux, FH and FL. Class FH is used for the brazing of heavy metals (steels, stainless steels, copper and its alloys, nickel and its alloys, precious metals, molybdenum and tungsten). Class FL is used for the brazing of aluminium and its alloys.

This document specifies requirements for the classification of covered electrodes and deposited metal in the as-welded condition and in the post-weld heat-treated condition for manual metal arc welding of non-alloy and fine grain steels with a minimum yield strength of up to 500 MPa or a minimum tensile strength of up to 570 MPa. This document is a combined specification providing for classification utilizing a system based on the yield strength and the average impact energy of 47 J of all-weld metal, or utilizing a system based on the tensile strength and the average impact energy of 27 J of all-weld metal. a) Clauses, subclauses and tables which carry the suffix letter "A" are applicable only to covered electrodes classified to the system based on the yield strength and the average impact energy of 47 J of all weld metal in this document. b) Clauses, subclauses and tables which carry the suffix letter "B" are applicable only to covered electrodes classified to the system based on the tensile strength and the average impact energy of 27 J of all weld metal in this document. c) Clauses, subclauses and tables which do not have either the suffix letter "A" or the suffix letter "B" are applicable to all covered electrodes classified in this document.

This document specifies the procedure to be used for deposition of a weld metal pad for chemical analysis. This document applies to deposition of a weld metal pad by use of covered electrodes, wire electrodes for gas shielded metal arc welding, tubular cored electrodes for gas shielded metal arc welding and for non-gas shielded metal arc welding, solid rods and tubular cored rods for gas tungsten arc welding, and wire-flux and strip-flux combinations for submerged arc welding or electroslag welding and cladding. This document is applicable to welding consumables for non-alloy and fine grain steels, high strength steels, creep-resisting steels, stainless and heat-resisting steels, nickel and nickel alloys, and copper and copper alloys.

This document specifies requirements for classification of wire electrodes and weld deposits in the as-welded condition and in the post-weld heat-treated condition for gas shielded metal arc welding of non alloy and fine grain steels with a minimum yield strength of up to 500 MPa or a minimum tensile strength of up to 570 MPa. One wire electrode can be tested and classified with different shielding gases. This document constitutes a combined specification providing classification utilizing a system based upon the yield strength and the average impact energy of 47 J of all-weld metal, or utilizing a system based upon the tensile strength and the average impact energy of 27 J of all-weld metal. a) Clauses and tables which carry the suffix letter "A" are applicable only to wire electrodes classified to the system based on the yield strength and the average impact energy of 47 J of all-weld metal in accordance with this document. b) Clauses and tables which carry the suffix letter "B" are applicable only to wire electrodes classified to the system based on the tensile strength and the average impact energy of 27 J of all-weld metal in accordance with this document. c) Clauses and tables which have neither the suffix letter "A" nor the suffix letter "B" are applicable to all wire electrodes classified in accordance with this document.

This document specifies requirements for the qualification of operators of laser metal powder bed fusion machines and equipment for additive manufacturing in aerospace applications. This document is applicable if the operator qualification testing is required by contract or by application standards in the field of aerospace.

This document specifies the preparation of butt weld test pieces and specimens. The test pieces and specimens are used to determine the strength and impact properties of welded joints when testing welding consumables with single-run and two-run techniques. This document is applicable to welding consumables for arc welding of steel. This document is not suitable for electro-slag or electro-gas welding.

This document specifies the preparation of test pieces and specimens for all-weld metal tests in steel, nickel and nickel alloys. The test pieces and specimens are used to determine the mechanical properties of all-weld metal where required by consumable classification standards or for other purposes, in arc welding of steel, nickel and nickel alloys. This document is not applicable to single- or two-run welding or fillet welding. For these cases, ISO 15792‑2 and ISO 15792‑3 apply.

This document specifies requirements for the classification of solid wire electrodes, solid wires and rods for fusion welding of titanium and titanium alloys. The classification is based on their chemical composition. The compositions of solid wire electrodes for metal inert gas (MIG) welding are the same as solid wire electrodes, solid wires and rods for tungsten inert gas (TIG) arc welding, plasma arc welding, laser beam welding, and other fusion welding processes.

This document specifies a method for determining the capability of a manufacturer to use the friction stir welding (FSW) process for the production of products of the specified quality. It specifies quality requirements, but does not assign those requirements to any specific product group. In this document, the term "aluminium" refers to aluminium and its alloys. This document does not apply to friction stir spot welding which is covered by the ISO 18785 series.

This document defines terms related to friction stir welding. In this document, the term "aluminium" refers to aluminium and its alloys.

This document specifies design requirements for friction stir weld joints. In this document, the term "aluminium" refers to aluminium and its alloys. This document does not apply to friction stir spot welding which is covered by the ISO 18785 series.

This document specifies requirements for the qualification of welding operators for friction stir welding (FSW) of aluminium. In this document, the term "aluminium" refers to aluminium and its alloys. This document does not apply to "operators" as defined in ISO 25239‑1. This document does not apply to friction stir spot welding which is covered by the ISO 18785 series.

This document specifies the requirements for the specification and qualification of welding procedures for the friction stir welding (FSW) of aluminium. In this document, the term "aluminium" refers to aluminium and its alloys. This document does not apply to friction stir spot welding which is covered by the ISO 18785 series. NOTE Service requirements, materials or manufacturing conditions can require more comprehensive testing than is specified in this document.

This document provides a Japanese grouping system for materials for welding purposes, classified in accordance with the grouping system of ISO/TR 15608. It can also apply for other purposes, such as heat treatment, forming, and non-destructive testing. Types of steels are listed in accordance with the grouping system of ISO/TR 15608:2017, Table 1. Types of aluminium and aluminium alloys are listed in accordance with the grouping system of ISO/TR 15608:2017, Table 2. Types of titanium and titanium alloys are listed in accordance with the grouping system of ISO/TR 15608:2017, Table 5. This document covers grouping systems for the following standardized materials: — steels; — aluminium and its alloys; — titanium and its alloys.

This document specifies the application of the time-of-flight diffraction (TOFD) technique to the semi- or fully automated ultrasonic testing of fusion-welded joints in metallic materials of minimum thickness 6 mm. It applies to full penetration welded joints of simple geometry in plates, pipes, and vessels, where both the weld and the parent material are low-alloyed carbon steel. Where specified and appropriate, TOFD can also be used on other types of materials that exhibit low ultrasonic attenuation (especially that due to scatter). Where material-dependent ultrasonic parameters are specified in this document, they are based on steels having a sound velocity of (5 920 ± 50) m/s for longitudinal waves and (3 255 ± 30) m/s for transverse waves. It is necessary to take this fact into account when testing materials with a different velocity. This document makes reference to ISO 16828 and provides guidance on the specific capabilities and limitations of TOFD for the detection, location, sizing and characterization of discontinuities in fusion-welded joints. TOFD can be used as a stand-alone method or in combination with other non-destructive testing (NDT) methods or techniques, for manufacturing inspection, and for in-service inspection. This document specifies four testing levels (A, B, C, D) in accordance with ISO 17635 and corresponding to an increasing level of testing reliability. Guidance on the selection of testing levels is provided. This document permits assessment of TOFD indications for acceptance purposes. This assessment is based on the evaluation of transmitted, reflected and diffracted ultrasonic signals within a generated TOFD image. This document does not include acceptance levels for discontinuities.

This document defines two levels of quality requirements and selection criteria for brazing of metallic materials. It applies to manufacturing, both in workshops and at installation sites. NOTE 1 This document is applicable to brazing industry quality management systems, similar in scope and purpose to the ISO 3834 series. This document provides complete sets of quality requirements for process control related to all listed brazing processes (for each process separately or in combination as specified) and lists the documents with which it is necessary to conform to these requirements. The requirements in this standard may be adopted for other brazing processes, with or without adjustments, under the responsibility of the manufacturer. NOTE 2 These requirements can be used on their own by a manufacturer or in conjunction with a quality management system (e.g. ISO 9001).

This document specifies acceptance criteria for fusion weldments on metallic components. It is to be applied provided it is referenced or approved by the responsible engineering/design authority. This document covers the following processes given in Table 1 and the material groups given in Table 2.