91.120.20 - Acoustics in building. Sound insulation
ICS 91.120.20 Details
Acoustics in building. Sound insulation
Bauakustik. Schallschutz
Acoustique dans le bâtiment. Isolation acoustique
Akustika v stavbah. Zvočna izolacija
General Information
Frequently Asked Questions
ICS 91.120.20 is a classification code in the International Classification for Standards (ICS) system. It covers "Acoustics in building. Sound insulation". The ICS is a hierarchical classification system used to organize international, regional, and national standards, facilitating the search and identification of standards across different fields.
There are 624 standards classified under ICS 91.120.20 (Acoustics in building. Sound insulation). These standards are published by international and regional standardization bodies including ISO, IEC, CEN, CENELEC, and ETSI.
The International Classification for Standards (ICS) is a hierarchical classification system maintained by ISO to organize standards and related documents. It uses a three-level structure with field (2 digits), group (3 digits), and sub-group (2 digits) codes. The ICS helps users find standards by subject area and enables statistical analysis of standards development activities.
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This document specifies the method for declaring the technical classification relating to acoustics for a Product Standard including DoP, or European assessment document (EAD) including European Technical Approval (ETA) for a specific building product or equipment, or a family of building products or equipment. In particular, it gives advice on how to write technical specifications in response to the mandated characteristics on acoustics under the Construction Products Regulation.
NOTE 1 In the remainder of this document, the terms used relate to CEN and product standards. The concepts are, however, equally applicable to the European Organisation for Technical Approvals (EOTA).
The purpose of this document is to assist the Technical Committees in preparing acoustic clauses to ensure that such product standards:
- are as homogeneous as possible, with each individual product standard having the same basic structure;
- are in full accordance with the standards for the measurement and declaration of acoustic properties;
- reflect the latest technical knowledge of methods of determining the acoustical properties from the specific family of building products or equipment under consideration.
NOTE 2 Annex A lists the European and International Standards to be used in the drafting of acoustic provisions standards. Annex B contains guidance on choosing appropriate properties. Annex C describes the relevant measured acoustic properties for common products.
- Technical report41 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This technical report clarifies, provides and describes the building acoustic properties to be used in a building acoustic data dictionary. Each acoustic property is defined by its attributes as described in the standard EN ISO 23386:2020. The list of building acoustic properties with their attribute definitions is given in the annex of this Technical Specification. This list provides the essential, needed properties to design and to describe building acoustic performance of common building elements and buildings.
These properties are intended to be used as mapping properties for property providers and requesters. The mapping of the identifiers enables the exchange of building acoustic data within different databases.
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- Corrigendum3 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
- Corrigendum3 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies procedures to measure in laboratory the impact sound level reduction of isolated heavy landings connected to a heavy wall, isolated heavy flights of stairs connected to a heavy landing, lower or upper floor, and lightweight stairs connected to a heavy wall, lower or upper floor.
This document also considers the characterization of isolating elements for heavy landings or heavy flights of stairs in terms of an insertion loss expressed as an impact sound level difference. The corresponding procedure is given in a normative annex (Annex A), separated from the other procedures for the sake of clarity.
The tests are performed in defined test configurations and the test results are firstly restricted to the test configurations as described in the test report. The data can be used for comparing the performance of products and as input for EN ISO 12354-2:2017, Annex F, to calculate the sound pressure levels produced by the same stairs and isolating elements when installed in buildings.
The test procedures defined in this document comprise the frequency range from 50 Hz to 5000 Hz.
- Standard30 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies an engineering method for the measurement of sound pressure levels in rooms from service equipment installed in the building.
This document covers specifically measurements of sound from sanitary installations, mechanical ventilation, heating and cooling service equipment, lifts, rubbish chutes, heating devices, blowers, pumps and other auxiliary service equipment, and motor driven car park doors. It can also be applied to measurements of sounds from other types of equipment or activities within the building, e.g. noise from sport facilities or restaurants.
The measurement of noise from external sound sources generating air-borne or ground-borne noise in the building are not included in this document.
The methods are suitable for rooms with volumes of approximately 300 m3 or less for instance, in dwellings, hotels, schools, offices and hospitals.
The methods are not intended for measurements in large auditoria or concert halls.
- Standard29 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies procedures to measure in laboratory the impact sound level reduction of isolated heavy landings connected to a heavy wall, isolated heavy flights of stairs connected to a heavy landing, lower or upper floor, and lightweight stairs connected to a heavy wall, lower or upper floor.
This document also considers the characterization of isolating elements for heavy landings or heavy flights of stairs in terms of an insertion loss expressed as an impact sound level difference. The corresponding procedure is given in a normative annex (Annex A), separated from the other procedures for the sake of clarity.
The tests are performed in defined test configurations and the test results are firstly restricted to the test configurations as described in the test report. The data can be used for comparing the performance of products and as input for EN ISO 12354-2:2017, Annex F, to calculate the sound pressure levels produced by the same stairs and isolating elements when installed in buildings.
The test procedures defined in this document comprise the frequency range from 50 Hz to 5000 Hz.
- Standard30 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies an engineering method for the measurement of sound pressure levels in rooms from service equipment installed in the building.
This document covers specifically measurements of sound from sanitary installations, mechanical ventilation, heating and cooling service equipment, lifts, rubbish chutes, heating devices, blowers, pumps and other auxiliary service equipment, and motor driven car park doors. It can also be applied to measurements of sounds from other types of equipment or activities within the building, e.g. noise from sport facilities or restaurants.
The measurement of noise from external sound sources generating air-borne or ground-borne noise in the building are not included in this document.
The methods are suitable for rooms with volumes of approximately 300 m3 or less for instance, in dwellings, hotels, schools, offices and hospitals.
The methods are not intended for measurements in large auditoria or concert halls.
- Standard29 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies an engineering method for the measurement of sound pressure levels in rooms from service equipment installed in the building. This document covers specifically measurements of sound from sanitary installations, mechanical ventilation, heating and cooling service equipment, lifts, rubbish chutes, heating devices, blowers, pumps and other auxiliary service equipment, and motor driven car park doors. It can also be applied to measurements of sounds from other types of equipment or activities within the building, e.g. noise from sport facilities or restaurants. The measurement of noise from external sound sources generating air-borne or ground-borne noise in the building are not included in this document. The methods are suitable for rooms with volumes of approximately 300 m3 or less for instance, in dwellings, hotels, schools, offices and hospitals. The methods are not intended for measurements in large auditoria or concert halls.
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This document specifies a procedure to validate a calculation tool based on simulation, analytical calculation and/or interpolation of airborne sound insulation characteristics of glass products.
- Standard18 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document defines the acoustic performance of four classes (Classes A, B, C and D) of pipe insulation. It also defines a standardized test method for measuring the acoustic performance of any type of material system construction, thereby allowing existing and new insulation constructions to be rated against the four classes. Furthermore, this document presents some typical types of construction that would be expected to meet these acoustic performance classes. This document is applicable to the acoustic insulation of cylindrical steel pipes and to their piping components. It is valid for pipes up to 1 m in diameter and a minimum wall thickness of 4,2 mm for diameters below 300 mm, and 6,3 mm for diameters from 300 mm and above. It is not applicable to the acoustic insulation of rectangular ducting and vessels or machinery. This document covers both design and installation aspects of acoustic insulation and provides guidance to assist noise control engineers in determining the required class and extent of insulation needed for a particular application. It gives typical examples of construction methods, but the examples are for information only and not meant to be prescriptive. This document emphasises the aspects of acoustic insulation that are different from those of thermal insulation, serving to guide both the installer and the noise control engineer. Details of thermal insulation are beyond the scope of this document.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Sound transmission loss as defined in Terminology C634, refers to the response of specimens exposed to a diffuse incident sound field, and this is the test condition approached by this laboratory test method. The test results are therefore most directly relevant to the performance of similar specimens exposed to similar sound fields. They provide, however, a useful general measure of performance for the variety of sound fields to which a partition or element may typically be exposed.
5.2 In laboratories designed to satisfy the requirements of this test method, the intent is that only significant path for sound transmission between the rooms is through the test specimen. This is not generally the case in buildings where there are often many other paths for sounds—flanking sound transmission. Consequently sound ratings obtained using this test method do not relate directly to sound isolation in buildings; they represent an upper limit to what would be measured in a field test.
5.3 This test method is not intended for field tests. Field tests shall be performed according to Test Method E336.
Note 2: The comparable quantity measured using Test Method E336 is called the apparent sound transmission loss because of the presence of flanking sound transmission.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the laboratory measurement of airborne sound transmission loss of building partitions such as walls of all kinds, operable partitions, floor-ceiling assemblies, doors, windows, roofs, panels, and other space-dividing elements.
1.2 Laboratories are designed so the test specimen constitutes the primary sound transmission path between the two test rooms and so approximately diffuse sound fields exist in the rooms.
1.3 Laboratory Accreditation—The requirements for accrediting a laboratory for performing this test method are given in Annex A4.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This document specifies a procedure to validate a calculation tool based on simulation, analytical calculation and/or interpolation of airborne sound insulation characteristics of glass products.
- Standard18 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The material loss factor and modulus of damping materials are useful in designing measures to control vibration in structures and the sound that is radiated by those structures, especially at resonance. This test method determines the properties of a damping material by indirect measurement using damped cantilever beam theory. By applying beam theory, the resultant damping material properties are made independent of the geometry of the test specimen used to obtain them. These damping material properties can then be used with mathematical models to design damping systems and predict their performance prior to hardware fabrication. These models include simple beam and plate analogies as well as finite element analysis models.
5.2 This test method has been found to produce good results when used for testing materials consisting of one homogeneous layer. In some damping applications, a damping design may consist of two or more layers with significantly different characteristics. These complicated designs must have their constituent layers tested separately if the predictions of the mathematical models are to have the highest possible accuracy.
5.3 Assumptions:
5.3.1 All damping measurements are made in the linear range, that is, the damping materials behave in accordance with linear viscoelastic theory. If the applied force excites the beam beyond the linear region, the data analysis will not be applicable. For linear beam behavior, the peak displacement from rest for a composite beam should be less than the thickness of the base beam (See X2.3).
5.3.2 The amplitude of the force signal applied to the excitation transducer is maintained constant with frequency. If the force amplitude cannot be kept constant, then the response of the beam must be divided by the force amplitude. The ratio of response to force (referred to as the compliance or receptance) presented as a function of frequency must then be used for evaluating the damping.
5.3.3 Data reduct...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method measures the vibration-damping properties of materials: the loss factor, η, and Young's modulus, E, or the shear modulus, G. Accurate over a frequency range of 50 Hz to 5000 Hz and over the useful temperature range of the material, this method is useful in testing materials that have application in structural vibration, building acoustics, and the control of audible noise. Such materials include metals, enamels, ceramics, rubbers, plastics, reinforced epoxy matrices, and woods that can be formed to cantilever beam test specimen configurations.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This European Standard assigns sound insulation values to all transparent, translucent and opaque glass products, described in the European Standards for basic, special basic or processed glass products, when intended to be used in glazed assemblies in buildings, and which exhibit properties of acoustic protection, either as a prime intention or as a supplementary characteristic.
This document outlines the procedure, by which glass products may be rated, according to their acoustic performance which enables assessment of compliance with the acoustic requirements of buildings.
Rigorous technical analysis of measurement data remains an option, but this standard is intended to enable the derivation of simpler indices of performance, which can be adopted with confidence by non-specialists.
By adopting the principles of this standard the formulation of acoustic requirements in Building Codes and for product specification to satisfy particular needs for glazing is simplified.
It is recognised that the acoustic test procedures contained within EN ISO 140-1 and EN ISO 140-3 relate only to glass panes and their combinations. Although the same principles should be followed as closely as possible, it is inevitable that some compromises are necessary, because of the bulkier construction of other glazing types, e.g. glass blocks, paver units, channel-shaped glass, structural glazing and structural sealant glazing. Guidelines on how to adapt the test procedures for these glazing types are offered in Clause 4.
All the considerations of this standard relate to panes of glass/glazing alone. Incorporation of them into windows may cause changes in acoustic performance as a result of other influences, e.g. frame design, frame material, glazing material/method, mounting method, air tightness, etc. Measurements of the sound insulation of complete windows (glass and frame) may be undertaken to resolve such issues.
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This document describes calculation models to estimate the sound pressure level in buildings due to service equipment. As for the field measurement documents (EN ISO 16032 for the engineering method and EN ISO 10052 for the survey method), it covers sanitary installations, mechanical ventilation, heating and cooling, service equipment, lifts, rubbish chutes, boilers, blowers, pumps and other auxiliary service equipment, and motor driven car park doors, but can also be applied to others equipment attached to or installed in buildings. The estimation is generally based on measured data that characterizes both the equipment (source) and the sound transmission through the building. The same equipment can be composed of different airborne and/or structure borne sources at different locations in the building; the standard gives some information on these sources and how they can be characterized; however, models of the equipment itself are out of the scope of this standard.
This document describes the principles of the calculation models, lists the relevant input and output quantities and defines its applications and restrictions. The models given are applicable to calculations in frequency bands. It is intended for acoustical experts and provides the framework for the development of application documents and tools for other users in the field of building construction, considering local circumstances.
The calculation models described use the most general approach for engineering purposes, with a link to measurable input quantities that specify the performance of building elements and equipment. However, it is important for users to be aware that other calculation models also exist, each with their own applicability and restrictions.
The models are based on experience with predictions for dwellings and offices; they could also be used for other types of buildings provided the dimensions of constructions are not too different from those in dwellings.
- Standard74 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document describes calculation models to estimate the sound pressure level in buildings due to service equipment. As for the field measurement documents (EN ISO 16032 for the engineering method and EN ISO 10052 for the survey method), it covers sanitary installations, mechanical ventilation, heating and cooling, service equipment, lifts, rubbish chutes, boilers, blowers, pumps and other auxiliary service equipment, and motor driven car park doors, but can also be applied to others equipment attached to or installed in buildings. The estimation is generally based on measured data that characterizes both the equipment (source) and the sound transmission through the building. The same equipment can be composed of different airborne and/or structure borne sources at different locations in the building; the standard gives some information on these sources and how they can be characterized; however, models of the equipment itself are out of the scope of this standard.
This document describes the principles of the calculation models, lists the relevant input and output quantities and defines its applications and restrictions. The models given are applicable to calculations in frequency bands. It is intended for acoustical experts and provides the framework for the development of application documents and tools for other users in the field of building construction, considering local circumstances.
The calculation models described use the most general approach for engineering purposes, with a link to measurable input quantities that specify the performance of building elements and equipment. However, it is important for users to be aware that other calculation models also exist, each with their own applicability and restrictions.
The models are based on experience with predictions for dwellings and offices; they could also be used for other types of buildings provided the dimensions of constructions are not too different from those in dwellings.
- Standard74 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard assigns sound insulation values to all transparent, translucent and opaque glass products, described in the European Standards for basic, special basic or processed glass products, when intended to be used in glazed assemblies in buildings, and which exhibit properties of acoustic protection, either as a prime intention or as a supplementary characteristic.
This document outlines the procedure, by which glass products may be rated, according to their acoustic performance which enables assessment of compliance with the acoustic requirements of buildings.
Rigorous technical analysis of measurement data remains an option, but this standard is intended to enable the derivation of simpler indices of performance, which can be adopted with confidence by non-specialists.
By adopting the principles of this standard the formulation of acoustic requirements in Building Codes and for product specification to satisfy particular needs for glazing is simplified.
It is recognised that the acoustic test procedures contained within EN ISO 140-1 and EN ISO 140-3 relate only to glass panes and their combinations. Although the same principles should be followed as closely as possible, it is inevitable that some compromises are necessary, because of the bulkier construction of other glazing types, e.g. glass blocks, paver units, channel-shaped glass, structural glazing and structural sealant glazing. Guidelines on how to adapt the test procedures for these glazing types are offered in Clause 4.
All the considerations of this standard relate to panes of glass/glazing alone. Incorporation of them into windows may cause changes in acoustic performance as a result of other influences, e.g. frame design, frame material, glazing material/method, mounting method, air tightness, etc. Measurements of the sound insulation of complete windows (glass and frame) may be undertaken to resolve such issues.
- Standard16 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Measurement of the sound absorption of a room is part of the procedure for other acoustical measurements, such as determining the sound power level of a noise source or the sound transmission loss of a partition. It is also used in certain calculations such as predicting the sound pressure level in a room when the sound power level of a noise source in the room is known.
5.2 The sound absorption coefficient of a surface is a property of the material composing the surface. It is ideally defined as the fraction of the randomly incident sound power absorbed by the surface, but in this test method it is operationally defined in 4.2. The relationship between the theoretically defined and the operationally measured coefficients is under continuing study.
5.3 Diffraction effects4 usually cause the apparent area of a specimen to be greater than its geometrical area, thereby increasing the coefficients measured according to this test method. When the test specimen is highly absorptive, these values may exceed unity.
5.4 The coefficients measured by this test method should be used with caution because not only are the areas encountered in practical usage usually larger than the test specimen, but also the sound field is rarely diffuse. In the laboratory, measurements must be made under reproducible conditions, but in practical usage the conditions that determine the effective absorption are often unpredictable. Regardless of the differences and the necessity for judgment, coefficients measured by this test method have been used successfully by architects and consultants in the acoustical design of architectural spaces.
5.5 Field Measurements—When sound absorption measurements are made in a building in which the size and shape of the room are not under the operator's control, the approximation to a diffuse sound field is not likely to be very close. This matter should be considered when assessing the accuracy of measurements made under field conditions. (See Te...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of sound absorption in a reverberation room by measuring decay rate. Procedures for measuring the absorption of a room, the absorption of an object, such as an office screen, and the sound absorption coefficients of a specimen of sound absorptive material, such as acoustical ceiling tile, are described.
1.2 Field Measurements—Although this test method covers laboratory measurements, the test method described in 4.1 can be used for making field measurements of the absorption of rooms (see also 5.5). A method to measure the absorption of rooms in the field is described in Test Method E2235.
1.3 This test method includes information on laboratory accreditation (see Annex A1), asymmetrical screens (see Annex A2), and reverberation room qualification (see Annex A3).
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The sound absorption of a material that covers a flat surface depends not only on the physical properties of the material but also on the way in which the material is mounted over the surface. The mountings specified in these practices are intended to simulate in the laboratory conditions that exist in normal use.
4.2 Some of the specified mountings require special fixtures or minor deviations from normal practice. These fixtures or deviations are to be used only during laboratory tests and should not be specified for practical installations. They are noted in the specifications for the mountings in question by the phrase “for laboratory testing only.”
4.3 Test reports may refer to these mountings by type designation instead of providing a detailed description of the mounting used.
SCOPE
1.1 These practices cover test specimen mountings to be used during sound absorption tests performed in accordance with Test Method C423.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The main part of this standard uses procedures originally developed for laboratory measurements of the sound transmission loss of partitions. These procedures assume that the rooms in which the measurements are performed have a sound field that reasonably approximates a diffuse field. Sound pressure levels in such rooms are reasonably uniform throughout the room and average levels vary inversely with the logarithm of the room sound absorption. Not all rooms will satisfy these conditions. Experience and controlled studies (1)6 have shown that the test method is applicable to smaller spaces normally used for work or living, such as rooms in multi-family dwellings, hotel guest rooms, meeting rooms, and offices with volumes less than 150 m3. The measures appropriate for such spaces are NR, NNR, and ATL. The corresponding single number ratings are NIC, NNIC and ASTC. The ATL and ASTC are measurable between larger spaces that meet a limitation on absorption in the spaces to provide uniform sound distribution.
5.2 Annex A1 was developed for use in spaces that are very large (volume of 150 m3 or greater). Sound pressure levels during testing vary markedly across large rooms so that the degree of isolation varies strongly with distance from the common (separating) partition. This procedure evaluates the isolation observed near the partition. The appropriate measure is NR, and the appropriate single number rating is NIC.
5.3 Several metrics are available for specific uses. Some evaluate the overall sound isolation between spaces including the effect of absorption in the receiving space and some evaluate the performance or apparent performance of the partition being evaluated. The results obtained are applicable only to the specific location tested.
5.3.1 Noise Reduction (NR) and Noise Isolation Class (NIC)—Describe the sound isolation found between two spaces. Noise reduction data are based on the space- and time averaged sound pressure levels meeting the require...
SCOPE
1.1 The sound isolation between two spaces in a building is influenced most strongly by a combination of the direct transmission through the nominally separating building element (as normally measured in a laboratory) and any transmission along a number of indirect paths, referred to as flanking paths. Fig. 1 illustrates the direct paths (D) and some possible structural flanking paths (F). Additional non-structural flanking paths include transmission through common air ducts between rooms, or doors to the corridor from adjacent rooms. Sound isolation is also influenced by the size of the separating partition between spaces and absorption in the receiving space, and in the case of small spaces by modal behavior of the space and close proximity to surfaces.
FIG. 1 Direct (D) and Some Indirect or Flanking Paths (F and Dotted) in a Building
1.2 The main part of this test method defines procedures and metrics to assess the sound isolation between two rooms or portions thereof in a building separated by a common partition or the apparent sound insulation of the separating partition, including both direct and flanking transmission paths in all cases. Appropriate measures and their single number ratings are the noise reduction (NR) and noise isolation class (NIC) which indicate the isolation with the receiving room furnished as it is during the test, the normalized noise reduction (NNR) and normalized noise isolation class (NNIC) which indicate the isolation expected if the receiving room was a normally furnished living or office space that is at least 25 m3 (especially useful when the test must be done with the receiving room unfurnished), and the apparent transmission loss (ATL) and apparent sound transmission class (ASTC) which indicate the apparent sound insulating properties of a separating partition including both the direct transmission and flanking transmission through the support structure. The measurement of ATL ...
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This is an in situ method, that is, the measurements are made at the actual installation. The sound levels measured according to this test method should be representative for that installation and for the quantity of acoustical absorption actually, permanently present.
5.2 The test method has the following limitations:
5.2.1 The test method produces sound data which may be compared with applicable criteria or limits only if they are in terms of the quantities measured in this test method.
5.2.2 The test method does not quantify certain subjective aspects of the sound environment that may be objectionable. These include pure tones, spectral content, and temporal distribution.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides guidance to the methodology used in the measurement of building interior sound levels.
1.2 This test method describes procedures for measuring sound in enclosed residential spaces produced by built-in utilities and major appliances such as plumbing, heating, ventilating, air-conditioning systems, refrigerators, and dish washers. The measured values may then be used to assess compliance, design, or habitation suitability.
1.3 This test method does not promulgate or recommend acoustical criteria.
1.4 This test method is not intended for obtaining data to evaluate indoor environments for:
1.4.1 Commercial activities such as studios, communication centers, hospitals, and auditoria, and
1.4.2 Effects from exterior sources such as aircraft, railroad operations, motor vehicles, mining operation, weapons fire, etc.
1.5 This test method is not intended for evaluating sound transmission loss, sound absorption coefficient, or any other acoustical aspects of the space or structure.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Real-time detection and assessment of cracks and other flaws in concrete structures is of great importance. A number of methods have been developed and standardized in recent decades for non-destructive evaluation of concrete structures as well as methods for in-place evaluation of concrete properties. Review of some of these methods can be found in ACI 228.2R-13, ACI 228.1R-03, and ACI 437R-03. They include visual inspection, stress-wave methods such as impact echo, pulse velocity, impulse response, nuclear methods, active and passive infrared thermography, ground-penetrating radar and others. These methods in most of the cases are not used for overall inspection of the concrete structure due to limited accessibility, significant thickness of concrete components, or other reasons and are not applied for continuous long-term monitoring. Further, these methods cannot be utilized for estimation of flaw propagation rate or evaluation of flaw sensitivity to operational level loads or environmental changes, or both.
5.2 In addition to the previously mentioned non-destructive tests methods, vibration, displacement, tilt, shock, strain monitoring, and other methods have been applied to monitor, periodically or continuously, various factors that can affect the integrity of concrete structures during operation. However, these methods monitor risk factors that are not necessarily associated with actual damage accumulation in the monitored structures.
5.3 Monitoring the opening or elongation of existing cracks can be performed as well using different technologies. These may include moving scales (Fig. 1), vibrating wire, draw wire, or other crack opening displacement meters, optical and digital microscopes, strain gages, or visual assessment. However, this type of monitoring is only applicable to surface cracks and requires long monitoring periods.
FIG. 1 Moving Scale Crack Opening Monitor
5.4 This guide is meant to be used for development of acoustic emission a...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes the application of acoustic emission (AE) technology for examination of concrete and reinforced concrete structures during or after construction, or in service.
1.2 Structures under consideration include but are not limited to buildings, bridges, hydraulic structures, tunnels, decks, pre/post-tensioned (PT) structures, piers, nuclear containment units, storage tanks, and associated structural elements.
1.3 AE examinations may be conducted periodically (short-term) or monitored continuously (long-term), under normal service conditions or under specially designed loading procedures. Examples of typical examinations are the detection of growing cracks in structures or their elements under normal service conditions or during controlled load testing, long term monitoring of pre-stressed cables, and establishing safe operational loads.
1.4 AE examination results are achieved through detection, location, and characterization of active AE sources within concrete and reinforced concrete. Such sources include micro- and macro-crack development in concrete due to loading scenarios such as fatigue, overload, settlement, impact, seismicity, fire and explosion, and also environmental effects such as temperature gradients and internal or external chemical attack (such as sulfate attack and alkali-silica reaction) or radiation. Other AE source mechanisms include corrosion of rebar or other metal parts, corrosion and rupture of cables in pre-stressed concrete, as well as friction due to structural movement or instability, or both.
1.5 This guide discusses selection of the AE apparatus, setup, system performance verification, detection and processing of concrete damage related AE activity. The guide also provides approaches that may be used in analysis and interpretation of acoustic emission data, assessment of examination results and establishing accept/reject criteria.
1.6 Units—The values stated ...
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Definitions—Terms and related definitions given in Section 4 are intended for use uniformly and consistently in all building and environmental acoustic test standards in which they appear.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to Each Standard:
3.2.1 As indicated in Section 4, terms and their definitions are intended to provide a precise understanding and interpretation of the building and environmental acoustic test standards in which they appear.
3.2.2 A specific definition of a given term is applicable to the standard or standards in which the term is described and used.
3.2.3 Different definitions of the same term are acceptable provided each one is consistent with and is not in conflict with the standard definition for the same term, that is, the general concept the term describes.
3.2.4 If a standard under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E33 specially defines a term, i.e. provides a definition different in any way from what is given in Section 4 of Terminology C634, that standard shall list the term and its description under the subheading, Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard.
3.2.4.1 Discussion—The mandatory language of section 3.2.4 is consistent with the mandatory language from §E2 of Form and Style for ASTM Standards (April 2020) and with the ASTM Committee E33 bylaws in place when this standard was published; it reflects a situation that exists, it does not prescribe anything.
3.3 Definitions for some terms associated with building and environmental acoustic issues and not included in Terminology C634 are found in ISO/TR 25417 or IEEE P260.4. When discrepancies exist, the definition in Terminology C634 shall prevail.
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology covers terms, related definitions, and descriptions of terms used or likely to be used in building and environmental acoustics standards. Definitions of terms are special-purpose definitions that are consistent with the standard definitions but are written to ensure that a specific building and environmental acoustics standard is properly understood and precisely interpreted. The primary focus of this document is upon terms, definitions and descriptions found within standards under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E33; however, terms, definitions and descriptions that are of general interest to the field of acoustics are also included.
1.2 This building and environmental acoustics standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Acoustical materials are often used as the entire ceiling of rooms and are therefore an important component of the lighting system. The luminous reflectance of all important components must be known in order to predict the level of illumination that will be obtained.
5.2 The reflecting properties of a surface are measured relative to those of a standard reflector, the perfect reflecting diffuser, to provide a reflectance factor. The luminous reflectance factor is calculated for a standard illuminant, and a standard observer, for the standard hemispherical (integrating-sphere) geometry of illumination and viewing, in which all reflected radiation from an area of the surface is collected. In this way the reflecting properties of an acoustical material can be represented by a single number measured and calculated under standard conditions.
5.3 Acoustical materials generally have a non-glossy white or near-white finish. The types of surface cover a wide range from smooth to deeply fissured. Measurement with integrating-sphere reflectometers has been satisfactory although multiple measurements may be required to sample the surface adequately. Instruments with other types of optical measuring systems may be used if it can be demonstrated that they provide equivalent results.
5.4 The use of this test method for determining the luminous reflectance factor is required by Classification E1264.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the luminous reflectance factor of acoustical materials for use in predicting the levels of room illumination.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The specific airflow resistance of an acoustical material is one of the properties that determine its sound-absorptive and sound-transmitting properties. Measurement of specific airflow resistance is useful during product development, for quality control during manufacture, and for specification purposes.
5.2 Valid measurements are made only in the region of laminar airflow where, aside from random measurement errors, the airflow resistance (R = P/U) is constant. When the airflow is turbulent, the apparent airflow resistance increases with an increase of volume velocity and the term “airflow resistance” does not apply.
5.3 The specific airflow resistance measured by this test method may differ from the specific resistance measured by the impedance tube method in Test Method E384 for two reasons. In the presence of sound, the particle velocity inside a porous material is alternating while in this test method, the velocity is constant and in one direction only. Also, the particle velocity inside a porous material is not the same as the linear velocity measured outside the specimen.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of airflow resistance and the related measurements of specific airflow resistance and airflow resistivity of porous materials that can be used for the absorption and attenuation of sound. Materials cover a range from thick boards or blankets to thin mats, fabrics, papers, and screens. When the material is anisotropic, provision is made for measurements along different axes of the specimen.
1.2 This test method is designed for the measurement of values of specific airflow resistance ranging from 100 to 10 000 mks rayls (Pa·s/m) with linear airflow velocities ranging from 0.5 mm/s to 50 mm/s and pressure differences across the specimen ranging from 0.1 Pa to 250 Pa. The upper limit of this range of linear airflow velocities is a point at which the airflow through most porous materials is in partial or complete transition from laminar to turbulent flow.
1.3 A procedure for accrediting a laboratory for the purposes of this test method is given in Annex A1.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4.1 Table 1 is provided for user to convert into cgs units.
cgs acoustic ohm
mks acoustic ohm (Pa·s/m3)
105
cgs rayl
mks rayl (Pa·s/m)
10
cgs rayl/cm
mks rayl/m (Pa·s/m2)
103
cgs rayl/in.
mks rayl/m (Pa·s/m2)
394
mks rayl/in.
mks rayl/m (Pa·s/m2)
39.4
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The spectrum of the noise in the room below the test specimen is determined by the following:
5.1.1 The size and the mechanical properties of the floor-ceiling assembly, such as its construction, surface, mounting or edge restraints, stiffness, or internal damping,
5.1.2 The acoustical response of the room below,
5.1.3 The placement of the object or device producing the impacts, and
5.1.4 The nature of the actual impact itself.
5.2 This test method is based on the use of a standardized tapping machine of the type specified in 8.1 placed in specific positions on the floor. This machine produces a continuous series of uniform impacts at a uniform rate on a test floor and generates in the receiving room broadband sound pressure levels that are sufficiently high to make measurements possible beneath most floor types even in the presence of background noise. The tapping machine itself, however, is not designed to simulate any one type of impact, such as produced by male or female footsteps.
5.3 Because of its portable design, the tapping machine does not simulate the weight of a human walker. Therefore, the structural sounds, i.e., creaks or booms of a floor assembly caused by such footstep excitation is not reflected in the single number impact rating derived from test results obtained by this test method. The degree of correlation between the results of tapping machine tests in the laboratory and the subjective acceptance of floors under typical conditions of domestic impact excitation is uncertain. The correlation will depend on both the type of floor construction and the nature of the impact excitation in the building.
5.4 In laboratories designed to satisfy the requirements of this test method, the intent is that only significant path for sound transmission between the rooms is through the test specimen. This is not generally the case in buildings where there are often many other paths for sounds— flanking sound transmission. Consequently so...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the laboratory measurement of impact sound transmission of floor-ceiling assemblies using a standardized tapping machine. It is assumed that the test specimen constitutes the primary sound transmission path into a receiving room located directly below and that a good approximation to a diffuse sound field exists in this room.
1.2 Measurements may be conducted on floor-ceiling assemblies of all kinds, including those with floating-floor or suspended ceiling elements, or both, and floor-ceiling assemblies surfaced with any type of floor-surfacing or floor-covering materials.
1.3 This test method prescribes a uniform procedure for reporting laboratory test data, that is, the normalized one-third octave band sound pressure levels transmitted by the floor-ceiling assembly due to the tapping machine.
1.4 Laboratory Accreditation—The requirements for accrediting a laboratory for performing this test method are given in Annex A2.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The acoustical impedance properties of a sound absorptive material are related to its physical properties, such as airflow resistance, porosity, elasticity, and density. As such, the measurements described in this test method are useful in basic research and product development of sound absorptive materials.
5.2 Normal incidence sound absorption coefficients are more useful than random incidence coefficients in certain situations. They are used, for example, to predict the effect of placing material in a small enclosed space, such as inside a machine.
5.3 Estimates of the random incidence or statistical absorption coefficients for materials can be obtained from normal incidence impedance data. For materials that are locally reacting, that is, without sound propagation inside the material parallel to its surface, statistical absorption coefficients can be estimated from specific normal acoustic impedance values using an expression derived by London (1).5 Locally reacting materials include those with high internal losses parallel with the surface such as porous or fibrous materials of high density or materials that are backed by partitioned cavities such as a honeycomb core. Formulas for estimating random incidence sound absorption properties for both locally and bulk-reacting materials, as well as for multilayer systems with and without air spaces have also been developed (2).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the use of an impedance tube, alternatively called a standing wave apparatus, for the measurement of impedance ratios and the normal incidence sound absorption coefficients of acoustical materials.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Acoustically absorptive materials are used for the control of reverberation and echoes in rooms. This standard provides a classification method for acoustically absorptive materials applied directly to surfaces by trowel or by spray.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification covers materials applied by trowel or spray to surfaces for the purpose of increasing their acoustical absorption.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This document specifies a method for the measurement of room acoustic parameters in unoccupied open-plan offices. It specifies measurement procedures, the apparatus needed, the coverage required, the method for evaluating the data, and the presentation of the test report.
This document describes a group of single-number quantities indicating the room acoustic performance of an open-plan office in a condition when one person is speaking. They focus on spatial decay of speech while the quantities in ISO 3382-2 focus on temporal decay of sound.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Acoustical performance is dependent on many factors (see Guide E1374 for a discussion on general office acoustical considerations). One of these factors is the masking sound. The masking spectrum shape and level must conform within specified tolerances throughout the treated area. The measurement and recording of these parameters are addressed in this test method.
5.2 The results from this test method are used to determine if the masking sound meets a particular specification.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method specifies the procedure used to measure the masking sound in terms of A-weighted and one-third-octave-band sound pressure levels.
1.2 The results of this test method can be used to determine if and where the masking sound meets (or does not meet) a particular specification.
1.3 This test method does not evaluate the overall acoustical environment. It is intended only to measure and report the masking sound levels.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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ABSTRACT
This specification covers metal ceiling suspension systems used primarily to support acoustical tile or acoustical lay-in panels. Some suspension systems incorporate locking assembly details that enhance performance by providing some continuity or load transfer capability between adjacent sections of the ceiling grid. The structural classification or grade of ceiling suspension systems shall be determined by the capability of main runners or nailing bars to support a uniformly distributed load. These classifications shall be: light-duty systems; intermediate-duty systems; and heavy-duty systems. The structural classification of ceiling suspension systems shall be based on the load-carrying capacity of the main runners of the structural network. Suspension system structural members shall conform to the following tolerance requirements: metal thickness; straightness; length; overall cross-section dimensions; and section squareness.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers metal ceiling suspension systems used primarily to support acoustical tile or acoustical lay-in panels.
1.2 Some suspension systems incorporate locking assembly details that enhance performance by providing some continuity or load transfer capability between adjacent sections of the ceiling grid. The test methods of Test Methods E3090/E3090M referenced in this specification do not provide the means for making a complete evaluation of continuous beam systems, nor for assessing the continuity contribution to overall system performance. However, the test methods can be used for evaluating primary structural members in conjunction with secondary members that interlock, as well as with those of noninterlocking type.
1.3 While this specification is applicable to the exterior installation of metal suspension systems, the atmospheric conditions and wind loading require additional design attention to ensure safe implementation. For that reason, a specific review and approval should be solicited from the responsible architect and engineer, or both, for any exterior application of metal suspension systems in the construction of a new building or building modification.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.5 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods described in this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Knowledge of hardness is useful in the development and the quality control of acoustical tile and lay-in ceiling panels. Deviation from an established hardness range will assist in pointing out processing errors or defective raw materials, thereby aiding the maintenance of uniform product quality.
4.2 This property is also useful in comparing the relative abilities of materials to resist indentations on the panel surface caused by impacts.
4.3 Since the hardness varies with the thickness, only samples of the same thickness shall be directly compared.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the strength properties of prefabricated architectural acoustical tile or lay-in ceiling panels as follows:
Tests
Sections
Hardness
4 to 9
Friability
10 to 16
Sag
17 to 23
Transverse strength
24 to 30
1.2 Not all of the tests described in these test methods are necessary to evaluate any particular product for a specific use. In each instance, it is necessary to determine which properties are required.
1.3 These test methods specify procedures that are used in product development, manufacturing control, specification acceptance, and service evaluation.
1.4 Properties determined by these test methods reflect the performance of the materials under the specific conditions of the test, and do not necessarily indicate performance under conditions other than those specified herein.
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems will result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Load Carrying Capacity:
4.1.1 Most architectural specifications contain a uniform load requirement based on Specification C635. Additionally, it is useful to know the uniform loads of cross runners to evaluate their suitability for various ceiling loads.
4.1.2 The procedure detailed in this standard is intended to be used for the simple 4 ft span specified in Specification C635 but it can be used for simple spans other than 4 ft.
4.1.3 Various concentrated load combinations can be similarly tested or they can be calculated from the uniform load results by engineering analysis.
4.2 Connection Strength in Tension and Compression:
4.2.1 Structural failure of grid systems under axial loading is controlled by the failure of connections between the grid members. Specification of the allowable axial loads is useful for designers and specifiers for determining which grid systems will be appropriate for specific job conditions.
4.2.2 Connection strength is particularly important where the grid installation is expected to experience lateral loads due to earthquake or wind.
4.2.3 Connection strength in both compression and in tension are specified in Practice E580 as mean ultimate test load in tension and in compression.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover metal ceiling suspension systems used primarily to support acoustical tile, acoustical lay-in panels, or suspended T-bar type ceiling systems.
1.2 These test methods cover the determination of strength properties of suspended ceiling grid system components as follows:
Tests
Subsections
Load Carrying Capacity
5.1
Connection Strength in Tension
5.2.2; 5.2.4
Connection Strength in Compression
5.2.3; 5.2.5
Wire Pullout Resistance
5.3
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods described in this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These single-number ratings correlate in a general way with subjective impressions of sound transmission for speech, radio, television, and similar sources of noise in offices and buildings. This classification method is not appropriate for sound sources with spectra significantly different from those sources listed above. Such sources include machinery, industrial processes, bowling allies, power transformers, musical instruments, many music systems, and transportation noises such as motor vehicles, aircraft and trains. For these sources, accurate assessment of sound transmission requires a detailed analysis in frequency bands. A single-number sound transmission rating for building façade elements is given in Classification E1332.
4.2 The single-number ratings obtained can be used to compare the potential sound insulation of partitions or floors tested in laboratory conditions (STC) or the actual sound isolation between different suites in buildings (NNIC, NIC). The rating for a partition built and tested in a building may be lower than that obtained for a partition tested in a laboratory because of flanking transmission or construction errors.
Note 1: A similar rating procedure, described in ISO 717-1:2020, provides single figure sound insulation ratings with a frequency range that extends from 100 to 3150 Hz with no maximum deficiency specified at individual frequencies. For most partitions, the two ratings differ by only one or two points.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification covers methods of calculating single-number acoustical ratings for laboratory and field measurements of sound attenuation obtained in one-third octave bands.
1.2 The name given to the single-number rating is assigned by the test method that invokes this classification.
1.3 Test methods that invoke this classification include:
1.3.1 Test Method E90—The single-number rating is called sound transmission class (STC).
1.3.2 Test Method E336—Single number ratings are noise isolation class (NIC), normalized noise isolation class (NNIC), and apparent sound transmission class (ASTC).
1.3.3 Test Method E596—The single-number rating is called noise isolation class (NIC).
1.3.4 Test Method E1414—The single-number rating is called ceiling attenuation class (CAC).
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This document specifies a method for the measurement of room acoustic parameters in unoccupied open-plan offices. It specifies measurement procedures, the apparatus needed, the coverage required, the method for evaluating the data, and the presentation of the test report.
This document describes a group of single-number quantities indicating the room acoustic performance of an open-plan office in a condition when one person is speaking. They focus on spatial decay of speech while the quantities in ISO 3382-2 focus on temporal decay of sound.
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This document specifies field survey methods for measuring
a) airborne sound insulation between rooms,
b) impact sound insulation of floors,
c) airborne sound insulation of façades, and
d) sound pressure levels in rooms caused by service equipment.
The methods described in this document are applicable for measurements in rooms of dwellings or in rooms of comparable size with a maximum of 150 m3.
For airborne sound insulation, impact sound insulation and façade sound insulation the method gives values which are (octave band) frequency dependent. They can be converted into a single number characterising the acoustical performances by application of ISO 717-1 and ISO 717-2. For heavy/soft impact sound insulation, the results also are given as A-weighted maximum impact sound pressure level. For service equipment sound the results are given directly in A - or C -weighted sound pressure levels.
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This document specifies a method for the measurement of room acoustic parameters in unoccupied open-plan offices. It specifies measurement procedures, the apparatus needed, the coverage required, the method for evaluating the data, and the presentation of the test report. This document describes a group of single-number quantities indicating the room acoustic performance of an open-plan office in a condition when one person is speaking. They focus on spatial decay of speech while the quantities in ISO 3382-2 focus on temporal decay of sound.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Walls, ceilings, and floors in building construction with improperly sealed joints, voids, or penetrations will not achieve the desired sound transmission loss. Proper sealing of joints, voids, and penetrations will increase sound transmission loss by reducing airborne sound flanking paths.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides information for the use of sealants to reduce sound transmission characteristics of interior walls, ceilings, and floors by proper application of sealants to joints, voids, and penetrations normally found in building construction, which are commonly referred to as airborne sound flanking paths.
1.2 The committee with jurisdiction over this standard is not aware of any comparable standards published by other organizations.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address fire stopping or safing requirements for joints, voids, and penetrations through fire-rated wall, ceiling, and floor assemblies. Additional requirements may be necessary for fire-rated assemblies to meet the applicable building code provisions.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This document specifies test requirements for the laboratory measurement of the sound insulation of building elements and products, including detailed requirements for the preparation and mounting of the test elements, and for the operating and test conditions. It also specifies the applicable quantities, and provides additional test information for reporting.
The general procedures for airborne and impact sound insulation measurements are given in ISO 10140‑2 and ISO 10140-3, respectively.
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This document specifies laboratory methods for measuring the impact sound insulation of floor assemblies.
The test results can be used to compare the sound insulation properties of building elements, classify elements according to their sound insulation capabilities, help design building products which require certain acoustic properties and estimate the in situ performance in complete buildings.
The measurements are performed in laboratory test facilities in which sound transmission via flanking paths is suppressed. The results of measurements made in accordance with this document are not applicable directly to the field situation without accounting for other factors affecting sound insulation, such as flanking transmission, boundary conditions, and loss factor.
A test method is specified that uses the standard tapping machine (see ISO 10140-5:2021, Annex E) to simulate impact sources like human footsteps when a person is wearing shoes. Alternative test methods, using a modified tapping machine or a heavy/soft impact source (see ISO 10140-5:2021, Annex F) to simulate impact sources with strong low frequency components, such as human footsteps (bare feet) or children jumping, are also specified.
This document is applicable to all types of floors (whether heavyweight or lightweight) with all types of floor coverings. The test methods apply only to laboratory measurements.
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This document specifies laboratory test facilities and equipment for sound insulation measurements of building elements, such as:
— components and materials;
— building elements;
— technical elements (small building elements);
— sound insulation improvement systems.
It is applicable to laboratory test facilities with suppressed radiation from flanking elements and structural isolation between source and receiving rooms.
This document specifies qualification procedures for use when commissioning a new test facility with equipment for sound insulation measurements. It is intended that these procedures be repeated periodically to ensure that there are no issues with the equipment and the test facility.
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This document specifies a laboratory method for measuring the airborne sound insulation of building products, such as walls, floors, doors, windows, shutters, façade elements, façades, glazing, small technical elements, for instance transfer air devices, airing panels (ventilation panels), outdoor air intakes, electrical raceways, transit sealing systems and combinations, for example walls or floors with linings, suspended ceilings or floating floors.
The test results can be used to compare the sound insulation properties of building elements, classify elements according to their sound insulation capabilities, help design building products which require certain acoustic properties and estimate the in situ performance in complete buildings.
The measurements are performed in laboratory test facilities in which sound transmission via flanking paths is suppressed. The results of measurements made in accordance with this document are not applicable directly to the field situation without accounting for other factors affecting sound insulation, such as flanking transmission, boundary conditions and total loss factor.
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This document specifies the basic measurement procedures for airborne and impact sound insulation of building elements in laboratory test facilities.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 High pressure fluids being pumped in all oil field applications often stress iron pipes where subsequent failure can lead to injury to personnel or equipment. These forgings are typically constructed from 4700 series low carbon steel with a wall thickness in excess of 1.25 cm [0.5 in.], dependent on the manufacturers' specification. The standard method to certify that these iron segments can withstand operational pressures is to perform dye penetrant (PT) or magnetic particle penetrant (MT) tests, or both, to reveal defects (cracks and corrosion). As these methods are subject to interpretation by the human eye, it is desirable to employ a technique whereby a sensor based system can provide a signal to either pass or fail the test object. To that end, the acoustic emission (AE) method provides the requisite data from which acceptance/rejection can be made by a computer, taking the human out of the loop, providing that a human has correctly programmed the acceptance criteria. Most of these pipe segments are not linear, thus a 3D defect location method is desirable. The 3D source indication represents the spatial location of the defect without regard to its orientation, recognizing the source location is only approximate due to sound propagation through the part and water bath.
5.2 The immersed 3D approach is found to be preferable due to the large number of parts to be examined. The 3D system is easily replicated and standardized in that all sensor locations are fixed to the exterior of the fluid bath. Multiple parts may be easily placed into an assembly, allowing all to be examined in a single test, thus accelerating throughput. Attaching a minimum of eight AE sensors to the tank enhances the probability that a sufficient number of AE hits in an event will occur, allowing for an approximate location determination. When an indication of a defect is observed, the subject part is identified by the spatial location allowing it to be removed for further examination...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is no longer being updated but is being retained for historical value as it represents the only AE practice using hydrostatic testing in which the sensors are not in direct contact with the part.
1.2 In the preferred embodiment, this practice examines immersed low carbon, forged piping being immersed in a water tank with the acoustic sensors permanently mounted on the tank walls rather than temporarily on the part itself. The pipes are monitored while being internally loaded (stressed) by hydrostatic means up to 1000 bar.
1.3 This practice examines either an immersed pipe, or non-immersed pipe being stressed by internal hydrostatic means to create acoustic emissions when cracks are present. However, the non-immersed method is time consuming, requiring placement and removal of sensors for each pipe inspected, while the immersed method has sensors permanently mounted, providing consistent sensor coupling to the tank-eliminating reinstallation. The non-immersed method is not recommended for the specified reasons and only the immersed method will be discussed throughout the remainder of the practice. This is similar to pressure vessel testing described in Practice E569, but uses hydrostatic means not included in that standard.
1.4 This Acoustic Emission (AE) method addresses examination for monitoring low carbon, forged piping systems being internally loaded (stressed) by hydrostatic means up to 1000 bar [15,000 psi] while being immersed in a water bath to facilitate sensor coupling.
1.5 The basic functions of an AE monitoring system are to detect, locate, and classify emission sources. Other methods of nondestructive testing (NDT) may be used to further evaluate the significance of acoustic emission sources.
1.6 This practice can be used to replace visual methods, which are unreliable and have significant safety risks.
1.7 This practice describes procedures to install and monitor acoustic...
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This document specifies differentiated criteria for acoustic conditions and characteristics for rooms and spaces used for music rehearsal. The criteria are specified for different types of music, regardless of the type of building in which the spaces are located. The document provides criteria for room acoustics in spaces used for music rehearsal, whether this is the primary use of the spaces or they are multi-purpose spaces. Together with the acoustic criteria, requirements are given for net room height, net room volume and net area. Criteria for acoustic conditions are differentiated on the basis of three music types: amplified music, quiet acoustic music, and loud acoustic music. This document is applicable to the planning of new buildings and the refurbishment of existing ones. The document can also be used to assess the suitability of existing spaces for different musical purposes. The document can be used for the adjustment of rooms and spaces whose primary purpose is not music rehearsal such as sports halls, classrooms, assembly halls, multi-purpose rooms, etc. Flexible acoustic solutions can be used in order to cover several purposes of use. The criteria in this document do not apply to large, specialized concert halls, opera venues and similar spaces which are basically designed for concerts and performances, or specialized music recording studios. The document does not deal with the need for logistics, storage rooms for instruments and other key support functions relating to music rehearsal. Sound insulation criteria are not included in this document.
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This document specifies field survey methods for measuring
a) airborne sound insulation between rooms,
b) impact sound insulation of floors,
c) airborne sound insulation of façades, and
d) sound pressure levels in rooms caused by service equipment.
The methods described in this document are applicable for measurements in rooms of dwellings or in rooms of comparable size with a maximum of 150 m3.
For airborne sound insulation, impact sound insulation and façade sound insulation the method gives values which are (octave band) frequency dependent. They can be converted into a single number characterising the acoustical performances by application of ISO 717-1 and ISO 717-2. For heavy/soft impact sound insulation, the results also are given as A-weighted maximum impact sound pressure level. For service equipment sound the results are given directly in A - or C -weighted sound pressure levels.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This standard provides a method for testing the apparent sound insulating properties of doors in the field originally proposed by Morin (1).6 This allows doors to be evaluated with a result that has been found to be similar to the transmission loss.
5.2 The results of this measurement are the normalized door insertion loss, NDIL, at individual frequencies, and the single-number rating door transmission class, DTC. The insertion loss is normalized by the small change in sound level which occurs on the source side when the door is opened and closed. The results are in theory the same when measured in each direction through the door, but differences have been observed in practice.
5.3 Comparative measurements using this method and the method of Test Method E90 on the same door installations in a laboratory indicate good agreement between the transmission loss and normalized door insertion loss when the door is in a wall between two rooms and flanking is not significant. No similar verification has been done for corridors. See Appendix X1 and Ref (2).
5.4 The fixed-microphone and scanning methods have been compared in the field. See Appendix X2.
SCOPE
1.1 The sound insulation properties of a door are measured in a laboratory as the sound transmission loss in accordance with Test Method E90. Using those data, the single-number rating sound transmission class (STC) is assigned. In the field, the rooms on one or both sides of a partition containing a door are often either too small or too large and absorptive to allow the apparent transmission loss (ATL) of the partition-door assembly to be measured. Even if that is not the case, the result measured is the composite ATL of the partition including the door, and not that of the door itself. Test Method E336 states that it is impossible to measure the ATL of a portion of a partition such as a door according to the procedures of that standard. This test method provides a method of evaluating doors in the field using a normalized insertion loss with a resulting single-number rating door transmission class, DTC. This method is intended primarily for hinged personnel doors with latching mechanisms and is limited to door openings of area less than 6 m2. The flanking effects of surrounding structure are reduced compared to Test Method E336 but not completely eliminated. In a laboratory environment, the DTC is close to or equal to the STC of the door, but in the field results less than the laboratory STC are to be expected due to flanking.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This document specifies field survey methods for measuring a) airborne sound insulation between rooms, b) impact sound insulation of floors, c) airborne sound insulation of façades, and d) sound pressure levels in rooms caused by service equipment. The methods described in this document are applicable for measurements in rooms of dwellings or in rooms of comparable size with a maximum of 150 m3. For airborne sound insulation, impact sound insulation and façade sound insulation the method gives values which are (octave band) frequency dependent. They can be converted into a single number characterising the acoustical performances by application of ISO 717-1 and ISO 717-2. For heavy/soft impact sound insulation, the results also are given as A-weighted maximum impact sound pressure level. For service equipment sound the results are given directly in A - or C -weighted sound pressure levels.
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