75.160 - Fuels
ICS 75.160 Details
Fuels
Brennstoffe
Combustibles
Goriva
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This document specifies requirements and test methods for E20 petrol marketed and delivered as such, containing a minimum oxygen content of 3,7 % (m/m) and a maximum of 8,0 % (m/m). The fuel has a maximum of 20,0 % (V/V) ethanol.
It is applicable to fuel for use in spark-ignition petrol-fuelled engines and vehicles.
This document is complementary to EN 228, which describes unleaded petrol containing an oxygen content up to 3,7 % (m/m) and a maximum ethanol content of 10 % (V/V).
NOTE 1 For general petrol engine vehicle warranty, E20 petrol might not be suitable for all vehicles and it is advised that the recommendations of the vehicle manufacturer are consulted before use. E20 petrol might need a validation step to confirm the compatibility of the fuel with the vehicle, which for some existing engines might still be needed.
NOTE 2 For the purposes of this document, the terms “% (m/m)” and “% (V/V)” are used to represent respectively the mass fraction, µ, and the volume fraction, φ.
- Technical specification16 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a test method for the determination of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) content in diesel fuel or domestic heating fuel by mid-infrared (IR) spectrometry and a transmission sample cell, which applies to FAME contents of the three measurement ranges as follows:
— range A: for FAME contents ranging from approx. 0,05 % (V/V) to approx. 3 % (V/V);
— range B: for FAME contents ranging from approx. 3 % (V/V) to approx. 20 % (V/V);
— range C: for FAME contents ranging from approx. 20 % (V/V) to approx. 50 % (V/V).
Principally, higher FAME contents can also be analysed if diluted; however, no precision data for results outside the specified range is available at present.
This test method was verified to be applicable to samples which contain FAME conforming to EN 14214. Reliable quantitative results are obtained only if the samples do not contain any significant amounts of other interfering components, especially esters and other carbonyl compounds which possess absorption bands in the spectral region used for quantification of FAME. If such interfering components are present, this test method is expected to produce higher values.
NOTE 1 For the purposes of this document, the term “% (V/V)” is used to represent the volume fraction (φ) of a material.
NOTE 2 For conversion of grams FAME per litre (g FAME/l) to volume fraction, a fixed density for FAME of 883,0 kg/m3 is adopted.
- Standard18 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a laboratory method for the determination of the distillation characteristics of light and middle distillates derived from petroleum and related products of synthetic or biological origin with initial boiling points above 20 °C and end-points below approximately 400 °C, at atmospheric pressure utilizing an automatic micro distillation apparatus. This test method is applicable to such products as light and middle distillates, automotive spark-ignition engine fuels, automotive spark-ignition engine fuels containing a volume fraction of up to 20 % ethanol, aviation gasolines, aviation turbine fuels, (paraffinic) diesel fuels, FAME (B100), diesel blends containing a volume fraction of up to 30 % fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), special petroleum spirits, naphthas, white spirits, kerosenes, burner fuels, and marine fuels. The test method is also applicable to hydrocarbons with a narrow boiling range, like organic solvents or oxygenated compounds. The test method is designed for the analysis of distillate products; it is not applicable to products containing appreciable quantities of residual material.
- Standard18 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a method for the determination of the content of undissolved substances, referred to as total contamination, in middle distillates, in diesel fuels containing a volume fraction of up to 30 % fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). The working range is from 12 mg/kg to 26 mg/kg and it was established in an interlaboratory study by applying ISO 4259-1[4]. This document in general is applicable to products having a kinematic viscosity not exceeding 8 mm2/s at 20 °C, or 5 mm2/s at 40 °C. This test method can be used for paraffinic diesel fuels as specified in EN 15940, for diesel fuels containing a volume fraction of more than 30 % FAME and for petroleum products having a kinematic viscosity exceeding 8 mm2/s at 20 °C, or 5 mm2/s at 40 °C, however in such cases the precision of the test method has not been determined. WARNING — The use of this document can involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. This document does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this document to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
- Standard9 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard10 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a method for the determination of the content of undissolved substances, referred to as total contamination, in neat fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). The working range is from 5 mg/kg to 27 mg/kg and it was established in an interlaboratory study by applying ISO 4259-1.[1] This document in general is applicable to FAME having a kinematic viscosity not exceeding 8 mm2/s at 20 °C, or 5 mm2/s at 40 °C, e.g. as specified in EN 14214.[2] This test method can be used for FAME having a kinematic viscosity exceeding 8 mm2/s at 20 °C, or 5 mm2/s at 40 °C, however in such cases the precision of the test method has not been determined. WARNING — The use of this document can involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. This document does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this document to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
- Standard9 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard9 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a method for determination of the moisture content in a test portion of the laboratory sample by drying the test portion in an oven. This method is applicable for routine production control on site, e.g. if a high precision of the determination of moisture content is not required. It is applicable to all solid recovered fuels.
If the solid recovered fuel contains large amounts of oil-fractions, a lower temperature is advisable (e.g. 50 °C ± 10 °C) and a longer drying time until constant mass is achieved. As an alternative, the Karl-Fischer-Titration-Method (see ISO 760[1]) is advisable.
NOTE 1 The total moisture content of recovered fuels is not an absolute value and therefore standardised conditions for its determination are indispensable to enable comparative determinations.
NOTE 2 The term moisture content when used with recovered materials can be misleading since solid recovered materials, e.g. biomass, frequently contain varying amounts of volatile compounds (extractives) which can evaporate when determining the moisture content of the general analyses sample by oven drying.
- Standard15 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for determining the bulk density of solid recovered fuels (SRF) by the use of a standard measuring container. This method is applicable to all SRFs with a nominal top size of particle less than 1/3 of the container diameter specified in this document.
- Standard32 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- National annex3 pagesSlovenian languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- National annex5 pagesSlovenian languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for determination of the moisture content in a test portion of the laboratory sample by drying the test portion in an oven. This method is applicable for routine production control on site, e.g. if a high precision of the determination of moisture content is not required. It is applicable to all solid recovered fuels.
If the solid recovered fuel contains large amounts of oil-fractions, a lower temperature is advisable (e.g. 50 °C ± 10 °C) and a longer drying time until constant mass is achieved. As an alternative, the Karl-Fischer-Titration-Method (see ISO 760[1]) is advisable.
NOTE 1 The total moisture content of recovered fuels is not an absolute value and therefore standardised conditions for its determination are indispensable to enable comparative determinations.
NOTE 2 The term moisture content when used with recovered materials can be misleading since solid recovered materials, e.g. biomass, frequently contain varying amounts of volatile compounds (extractives) which can evaporate when determining the moisture content of the general analyses sample by oven drying.
- Standard15 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for determination of the moisture content in a test portion of the laboratory sample by drying the test portion in an oven. This method is applicable for routine production control on site, e.g. if a high precision of the determination of moisture content is not required. It is applicable to all solid recovered fuels. If the solid recovered fuel contains large amounts of oil-fractions, a lower temperature is advisable (e.g. 50 °C ± 10 °C) and a longer drying time until constant mass is achieved. As an alternative, the Karl-Fischer-Titration-Method (see ISO 760[ REF Reference_ref_4 \r \h 1 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B0200000008000000100000005200650066006500720065006E00630065005F007200650066005F0034000000 ]) is advisable. NOTE 1 The total moisture content of recovered fuels is not an absolute value and therefore standardised conditions for its determination are indispensable to enable comparative determinations. NOTE 2 The term moisture content when used with recovered materials can be misleading since solid recovered materials, e.g. biomass, frequently contain varying amounts of volatile compounds (extractives) which can evaporate when determining the moisture content of the general analyses sample by oven drying.
- Standard7 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard7 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a method for determining the bulk density of solid recovered fuels (SRF) by the use of a standard measuring container. This method is applicable to all SRFs with a nominal top size of particle less than 1/3 of the container diameter specified in this document.
- Standard32 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for determining the bulk density of solid recovered fuels (SRF) by the use of a standard measuring container. This method is applicable to all SRFs with a nominal top size of particle less than 1/3 of the container diameter specified in this document.
- Standard24 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard24 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the methods for determination of the diameter and length of pellets. Concerning the pellet length, methods for the determination of fractions of specified lengths, such as pellets > 40 mm and particles < 10 mm and for determination of the average length are included.
- Standard27 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document describes a method for the measurement of the swelling properties of hard coal using a dilatometer.
- Standard14 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the methods for determination of the diameter and length of pellets. Concerning the pellet length, methods for the determination of fractions of specified lengths, such as pellets > 40 mm and particles < 10 mm and for determination of the average length are included.
- Standard27 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the methods for determination of the diameter and length of pellets. Concerning the pellet length, methods for the determination of fractions of specified lengths, such as pellets > 40 mm and particles
- Standard18 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard18 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies requirements and test methods for marketed and delivered unleaded petrol. It is applicable to unleaded petrol for use in petrol engine vehicles designed to run on unleaded petrol.
This document specifies two types of unleaded petrol:
- one type with a maximum oxygen content of 3,7 % (m/m) and a maximum ethanol content of 10,0 % (V/V) in Table 1;
- one type in Table 2 with a maximum oxygen content of 2,7 % (m/m) and a maximum ethanol content of 5,0 % (V/V) intended for older vehicles that are not warranted to use unleaded petrol defined in Table 1.
NOTE 1 The two types are based on European Directive requirements [3], [4] and [13].
NOTE 2 For the purposes of this document, the terms “% (m/m)” and “% (V/V)” are used to represent respectively the mass fraction, µ, and the volume fraction, φ.
- Standard21 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies requirements and test methods for marketed and delivered automotive diesel fuel. It is applicable to automotive diesel fuel for use in diesel engine vehicles designed to run on automotive diesel fuel containing up to 7,0 %(V/V) fatty acid methyl ester (FAME).
NOTE For the purposes of this document, the terms “% (m/m)” and “% (V/V)” are used to represent respectively the mass fraction and the volume fraction.
- Standard22 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document sets out principles and procedures for testing the bias of test samples of coals or cokes, taken according to the ISO 13909 series.
- Standard26 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) test method for the determination of the sulfur content in ethanol (E85) automotive fuel [3], containing ethanol between 50 % (V/V) and 85 % (V/V), from 5 mg/kg to 20 mg/kg, using instruments with either monochromatic or polychromatic excitation.
NOTE 1 Sulfur contents higher than 20 mg/kg can be determined after sample dilution with an appropriate solvent. However, the precision was not established for diluted samples.
NOTE 2 For the purposes of this document, the terms "% (m/m)" and "% (V/V)" are used to represent the mass fraction (µ) and the volume fraction (φ) of a material respectively.
WARNING - The use of this document can involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. This document does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this document to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
- Standard14 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document explains the requirements and test methods for paraffinic diesel fuel from synthesis or hydrotreatment. Synthesis refers to XTL processes where X refers to various feedstocks for example Gas (G), Biomass (B) or Coal (C) and TL stands for To-Liquid. Hydrotreatment of vegetable oils and animal fats yield Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO). Paraffinic diesel fuel can be blended with up to 7,0 % (V/V) fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). This document provides background information to the final text of EN 15940 [1] and gives guidance and explanations to the producers, blenders, marketers and users of paraffinic automotive diesel fuel.
Paraffinic diesel fuel is a high quality, clean burning fuel with virtually no sulfur and aromatics. Paraffinic diesel fuel can be used in diesel engines, also to reduce regulated emissions. In order to have the greatest possible emissions reduction, a specific calibration is needed. Some types of paraffinic diesel fuel, at present notably HVO, can also offer a meaningful contribution to the target of increased non-crude derived and/or renewable content in the transportation fuel pool.
For general diesel engine operation, durability and warranty, paraffinic automotive diesel fuel needs a validation step to confirm the compatibility of the fuel with the vehicle, which for some existing engines still needs to be done. The vehicle manufacturer needs to be consulted before use.
NOTE 1 This document is directly related to EN 15940 and will be updated once further publications take place.
NOTE 2 Paraffinic diesel fuel is also used as a blending component in automotive diesel fuel. In that case, composition and properties of the final blends are defined by relevant fuel specification standards.
NOTE 3 For the purposes of this document, the terms "% (m/m)" and "% (V/V)" are used to represent respectively the mass fraction and the volume fraction.
- Technical report51 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for the determination of the gross calorific value of coal and coke at constant volume and at the reference temperature of 25 °C in a combustion vessel calorimeter calibrated by combustion of certified benzoic acid. The result obtained is the gross calorific value of the analysis sample at constant volume with all the water of the combustion products as liquid water. In practice, fuel is burned at constant (atmospheric) pressure and the water is not condensed but is removed as vapour with the flue gases. Under these conditions, the operative heat of combustion is the net calorific value of the fuel at constant pressure. The net calorific value at constant volume can also be used; formulae are given for calculating both values. General principles and procedures for the calibrations and the fuel tests are specified in the main text, whereas those pertaining to the use of a particular type of calorimetric instrument are described in Annexes A to C. Annex D contains checklists for performing calibration and fuel tests using specified types of calorimeters. Annex E gives examples illustrating some of the calculations. Annex F provides guidance around safe use, maintenance and testing of the calorimeter combustion vessel. NOTE Descriptors: solid fuels, coal, coke, tests, determination, calorific value, rules of calculation, calorimetry.
- Standard61 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a method of determining the characteristic fusion temperatures of ash from hard coal. NOTE Descriptors: fossil fuels, ash, ashes, tests, high temperature tests, determination, and fusibility.
- Standard9 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a method of determining the total carbon and the total hydrogen in coal and coke, by the Liebig method.
- Standard14 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies requirements and test methods for marketed and delivered automotive diesel fuel. It is applicable to automotive diesel fuel for use in diesel engine vehicles designed to run on automotive diesel fuel containing up to 7,0 %(V/V) fatty acid methyl ester (FAME).
NOTE For the purposes of this document, the terms “% (m/m)” and “% (V/V)” are used to represent respectively the mass fraction and the volume fraction.
- Standard22 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document explains the requirements and test methods for paraffinic diesel fuel from synthesis or hydrotreatment. Synthesis refers to XTL processes where X refers to various feedstocks for example Gas (G), Biomass (B) or Coal (C) and TL stands for To-Liquid. Hydrotreatment of vegetable oils and animal fats yield Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO). Paraffinic diesel fuel can be blended with up to 7,0 % (V/V) fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). This document provides background information to the final text of EN 15940 [1] and gives guidance and explanations to the producers, blenders, marketers and users of paraffinic automotive diesel fuel.
Paraffinic diesel fuel is a high quality, clean burning fuel with virtually no sulfur and aromatics. Paraffinic diesel fuel can be used in diesel engines, also to reduce regulated emissions. In order to have the greatest possible emissions reduction, a specific calibration is needed. Some types of paraffinic diesel fuel, at present notably HVO, can also offer a meaningful contribution to the target of increased non-crude derived and/or renewable content in the transportation fuel pool.
For general diesel engine operation, durability and warranty, paraffinic automotive diesel fuel needs a validation step to confirm the compatibility of the fuel with the vehicle, which for some existing engines still needs to be done. The vehicle manufacturer needs to be consulted before use.
NOTE 1 This document is directly related to EN 15940 and will be updated once further publications take place.
NOTE 2 Paraffinic diesel fuel is also used as a blending component in automotive diesel fuel. In that case, composition and properties of the final blends are defined by relevant fuel specification standards.
NOTE 3 For the purposes of this document, the terms "% (m/m)" and "% (V/V)" are used to represent respectively the mass fraction and the volume fraction.
- Technical report51 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies requirements and test methods for marketed and delivered unleaded petrol. It is applicable to unleaded petrol for use in petrol engine vehicles designed to run on unleaded petrol.
This document specifies two types of unleaded petrol:
- one type with a maximum oxygen content of 3,7 % (m/m) and a maximum ethanol content of 10,0 % (V/V) in Table 1;
- one type in Table 2 with a maximum oxygen content of 2,7 % (m/m) and a maximum ethanol content of 5,0 % (V/V) intended for older vehicles that are not warranted to use unleaded petrol defined in Table 1.
NOTE 1 The two types are based on European Directive requirements [3], [4] and [13].
NOTE 2 For the purposes of this document, the terms “% (m/m)” and “% (V/V)” are used to represent respectively the mass fraction, µ, and the volume fraction, φ.
- Standard21 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document describes the preparation of samples of coal from the combination of primary increments to the preparation of samples for specific tests.
- Standard33 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies procedures for the mechanical sampling of coal from stationary lots, for example, from wagons, barges, ships and stockpiles. These procedures are to be used when it is not possible to sample the lots during loading or discharge according to ISO 13909-2. Procedures for sample preparation are given in ISO 13909-4. This document is applicable to mechanical sampling from stationary coal lots, to obtain samples from which test samples for the determination of moisture, and for general analysis including physical and chemical tests, can be prepared in accordance with the requirements and recommendations set out in ISO 13909-4. In this document, the principles and procedures for designing a sampling scheme are given, together with typical examples of applications; in addition, practices for the execution of sampling in different sampling situations are described. The methods described are limited to those on which it is possible to conduct a test for bias.
- Standard16 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document defines methods for estimating overall precision and for deriving values for primary increment variance which can be used to modify the sampling scheme to change the precision. Methods for checking the variance of sample preparation and testing are also described. In this document, formulae are developed which link the variables that contribute to overall sampling precision.
- Standard42 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies procedures and requirements for the design and establishment of sampling schemes for the mechanical sampling of coke from moving streams and the methods of sampling used. The diversity of types of equipment for sampling and the conditions under which mechanical sampling is performed make it inappropriate to specify standard designs for samplers which will be applicable to all situations.
- Standard22 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document defines the basic terms used in the sampling of coal and coke, describes the general principles of sampling and details the information to be provided in the documentation and the sampling report. It also lists the other parts of the ISO 13909 series and gives guidance on the selection of the appropriate part. The ISO 13909 series also includes sampling of brown coals and lignites.
- Standard8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document describes the preparation of samples of coke from the combination of primary increments to the preparation of samples for specific tests.
- Standard27 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the method for determining the true relative density of coke, in relation to water. NOTE “True relative density” varies according to the displacement liquid used.
- Standard5 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies procedures and requirements for the design and establishment of mechanical samplers for the sampling of coal from moving streams and describes the methods of sampling used. It does not cover mechanical sampling from stationary lots, which is dealt with in ISO 13909-3.
- Standard30 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the method for the determination the porosity of the coke.
- Standard2 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the method for the determination of the apparent relative density of coke, i.e. the ratio of the mass of a volume of dry coke to the mass of an equal volume of water.
- Standard6 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) test method for the determination of the sulfur content in ethanol (E85) automotive fuel [3], containing ethanol between 50 % (V/V) and 85 % (V/V), from 5 mg/kg to 20 mg/kg, using instruments with either monochromatic or polychromatic excitation.
NOTE 1 Sulfur contents higher than 20 mg/kg can be determined after sample dilution with an appropriate solvent. However, the precision was not established for diluted samples.
NOTE 2 For the purposes of this document, the terms "% (m/m)" and "% (V/V)" are used to represent the mass fraction (µ) and the volume fraction (φ) of a material respectively.
WARNING - The use of this document can involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. This document does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this document to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
- Standard14 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a procedure for the determination of the total cadmium mass fraction of coal.
- Standard6 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document describes the extraction from coal by dilute hydrochloric acid and determination of extractable sodium, potassium, calcium, iron and magnesium.
- Standard8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a method using Eschka's mixture during ashing, extraction of the ash residue with acid, and hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry or hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry, for the determination of arsenic and selenium in solid mineral fuels. The method is also applicable for the determination of the analytes by hydride generation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry.
- Standard6 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a reduced molybdophosphate photometric method for the determination of the total phosphorus mass fraction of hard coal, lignites and coke. Two methods for taking the phosphorus into solution are specified, namely extraction from the coal or coke ash with acid or by repeated oxidation of the coal or coke, by acid, to remove carbonaceous matter.
- Standard7 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document provides guidance on the characterization of wood chips produced from raw materials, as defined in ISO 17225-4, for the following aspects: — quality classes and specifications; — sampling, sample preparation and test methods for physical characteristics which can be conducted on site; — practical information about testing to be carried out by external laboratories. This document provides additional information about the type and frequency of testing at an energy plant site, starting from the planning and start-up stages of a project and throughout its regular operation. This document is applicable for assessing changes in properties on a relative basis when testing is done routinely. This document is not applicable for demonstrating conformance with the referenced International Standards.
- Technical specification32 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a test method for the determination of the oxidation stability of fuels for diesel engines at 110 °C, by means of measuring the induction period of the fuel up to 48 h. The method is applicable to fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) intended for the use as pure biofuel or as a blending component for diesel fuels, and to blends of FAME with diesel fuel containing 2 % (V/V) of FAME at minimum.
The precision of the test method has been developed for conventional diesel. This test method is applicable for paraffinic diesel fuels as specified in EN 15940, however, a separate precision statement for paraffinic diesel is not available.
NOTE 1 EN 14112 [1] describes a similar test method for the determination of the oxidation stability of pure fatty acid methyl esters (see the Introduction to this document). Additionally, EN 16568 [4] describes a similar test method for the determination of the oxidation stability of fuels for diesel engines at 120 °C, by means of measuring the induction period of the fuel up to 20 h. EN 16568 is applicable to blends of FAME with diesel fuel containing 2 % (V/V) of FAME at minimum. Other alternative test methods for the determination of the oxidation stability of distillate fuels are described in CEN/TR 17225 [5].
NOTE 2 For induction periods higher than 48 h the precision is not covered by the precision statement of this method. The limit values of the relevant fuel standards are well within the scope of this test method.
NOTE 3 The presence of cetane improver can reduce the oxidation stability determined by this test method. Limited studies with EHN (2-ethyl hexyl nitrate) indicated, however, that the stability is reduced to an extent which is within the reproducibility of the test method.
NOTE 4 For the purposes of this document, the term “% (V/V)” is used to represent the volume fraction (φ) of a material.
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for determination of the mechanical durability of briquettes. The mechanical durability is a measure of the resistance of compressed fuels towards shocks and/or abrasion as a consequence of handling and transportation.
- Standard14 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for determination of the mechanical durability of pellets. The mechanical durability is a measure of the resistance of compressed fuels towards shocks and/or abrasion as a consequence of handling and transportation.
- Standard14 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies methods for the determination of major and minor element concentrations in solid recovered fuels after digestion by the use of different acid mixtures and by addition of a fluxing agent for solid recovered fuel (SRF) ash.
a) Method A: Microwave assisted digestion with hydrochloric, nitric and hydrofluoric acid mixture (6 ml HCl; 2 ml HNO3; 2 ml HF) followed by boric acid complexation;
b) Method AT: Microwave assisted digestion with hydrochloric, nitric and tetrafluoroboric acid mixture (6 ml HCl; 2 ml HNO3; 4 ml HBF4);
c) Method B: Microwave assisted digestion with hydrochloric, nitric and hydrofluoric acid mixture (0,5 ml HCl; 6 ml HNO3; 1 ml HF) followed by boric acid complexation;
d) Method BT: Microwave assisted digestion with hydrochloric, nitric and tetrafluoroboric acid mixture (0,5 ml HCl; 6 ml HNO3; 2 ml HBF4);
e) Method C: Microwave assisted digestion with nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide and hydrofluoric acid mixture (2,5 ml H2O2; 5 ml HNO3; 0,4 ml HF) and optional boric acid complexation;
f) Method CT: Microwave assisted digestion with nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide and tetrafluoroboric acid mixture (2,5 ml H2O2; 5 ml HNO3; 0,8 ml HBF4);
g) Method D: Digestion of the ashed SRF sample with fluxing agent lithium metaborate in an oven at 1 050 °C.
This document is applicable for the following major and minor/trace elements:
— Major elements: aluminium (Al), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), silicon (Si) and titanium (Ti).
— Minor/trace elements: arsenic (As), barium (Ba), beryllium (Be), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), molybdenum (Mo), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), antimony (Sb), selenium (Se), tin (Sn), thallium (Tl), vanadium (V) and zinc (Zn).
Method A is applicable for general use for SRF and ashed SRFs, but the amount of the test portion can be very low in case of high concentration of organic matter. Method AT can be used if an alternative to HF is necessary.
Method B with a higher volume of nitric acid is applicable for SRFs with high organic matter (e.g. suitable for high plastic content) that can be difficult to digest with less nitric acid or as a substitute for method A if appropriate equipment is not available. Method BT can be used if an alternative to HF is necessary.
Method C with combination of nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide and addition of hydrofluoric acid is applicable for wood based SRFs (e.g. demolition wood) or when there is a need for comparability to solid biofuel standards. Method CT can be used if an alternative to HF is necessary.
Method D is specifically applicable for determination of major elements in ashed SRF samples.
XRF can be used for the analysis of major elements (Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, P, S, Si, Ti) after ashing (815 °C) of the samples and several major and minor/trace elements in SRF can be analysed by XRF after suitable calibration provided that the concentration levels are above instrumental detection limits of the XRF instrumentation and after proper preliminary testing and validation.
Digestion methods with HF and subsequent boric acid complexation or application of method D are applicable for determination of Si and Ti (better digestion efficiency).
Alternative digestion methods can be applied, if their performance is proved to be comparable with those of the methods described in this document.
- Standard92 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method of determining the total carbon and the total hydrogen in coal and coke by a high temperature combustion method.
- Standard15 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies requirements for the installation of permanently installed liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) systems and LPG-burning appliances on small craft.
This document is applicable to portable cooking appliances with internal LPG cartridges, with a capacity of 225 g or less (see Annex D).
This document is applicable to the storage of all LPG cylinders.
NOTE 1 National regulations can apply to the technical requirements of LPG cylinders.
This document does not contain procedures for commissioning new LPG installations or system maintenance or upgrades.
This document does not apply to LPG-fuelled propulsion engines or LPG-driven generators.
NOTE 2 National codes and procedures appropriate to the country concerned can be available.
- Standard34 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day