35.140 - Computer graphics
ICS 35.140 Details
Computer graphics
Computergrafik
Infographie
Računalniška grafika
General Information
Frequently Asked Questions
ICS 35.140 is a classification code in the International Classification for Standards (ICS) system. It covers "Computer graphics". The ICS is a hierarchical classification system used to organize international, regional, and national standards, facilitating the search and identification of standards across different fields.
There are 221 standards classified under ICS 35.140 (Computer graphics). These standards are published by international and regional standardization bodies including ISO, IEC, CEN, CENELEC, and ETSI.
The International Classification for Standards (ICS) is a hierarchical classification system maintained by ISO to organize standards and related documents. It uses a three-level structure with field (2 digits), group (3 digits), and sub-group (2 digits) codes. The ICS helps users find standards by subject area and enables statistical analysis of standards development activities.
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This document provides requirements and recommendations for developing education and training systems using virtual, augmented and mixed reality (VR/AR/MR) technology. It specifies how to organize the information and data necessary for the development of VR/AR/MR integrated systems for education and training. It includes procedures for the development of VR/AR/MR integrated systems. This document includes several topics for consideration when developing VR/AR/MR based education and training systems, as follows. First, it defines concepts of VR/AR/MR based education and training. Second, it defines an information modelling architecture for the systems. Third, standards based functional components for the systems are specified. Fourth, framework components for implementing the systems are specified. And, finally, use cases for the systems based on the information modelling architecture are included. Device hardware technology for education and training systems is excluded from this document.
- Standard37 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document establishes the specification of the Basic image interchange format (BIIF). This document provides a foundation for interoperability in the interchange of imagery and imagery-related data among applications. It also provides a detailed description of the overall structure of the format, as well as specification of the valid data and format for all fields defined with BIIF. Annex C contains a Model Profile of BIIF in tables to assist in profile development. The scope and field of application of this document includes the capability to perpetuate a proven interchange capability in support of commercial and government imagery, Programmer’s Imaging Kernel System (PIKS) data, and other imagery technology domains in that priority order. This document provides a data format container for image, symbol, and text, along with a mechanism for including image-related support data. This document: - provides a means whereby diverse applications can share imagery and associated information; - allows an application to exchange comprehensive information to users with diverse needs or capabilities, allowing each user to select only those data items that correspond to their needs and capabilities; - minimizes preprocessing and postprocessing of data; - minimizes formatting overhead, particularly for those applications exchanging only a small amount of data and for bandwidth-limited systems; - provides a mechanism (Transportable File Structure, TFS) to interchange PIKS image and image-related objects; - provides extensibility to accommodate future data, including objects.
- Standard143 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the Spatial Reference Model (SRM) defining relevant aspects of spatial positioning and related information processing. The SRM allows precise and unambiguous specification of geometric properties such as position, direction, orientation, and distance. The SRM addresses the needs of a broad community of users, who have a range of accuracy and performance requirements in computationally intensive applications. Aspects of this document apply to, but are not limited to: a) mapping, charting, geodesy, and imagery; b) topography; c) location-based services; d) oceanography; e) meteorology and climatology; f) interplanetary and planetary sciences; g) embedded systems; and h) modelling and simulation. The SRM specifies an application program interface (API) that supports the representations, conversion, and transformation of position and orientation information in a variety of forms. To ensure that spatial operations are performed consistently, the application program interface specifies conversion operations between alternative representations of geometric properties. This document is not intended to replace the standards and specifications developed by ISO/TC 211, ISO/TC 184, the International Astronomical Union (IAU), and the International Association of Geodesy (IAG). It is applicable to applications whose spatial information requirements overlap two or more of the application areas that are the scope of the work of ISO/TC 211, ISO/TC 184, the IAU, and the IAG.
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SCOPE
1.1 This terminology contains common terms, definitions of terms, descriptions of terms, nomenclature, and acronyms associated with three-dimensional (3D) imaging systems in an effort to standardize terminology used for 3D imaging systems.
1.2 The definitions of the terms presented in 3.1 are obtained from various standard documents developed by various standards development organizations. The intent is not to change these universally accepted definitions but to gather, in a single document, terms and their definitions that may be used in current or future standards for 3D imaging systems.
1.2.1 In some cases, definitions of the same term from two standards have been presented to provide additional reference. The text in parentheses to the right of each defined term is the name (and, in some cases, the specific section) of the source of the definition associated with that term.
1.3 The definitions in 3.2 are specific terms developed by this committee for 3D imaging systems. Some terms may have generally accepted definitions in a particular community or are defined in existing standards. If there are conflicting definitions, our preference is to adapt (modify) the ISO standard (if available) for this standard.
1.4 A definition in this terminology is a statement of the meaning of a word or word group expressed in a single sentence with additional information included in notes or discussions.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: The subcommittee responsible for this standard will review definitions on a five-year basis to determine if the definition is still appropriate as stated. Revisions will be made when determined necessary.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard13 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard13 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This standard provides a test method for obtaining the range error for medium-range 3D imaging systems. The results from this test method may be used to evaluate or to verify the range measurement performance of medium-range 3D imaging systems. The results from this test method may also be used to compare performance among different instruments.
4.2 The range performance of the IUT obtained by the application of this test method may be different from the range performance of the IUT under some real-world conditions. For example, object geometry, texture, temperature and reflectance as well as vibrations, particulate matter, thermal gradients, ambient lighting, and wind in the environment will affect the range performance.
4.3 The test may be carried out for instrument acceptance, warranty or contractual purposes by mutual agreement between the manufacturer and the user. The IUT is tested in accordance with manufacturer-supplied specifications, rated conditions, and technical documentation. This test may be repeated for any target 2 range within the manufacturer’s specifications and for any rated conditions.
4.4 For the purposes of understanding the behavior of the IUT and without warranty implications, this test may be modified as necessary to characterize the range measurement performance of the IUT outside the manufacturer’s rated conditions, but within the manufacturer’s limiting conditions.
4.5 The manufacturer may provide different values for the specifications for different sets of rated conditions, for example, better range measurement performance might be specified under a set of more restrictively rated environmental conditions. The user is advised that the IUT’s performance may differ significantly in other modes of operation or outside the rated conditions and should inquire with the manufacturer for specifications of the mode that best represents the planned usage. If a target other than that described in Section 7, or if procedures other...
SCOPE
1.1 This standard describes a quantitative test method for evaluating the range measurement performance of laser-based, scanning, time-of-flight, 3D imaging systems in the medium range. The term “medium range” refers to systems that are capable of operating within at least a portion of ranges from 2 to 150 m. The term “time-of-flight systems” includes phase-based, pulsed, and chirped systems. The word “standard” in this document refers to a documentary standard as per Terminology E284. This test method only applies to 3D imaging systems that are capable of producing a point cloud representation of a measured target.
1.1.1 As defined in Terminology E2544, a range is the distance measured from the origin of a 3D imaging system to a point in space. This range is often referred to as an absolute range. However, since the origin of many 3D imaging systems is either unknown or not readily measurable, a test method for absolute range performance is not feasible for these systems. Therefore, in this test method, the range is taken to be the distance between two points in space on a line that passes through the origin of the 3D imaging system. Although the error in the calculated distance between these two points is a relative-range error, in this test method when the term range error is used it refers to the relative-range error. This test method cannot be used to quantify the constant offset error component of the range error.
1.1.2 This test method recommends that the first point be at the manufacturer-specified target 1 range and requires that the second target be on the same side of the instrument under test (IUT) as the first target. Specification of target 1 range by the manufacturer minimizes the contribution to the relative range measurement error from the target 1 range measurement.
1.1.3 This test method may be used once to evaluate the IUT for a given set of conditions or it may be used multiple times to bett...
- Standard22 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the information model for representing the mixed and augmented reality (MAR) scene/contents description, namely, information constructs for: a) representing the virtual reality scene graph and structure such that a comprehensive range of mixed and augmented reality contents can also be represented; b) representing physical objects in the mixed and augmented reality scene targeted for augmentation; c) representing physical objects as augmentation to other (virtual or physical) objects in the mixed and augmented reality scene; d) providing ways to spatially associate aforementioned physical objects with the corresponding target objects (virtual or physical) in the mixed and augmented reality scene; e) providing other necessary functionalities and abstractions that will support the dynamic MAR scene description such as event/data mapping, and dynamic augmentation behaviours; f) describing the association between these constructs and the MAR system which is responsible for taking and interpreting this information model and rendering/presenting it out through the MAR display device.
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This document specifies: 1) Constructs for representing and specifying various augmentation and presentation styles. While augmentations can be in modalities other than the visual (e.g. aural, haptic), this work addresses the visual augmentation style only. 2) A model for how to associate the stylization constructs to the augmentation objects. Specifically, the MAR behavior object in ISO/IEC 3721 is extended for this purpose. 3) Other miscellaneous functionalities and abstractions that support the stylization of augmentation objects.
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This document specifies guidelines for the representation and visualization of smart cities. This document: describes the concepts of a smart city, smart city object and smart city data, describes categories of data associated with smart cities,provides guidance for representation of smart cities, describes guidance for visualization of smart cities, provides guidance in selecting the appropriate representation and visualization technique for different categories of smart city data using standards, and provides use cases for applying standards to the representation and visualization of smart cities.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Personnel that are responsible for the creation, transfer, and storage of eddy current NDE test results will use this standard. This practice defines a set of information modules that, along with Practice E2339 and the DICOM standard, provide a standard means to organize eddy current test parameters and results. The eddy current examination results may be displayed or analyzed on any device that conforms to the standard. Personnel wishing to view any eddy current examination data stored according to Practice E2339 may use this document to help them decode and display the data contained in the DICONDE compliant inspection record.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the interoperability of eddy current imaging and data acquisition equipment by specifying the image data transfer and archival storage in commonly accepted terms. This document is intended to be used in conjunction with Practice E2339 on Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE). Practice E2339 defines an industrial adaptation of NEMA PS3 / ISO 12052, an international standard for image data acquisition, review, storage, and archival storage. The goal of Practice E2339, commonly referred to as DICONDE, is to provide a standard that facilitates the display and analysis of NDE results on any system conforming to the DICONDE standard. Toward that end, Practice E2339 provides a data dictionary and a set of information modules that are applicable to all NDE modalities. This practice supplements Practice E2339 by providing information object definitions, information modules, and a data dictionary that are specific to eddy current test methods.
1.2 This practice has been developed to overcome the issues that arise when analyzing or archiving data from eddy current test equipment using proprietary data transfer and storage methods. As digital technologies evolve, data must remain decipherable through the use of open, industry-wide methods for data transfer and archival storage. This practice defines a method where all the eddy current technique parameters and inspection data are communicated and stored in a standard manner regardless of changes in digital technology.
1.3 This practice does not specify:
1.3.1 A testing or validation procedure to assess an implementation's conformance to the standard,
1.3.2 The implementation details of any features of the standard on a device claiming conformance, or
1.3.3 The overall set of features and functions to be expected from a system implemented by integrating a group of devices each claiming DICONDE conformance.
1.4 Units—Although this practice contains no values that require units, it does describe methods to store and communicate data that do require units to be properly interpreted. The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Personnel that are responsible for the creation, transfer, and storage of ultrasonic test results will use this standard. This practice defines a set of information modules that, along with Practice E2339 and the DICOM standard, provides a standard means to organize ultrasonic test parameters and results. The ultrasonic test results may be displayed and analyzed on any device that conforms to this standard. Personnel wishing to view any ultrasonic inspection data stored in DICONDE format may use this document to help them decode and display the data contained in the DICONDE compliant inspection record.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the interoperability of ultrasonic imaging equipment by specifying image data transfer and archival storage methods in commonly accepted terms. This document is intended to be used in conjunction with Practice E2339. Practice E2339 defines an industrial adaptation of NEMA PS3 / ISO 12052 (DICOM, see http://medical.nema.org), an international standard for image data acquisition, review, transfer, and archival storage. The goal of Practice E2339, commonly referred to as DICONDE, is to provide a standard that facilitates the display and analysis of NDE test results on any system conforming to the DICONDE standard. Toward that end, Practice E2339 provides a data dictionary and set of information modules that are applicable to all NDE modalities. This practice supplements Practice E2339 by providing information object definitions, information modules, and data dictionary that are specific to ultrasonic test methods.
1.2 This practice has been developed to overcome the issues that arise when analyzing or archiving data from ultrasonic test equipment using proprietary data transfer and storage methods. As digital technologies evolve, data must remain decipherable through the use of open, industry-wide methods for data transfer and archival storage. This practice defines a method where all the ultrasonic technique parameters and test results are communicated and stored in a standard format regardless of changes in digital technology.
1.3 This practice does not specify:
1.3.1 A testing or validation procedure to assess an implementation's conformance to the standard.
1.3.2 The implementation details of any features of the standard on a device claiming conformance.
1.3.3 The overall set of features and functions to be expected from a system implemented by integrating a group of devices each claiming DICONDE conformance.
1.4 Although this practice contains no values that require units, it does describe methods to store and communicate data that do require units to be properly interpreted. The SI units required by this practice are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard9 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard9 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies an image-based representation model that represents target objects/environments using a set of images and optionally the underlying 3D model for accurate and efficient objects/environments representation at an arbitrary viewpoint. It is applicable to a wide range of graphic, virtual reality and mixed reality applications which require the method of representing a scene with various objects and environments. This document: - defines terms for image-based representation and 3D reconstruction techniques; - specifies the required elements for image-based representation; - specifies a method of representing the real world in the virtual space based on image-based representation; - specifies how visible image patches can be integrated with the underlying 3D model for more accurate and rich objects/environments representation from arbitrary viewpoints; - specifies how the proposed model allows multi-object representation; - provides an XML based specification of the proposed representation model and an actual implementation example (see Annex A).
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This document specifies: - physical and material parameters of virtual or real objects expressed to support comprehensive haptic rendering methods, such as stiffness, friction and micro-textures; - a flexible specification of the haptic rendering algorithm itself. It supplements other standards that describe scene or content description and information models for virtual and mixed reality, such as ISO/IEC 19775 and ISO/IEC 3721-1.
- Technical specification10 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Personnel that are responsible for the transfer of NDE data between systems will use this standard. This practice will define a set of NDE information object definitions that along with the DICOM standard will provide a standard means to organize image data. Once conformance statements have been generated, the NDE image data may be displayed on any imaging/analysis device that conforms to the standard. This process of developing conformance statements with both the NDE specific object definitions and the DICOM accepted definitions, will provide a means to automatically and transparently communicate between compliant equipment without loss of information.
Note 1: Knowledge and understanding of the existing DICOM standard will be required to generate conformance statements and thereby facilitate the data transfer.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice facilitates the interoperability of NDE imaging and data acquisition equipment by specifying the image data in commonly accepted terms. This practice represents a harmonization of NDE imaging systems, or modalities, with the NEMA Standards Publication titled Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM, see http://medical.nema.org), an international standard for image data acquisition, review, storage and archival. In addition, this practice will provide a standard set of industrial NDE specific information object definitions, which travel beyond the scope of standard DICOM modalities. The goal of this practice is to provide a standard by which NDE image/signal data may be displayed on by any system conforming to the ASTM DICONDE format, regardless of which NDE modality was used to acquire the data.
1.2 This practice has been developed to overcome the issues that arise when archiving or analyzing the data from a variety of NDE techniques, each using proprietary data acquisition systems. As data acquisition modalities evolve, data acquired in the past must remain decipherable. This practice proposes an image data file format in such a way that all the technique parameters, along with the image file, are preserved, regardless of changes in NDE technology. This practice will also permit the viewing of a variety of image types (CT, CR, Ultrasonic, Infrared, and Eddy Current) on a single workstation, maintaining all of the pertinent technique parameters along with the image file. This practice addresses the exchange of digital information between NDE imaging equipment.
1.3 This practice does not specify:
1.3.1 A complete description of all the information necessary to implement the DICONDE standard for an imaging modality. This document must be used in conjunction with one of the method-specific DICONDE Standard Practice documents and the DICOM Standard to completely describe all the requirements necessary to implement the DICONDE standard for an imaging modality. See 2.1 of this document for a current list of the method-specific standard practice documents.
1.3.2 A testing or validation procedure to assess an implementation's conformance to the standard. Best practices for demonstrating conformance can be found in Practice E3147.
1.3.3 The implementation details of any features of the standard on a device claiming conformance.
1.3.4 The overall set of features and functions to be expected from a system implemented by integrating a group of devices each claiming DICONDE or DICOM conformance.
1.4 Units—Although this practice contains no values that require units, it does describe methods to store and communicate data that do require units to be properly interpreted. The SI units required by this practice are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and de...
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Processed images are used for many purposes by the forensic science community. They can yield information not readily apparent in the original image, which can assist an expert in drawing a conclusion that might not otherwise be reached.
5.2 This guide addresses image processing and related legal considerations in the following three categories:
5.2.1 Image enhancement,
5.2.2 Image restoration, and
5.2.3 Image compression.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides digital image processing guidelines to ensure the production of quality forensic imagery for use as evidence in a court of law.
1.2 This guide briefly describes advantages, disadvantages, and potential limitations of each major process.
1.3 This standard cannot replace knowledge, skills, or abilities acquired through education, training, and experience, and is to be used in conjunction with professional judgment by individuals with such discipline-specific knowledge, skills, and abilities.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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- Guide6 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
IEC 63029:2017 specifies the scanning scheme to develop raster-graphics image-based e-books from existing printed books.
- Standard21 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document defines the framework and information reference model for representing sensor-based 3D mixed-reality worlds. It defines concepts, an information model, architecture, system functions, and how to integrate 3D virtual worlds and physical sensors in order to provide mixed-reality applications with physical sensor interfaces. It defines an exchange format necessary for transferring and storing data between physical sensor-based mixed-reality applications. This document specifies the following functionalities: a) representation of physical sensors in a 3D scene; b) definition of physical sensors in a 3D scene; c) representation of functionalities of each physical sensor in a 3D scene; d) representation of physical properties of each physical sensor in a 3D scene; e) management of physical sensors in a 3D scene; f) interface with physical sensor information in a 3D scene. This document defines a reference model for physical sensor-based mixed-reality applications to represent and to exchange functions of physical sensors in 3D scenes. It does not define specific physical interfaces necessary for manipulating physical devices, but rather defines common functional interfaces that can be used interchangeably between applications. This document does not define how specific applications are implemented with specific physical sensor devices. It does not include computer generated sensor information using computer input/output devices such as a mouse or a keyboard. The sensors in this document represent physical sensor devices in the real world.
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This document defines a reference model and base components for representing and controlling a single LAE or multiple LAEs in an MAR scene. It defines concepts, a reference model, system framework, functions and how to integrate a 2D/3D virtual world and LAEs, and their interfaces, in order to provide MAR applications with interfaces of LAEs. It also defines an exchange format necessary for transferring and storing LAE-related data between LAE-based MAR applications. This document specifies the following functionalities: a) definitions for an LAE in MAR; b) representation of an LAE; c) representation of properties of an LAE; d) sensing of an LAE in a physical world; e) integration of an LAE into a 2D/3D virtual scene; f) interaction between an LAE and objects in a 2D/3D virtual scene; g) transmission of information related to an LAE in an MAR scene. This document defines a reference model for LAE representation-based MAR applications to represent and to exchange data related to LAEs in a 2D/3D virtual scene in an MAR scene. It does not define specific physical interfaces necessary for manipulating LAEs, that is, it does not define how specific applications need to implement a specific LAE in an MAR scene, but rather defines common functional interfaces for representing LAEs that can be used interchangeably between MAR applications.
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ABSTRACT
This specification describes a data file exchange format for three-dimensional (3D) imaging data, known as the ASTM E57 3D file format, Version 1.0. In this specification, the term "E57 file" is used as a short version of "ASTM E57 3D file format". An E57 file is capable of storing 3D point data (those produced by 3D imaging systems), attributes associated with 3D point data (color and intensity), and 2D imagery (digital photographs obtained using a 3D imaging system). This specification describes all data that will be stored in the file, which is a combination of binary and eXtensible Markup Language (XML) formats.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification describes a data file exchange format for three-dimensional (3D) imaging data, known as the ASTM E57 3D file format, Version 1.0. The term “E57 file” will be used as shorthand for “ASTM E57 3D file format” hereafter.
1.2 An E57 file is capable of storing 3D point data, such as that produced by a 3D imaging system, attributes associated with 3D point data, such as color or intensity, and 2D imagery, such as digital photographs obtained by a 3D imaging system. Furthermore, the standard defines an extension mechanism to address future aspects of 3D imaging.
1.3 This specification describes all data that will be stored in the file. The file is a combination of binary and eXtensible Markup Language (XML) formats and is fully documented in this specification.
1.4 All quantities standardized in this specification are expressed in terms of SI units. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4.1 Discussion—Planar angles are specified in radians, which are considered a supplementary SI unit.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address legal concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to comply with appropriate regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Technical specification27 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document defines the scope and key concepts of mixed and augmented reality, the relevant terms and their definitions and a generalized system architecture that together serve as a reference model for mixed and augmented reality (MAR) applications, components, systems, services and specifications. This architectural reference model establishes the set of required sub-modules and their minimum functions, the associated information content and the information models to be provided and/or supported by a compliant MAR system. The reference model is intended for use by current and future developers of MAR applications, components, systems, services or specifications to describe, compare, contrast and communicate their architectural design and implementation. The MAR reference model is designed to apply to MAR systems independent of specific algorithms, implementation methods, computational platforms, display systems and sensors or devices used. This document does not specify how a particular MAR application, component, system, service or specification is designed, developed or implemented. It does not specify the bindings of those designs and concepts to programming languages or the encoding of MAR information through any coding technique or interchange format. This document contains a list of representative system classes and use cases with respect to the reference model.
- Standard61 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document identifies the reference framework for the benchmarking of vision-based spatial registration and tracking (vSRT) methods for mixed and augmented reality (MAR). The framework provides typical benchmarking processes, benchmark indicators and trial set elements that are necessary to successfully identify, define, design, select and apply benchmarking of vSRT methods for MAR. It also provides definitions for terms on benchmarking of vSRT methods for MAR. In addition, this document provides a conformance checklist as a tool to clarify how each benchmarking activity conforms to this document in a compact form by declaring which benchmarking processes and benchmark indicators are included and what types of trial sets are used in each benchmarking activity.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Personnel responsible for the creation, display, transfer or storage of digital nondestructive evaluation results will use this guide.
5.2 Personnel responsible for the design and manufacture of NDT systems conforming to the DICONDE standard will use this guide.
5.3 Personnel responsible for the purchase and implementation of NDT systems conforming to the DICONDE standard will use this guide.
5.4 This guide will recommend courses of action for utilizing the DICONDE standard for the use cases described in 5.1, 5.2, and 5.3.
SCOPE
1.1 The display, transfer and storage of digital nondestructive evaluation data in a common, open format is necessary for the effective interpretation and preservation of evaluation results. ASTM International has developed common open standards for Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE) based on the ubiquitous healthcare industry standard Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine (DICOM). This guide provides an overview of the ASTM International standard practices that address DICONDE and assistance in identifying the correct standard practices for different use cases.
1.2 This document provides an overview of how to utilize the ASTM DICONDE standard practices found in paragraph 2.1.2 on ASTM DICONDE Test Methods Standards for the display, transfer and storage of digital nondestructive test data
1.3 This document provides an overview of how to utilize the DICOM standard found in paragraph 2.2 on Other Documents for the display, transfer and storage of digital nondestructive test data for test methods not explicitly addressed by a DICONDE standard practice but having an equivalent medical imaging modality.
1.4 This document provides recommendations for the display, transfer and storage of nondestructive digital test data not addressed in 1.2 or 1.3.
1.5 This document provides an overview of how to utilize the ASTM DICONDE standard practices found in paragraph 2.1.3 on ASTM DICONDE Interoperability Standards for validating a system that follows the ASTM DICONDE standard for the display, transfer and storage of digital nondestructive test data.
1.6 This document provides an overview of how to utilize the ASTM DICONDE standard practices found in 2.1.3 for validating that two or more systems that follow the ASTM DICONDE standard for the transfer of digital nondestructive test data can successfully transfer data.
1.7 This document provides an overview of how to utilize the ASTM DICONDE standard practices found in 2.1.3 for validating that two or more systems that follow the ASTM DICONDE standard for the display of digital nondestructive test data display data consistently.
1.8 Although this guide contains no values that require units, it does describe methods to store and communicate data that do require units to be properly interpreted. The SI units required by this guide are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this guide.
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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IEC corrigendum
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This standard provides a test method for obtaining the point-to-point distance measurement errors for medium-range 3D imaging systems. The results from this test method may be used to evaluate or to verify the point-to-point distance measurement performance of medium-range 3D imaging systems. The results from this test method may also be used to compare performance among different instruments.
4.2 The purpose of this document is to provide test procedures that are sensitive to instrument error sources. The point-to-point distance measurement performance of the IUT obtained by the application of this test method may be different from the point-to-point distance measurement performance of the IUT under some real-world conditions. For example, object geometry, texture, surface reflectance factor, and temperature, as well as particulate matter, thermal gradients, atmospheric pressure, humidity, ambient lighting in the environment, mechanical vibrations, and wind induced test setup instability will affect the point-to-point distance measurement performance (see Appendix X10 for a discussion on thermal effects). A derived-point such as the center of a suitable sphere or plate target that meets the requirements described in Section 7 provides a reliable point in space that is minimally impacted by target-related properties such as geometry, surface texture, color, and reflectivity. Additional tests not described in this standard may be required to assess the contribution of these influence factors on point-to-point distance measurements.
4.3 The test may be carried out for instrument acceptance, warranty or contractual purposes by mutual agreement between the manufacturer and the user. The IUT is tested in accordance with manufacturer-supplied specifications, rated conditions, and technical documentation.
4.4 For the purposes of understanding the behavior of the IUT and without warranty implications, this test may be modified as necessary to evaluate the point...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the performance evaluation of laser-based, scanning, time-of-flight, single-detector 3D imaging systems in the medium-range and provides a basis for comparisons among such systems. This standard best applies to spherical coordinate 3D imaging systems that are capable of producing a point cloud representation of an object of interest. In particular, this standard establishes requirements and test procedures for evaluating the derived-point to derived-point distance measurement performance throughout the work volume of these systems. Although the tests described in this standard may be used for non-spherical coordinate 3D imaging systems, the test method may not necessarily be sensitive to the error sources within those instruments.
1.2 System performance is evaluated by comparing measured distance errors between pairs of derived-points to the manufacturer-specified, maximum permissible errors (MPEs). In this standard, a derived-point is a point computed using multiple measured points on the target surface (such as the center of a sphere). In the remainder of this standard, the term point-to-point distance refers to the distance between two derived-points.
1.3 The term “medium-range” refers to systems that are capable of operating within at least a portion of the ranges from 2 m to 150 m. The term “time-of-flight systems” includes phase-based, pulsed, and chirped systems. The word “standard” in this document refers to a documentary standard in accordance with Terminology E284.
1.4 This test method may be used once to evaluate the Instrument Under Test (IUT) for a given set of conditions or it may be used multiple times to assess the performance of the IUT for various conditions (for example, surface reflectance factors, environmental conditions).
1.5 SI units are used for all calculations and results in this standard.
1.6 This test method is not intended to replace more in-depth m...
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IEC 63029:2017 specifies the scanning scheme to develop raster-graphics image-based e-books from existing printed books.
The contents of the corrigendum of January 2018 have been included in this copy.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The overall purpose of standards is to document and communicate best practices in the successful and consistent application of 3D imaging technology. When executed effectively, this leads to an enhanced project performance. This practice offers a guideline for safe field operational procedures used in the application of 3D imaging technology.
3.2 Applicability—As 3D imaging technology is applied across an ever increasing area of application, a set of uniform standards for their safe application is necessary. This best practice shall serve as a guideline to both operator and end user ensuring that necessary and reasonable precautions have been taken to ensure the safe application of 3D imaging technology.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice for the safe application of 3D imaging technology will focus primarily on the application of specific technology components common to 3D imaging systems. When appropriate, reference may be made to existing standards written for said technologies.
1.2 Safety standards relevant to specific industry practices where the technology may be applied will not be developed given the very broad potential for application over many industries. However, general mention and recommendations will be made to industry specific safety guidelines relevant to some common applications.
1.3 This practice covers the following topics:
1.3.1 End-user/operator responsibilities,
1.3.2 Safety plan,
1.3.3 Safety awareness,
1.3.4 Safe application of laser technology common to 3D imaging systems, and
1.3.5 References to some applicable government regulations.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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ISO/IEC 18025:2014 provides mechanisms to specify unambiguously objects used to model environmental concepts. To accomplish this, a collection of nine EDCS dictionaries of environmental concepts are specified: classifications: specify the type of environmental objects; attributes: specify the state of environmental objects; attribute value characteristics: specify information concerning the values of attributes; attribute enumerants: specify the allowable values for the state of an enumerated attribute; units: specify quantitative measures of the state of some environmental objects; unit scales: allow a wide range of numerical values to be stated; unit equivalence classes: specify sets of units that are mutually comparable; organizational schemas: useful for locating classifications and attributes sharing a common context; and groups: into which concepts sharing a common context are collected. A functional interface is also specified. As denoting and encoding a concept requires a standard way of identifying the concept, ISO/IEC 18025:2014 specifies labels and codes in the dictionaries. ISO/IEC 18025:2014 specifies environmental phenomena in categories that include, but are not limited to, the following: abstract concepts (e.g., absolute latitude accuracy, geodetic azimuth); airborne particulates and aerosols (e.g., cloud, dust, fog, snow); animals (e.g., civilian, fish, human, whale pod); atmosphere and atmospheric conditions (e.g., air temperature, humidity, rain rate, sensible and latent heat, wind speed and direction); bathymetric physiography (e.g., bar, channel, continental shelf, guyot, reef, seamount, waterbody floor region); electromagnetic and acoustic phenomena (e.g., acoustic noise, frequency, polarization, sound speed profile, surface reflectivity); equipment (e.g., aircraft, spacecraft, tent, train, vessel); extraterrestrial phenomena (e.g., asteroid, comet, planet); hydrology (e.g., lake, rapids, river, swamp); ice (e.g., iceberg, ice field, ice peak, ice shelf, glacier); man-made structures and their interiors (e.g., bridge, building, hallway, road, room, tower); ocean and littoral surface phenomena (e.g., beach profile, current, surf, tide, wave); ocean floor (e.g., coral, rock, sand); oceanographic conditions (e.g., luminescence, salinity, specific gravity, turbidity, water current speed); physiography (e.g., cliff, gorge, island, mountain, reef, strait, valley region); space (e.g., charged particle species, ionospheric scintillation, magnetic field, particle density, solar flares); surface materials (e.g., concrete, metal, paint, soil); and vegetation (e.g., crop land, forest, grass land, kelp bed, tree).
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ISO/IEC 9973:2013 specifies procedures to be followed in preparing, maintaining and publishing the International Register of Items for any standard whose classes of items are applicable to this register. The items that may be registered fall into several broad categories including: computer graphics concepts, data structures used by relevant standards, spatial and environmental concepts, and profiles of relevant standards.
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ISO/IEC 18026:2009 specifies the Spatial Reference Model (SRM) defining relevant aspects of spatial positioning and related information processing. The SRM allows precise and unambiguous specification of geometric properties such as position (location), direction, and distance. The SRM addresses the needs of a broad community of users, who have a range of accuracy and performance requirements in computationally intensive applications. Aspects of ISO/IEC 18026:2009 apply to, but are not limited to: mapping, charting, geodesy, and imagery; topography; location-based services; oceanography; meteorology and climatology; interplanetary and planetary sciences; embedded systems; and modelling and simulation. The application program interface supports more than 30 forms of position representation. To ensure that spatial operations are performed consistently, the application program interface specifies conversion operations with functionality defined to ensure high precision transformation between alternative representations of geometric properties. ISO/IEC 18026:2009 is not intended to replace the standards and specifications developed by ISO/TC 211, ISO/TC 184, the International Astronomical Union (IAU), and the International Association of Geodesy (IAG). It is applicable to applications whose spatial information requirements overlap two or more of the application areas that are the scope of the work of ISO/TC 211, ISO/TC 184, the IAU, and the IAG.
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For integration into a programming language, the X3D abstract interfaces are embedded in a language-dependent layer obeying the particular conventions of that language. ISO/IEC 19777-1:2006 specifies such a language dependent layer for the ECMAScript language. ISO/IEC 19775-2 specifies a language-independent application programmer interface (API) to a set of services and functions.
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The Extensible 3D (X3D) specification, ISO/IEC 19775, specifies a language-independent application programmer interface (API) to a set of services and functions. For integration into a programming language, the X3D abstract interfaces are embedded in a language dependent layer obeying the particular conventions of that language. ISO/IEC 19777-2:2006 specifies such a language-dependent layer for the Java programming language.
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Specifies requirements for measuring and documenting key performance parameters for CRT and laser-based projectors and other variable resolution projectors.
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ISO/IEC 15948:2004 specifies a datastream and an associated file format, Portable Network Graphics (PNG, pronounced "ping"), for a lossless, portable, compressed individual computer graphics image transmitted across the Internet. Indexed-colour, greyscale, and truecolour images are supported, with optional transparency. Sample depths range from 1 to 16 bits. PNG is fully streamable with a progressive display option. It is robust, providing both full file integrity checking and simple detection of common transmission errors. PNG can store gamma and chromaticity data as well as a full ICC colour profile for accurate colour matching on heterogenous platforms. ISO/IEC 15948:2004 defines the Internet Media type "image/png". The datastream and associated file format have value outside of the main design goal.
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IEC 61947-2:2001 specifies requirements for measuring and documenting key performance parameters for CRT and laser-based projectors and other variable resolution projectors that are capable of multiple variable resolutions and in which the image is raster-scanned. This bilingual version (2013-02) corresponds to the monolingual English version, published in 2001-09.
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ISO/IEC 8632 provides a file format suitable for the storage and retrieval of picture description information. The file format consists of an ordered set of elements that may be used to describe pictures in a way that is compatible between systems of different architectures, compatible with devices of differing capabilities and design, and meaningful to application constituencies. This picture description includes the capability for describing static images. The elements specified provide for the representation of a wide range of pictures on a wide range of graphical devices. The elements are organized into groups that delimit major structures (metafiles, pictures, and application structures), that specify the representations used within the metafile, that control the display of the picture, that perform basic drawing actions, that control the attributes of the basic drawing actions, that allow application-specific structuring to be overlaid on the graphical content, and that provide access to non-standard device capabilities. The metafile is defined in such a way that, in addition to sequential access to the whole metafile, random access to individual pictures and individual context-independent application structures is well-defined. Applications which require random access to pictures and/or context-independent application structures within pictures may, within the metafile, define directories to these pictures and/or context-independent application structures. The metafile may then be opened and randomly accessed without interpreting the entire metafile. In addition to a functional specification, two standard encodings of the metafile syntax are specified. These encodings address the needs of applications that require small metafile size plus minimum effort to generate and interpret, and maximum flexibility for a human reader or editor of the metafile. This part of ISO/IEC 8632 describes the format using an abstract syntax. The remaining parts of ISO 8632 specify standardized encodings that conform to this syntax: ISO/IEC 8632-3 specifies a binary encoding; ISO/IEC 8632-4 specifies a clear text encoding.
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This part of ISO/IEC 8632 specifies a binary encoding of the Computer Graphics Metafile. For each of the elements specified in ISO/IEC 8632-1, this part specifies an encoding in terms of data types. For each of these data types, an explicit representation in terms of bits, octets and words is specified. For some data types, the exact representation is a function of the precisions being used in the metafile, as recorded in the Metafile Descriptor. This encoding of the Computer Graphics Metafile will, in many circumstances, minimize the effort required to generate and interpret the metafile.
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This part of ISO/IEC 8632 specifies a clear text encoding of the Computer Graphics Metafile. For each of the elements specified in ISO/IEC 8632-1, a clear text encoding is specified. Allowed abbreviations are specified. The overall format of the metafile and the means by which comments may be interspersed in the metafile is specified. This encoding of the CGM allows metafiles to be created and maintained in a form which is simple to type, easy to edit and convenient to read.
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This part of ISO/IEC 7942 provides a file format for capturing the sequence of GKS functions and their parameters invoked by an application, for subsequent playback.
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This part of ISO/IEC 14478 defines a standard set of multimedia system services that can be used by multimedia application developers in a variety of computing environments. The focus is on enabling multimedia applications in a heterogeneous, distributed computing environment. Throughout this part of ISO/IEC 14478, this component will also be referred to as "Multimedia Systems Services", and abbreviated as MSS. The Multimedia Systems Services constitutes a framework of "middleware" - system software components lying in the region between the generic operating system and specific applications. As middleware, the Multimedia Systems Services marshals lower-level system resources to the task of supporting multimedia processing, providing a set of common services which can be used by multimedia application developers. The Multimedia Systems Services encompasses the following characteristics: a) provision of an abstract type for a media processing node, extensible through subtyping to support abstractions of real media processing hardware or software; b) provision of an abstract type for the data flow path or the connection between media processing nodes, encapsulating low-level connection and transport semantics; c) grouping of multiple processing nodes and connections into a single unit for purposes of resource reservation and stream control; d) provision or a media dataflow abstraction. with support for a variety of position, time and/or synchronization capabilities; e) separation of the media format abstractions from the dataflow abstraction; f) synchronous exceptions and asynchronous events; g) application visible characterization of object capabilities; h) registration of objects in a distributed environment by location and capabilities; i) retrieval of objects in a distributed environment by location and constraints; j) definition of a Media Stream Protocol to support media independent transport and synchronization. The Multimedia Systems Services rely on the object model of ISO/IEC 14478-1 (Fundamentals of PREMO) and the object types and non-object data types defined in TSO/IEC 14478-2 (PREMO Foundation Component).
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ISO/IEC 14478 specifies techniques for supporting interactive Single, and multiple media applications which recognize and emphasize the interrelationships among user interfaces, multimedia applications, and multimedia information interchange. ISO/IEC 14478 defines a flexible environment to encompass modular functionality and is extensible through the creation of future components, both within and outside of Standards committees. It supports a wide range of multimedia applications in a consistent way, from simple drawings up to full motion Video, Sound, and virtual reality environments. ISO/IEC 14478 is independent of any particular implementation language, development environment, or execution environment. For integration into a programming environment, the Standard shall be embedded in a System dependent interface following the particular conventions of that environment. ISO/IEC 14478 provides versatile packaging techniques beyond the capabilities of monolithic Single-media Systems. This allows rearranging and extending functionality to satisfy requirements specific to particular application areas. ISO/IEC 14478 is developed incrementally with Parts 1 through 4 initially available. Other components are expected to be standardized by ISO/IEC JTC 1 SC24 or other subcommittees. ISO/IEC 14478 provides a framework within which application-defined ways of interacting with the environment tan be integrated. Methods for the definition, presentation, and manipulation of both input and output objects are described. Applicationsupplied structuring of objects is also allowed and tan, for example, be used as a basis for the development of toolkits for the creation of, presentation of, and interaction with multimedia and hyper-media documents and product model data. ISO/IEC 14478 is able to support construction, presentation, and interaction with multiple simultaneous inputs and Outputs using multiple media. Several such activities may occur simultaneously, and the application program tan adapt its behaviour to make best use of the capabilities of its environment. ISO/IEC 14478 includes interfaces for external storage, retrieval and interchange of multimedia objects.
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This part of ISO/IEC 14478 describes a set of Object types and non-Object types to provide the construction of, presentation of, and the interaction with Multimedia information. The multimedia information tan be graphics, Video, audio, or other types of presentable media. This information tan be enhanced by time aspects. Throughout this document this part of ISO/IEC 14478 will also be referred to as "Modelling, Rendering and Interaction", and abbreviated as MRI. The Modelling, Rendering and Interaction Component constitutes a framework of ?Middleware', System Software components lying between the generic operating System and computing environment, and a specific application operating as a client of the Services and type definitions provided by this component. It provides a framework over the foundation objects and multimedia Systems Services defined in other Parts of the international Standard for the development of a distributed and heterogeneous network of devices for creating multimedia models, rendering these models, and interacting with this process. The Modelling, Rendering and Interaction Component encompasses the following characteristics: a) Provision of a hierarchy of multimedia primitives as an abstract framework for describing the capabilities of modelling and rendering devices, and for enabling their interoperation; b) within the primitive hierarchy, specific Provision for describing the temporal structure of multimedia data through the stepwise construction of structured primitives from component data; c) Provision of abstract types for modelers, renderers and other supporting devices, enabling the integration of such devices or any future subtypes representing real Software or hardware, into a processing network of such devices; d) provision of an Object type to map synchronization requirements expressed within multimedia primitives into control of the stream and synchronization mechanisms provided by ISO/IEC 14478-2 and ISO/IEC 14478-3. The Modelling, Rendering and Interaction Component relies on the Object types and Services defined in PREMO Part 2: Foundation Components (ISO/IEC 1447%2), and PREMO Part 3: Multimedia Systems Services (ISO/IEC 14478-3).
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