ISO/IEC TS 5147:2023

© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
ISO/IEC CDPRF TS 5147 (X)
ISO/IEC JTC1JTC 1/SC 24/WG 10
Secretariat: BSI
Date: 2023-05-05
Information Technology technology — Computer graphics, image
processing and environmental data representation — Guidelines
for Representationrepresentation and Visualizationvisualization
of Smart Citiessmart cities

DTSFDIS stage

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ISO/IEC DTSPRF TS 5147 (X:(E)
© ISO/IEC 2023
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this
publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can
be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: + 41 22 749 01 11
EmailE-mail: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.orgwww.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
iv © ISO #### /IEC 2023 – All rights reserved

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ISO/IEC DTSPRF TS 5147 (X:(E)
Contents
Foreword .vi i
Introduction . viii
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms . 1
3.1 Terms and definitions . 1
3.2 Abbreviated terms . 3
4 Representation and visualization standards . 5
4.1 Standards overview . 5
4.2 Representation standards . 5
4.3 Visualization standards . 6
4.4 Mixed and augmented reality standards . 6
5 Concepts . 7
5.1 Overview . 7
5.2 Modelling, representing and visualizing smart cities . 8
5.3 Smart city object . 8
5.4 Guidance for representation of smart city objects . 10
5.5 Guidance for visualization of smart city objects . 11
5.6 Guidance for representation and visualization of smart cities . 12
6 Representation and visualization methods for smart city data categories . 13
6.1 Guidelines for representation and visualization . 13
6.2 Representation and visualization methods . 15
6.2.1 Natural environment . 15
6.2.2 Built environment . 16
6.2.3 Dynamic entities . 16
6.2.4 Networks . 16
6.2.5 Weather . 16
6.2.6 Sensors . 16
6.2.7 Spatiotemporal data . 17
6.2.8 Physical properties . 17
6.2.9 Semantic properties . 18
6.2.10 Analytical data . 18
6.2.11 Imagery . 19
6.2.12 Video . 19
6.2.13 Sound . 19
6.2.14 Haptics . 20
6.2.15 Multidimensional data . 20
6.2.16 Social media . 20
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ISO/IEC DTSPRF TS 5147 (X:(E)
6.3 Mapping of data categories to presentation / visualization methods . 21
7 Representation and visualization of smart cities using standards . 22
8 Use cases . 23
Annex A (informative) Use cases for applying standards to smart cities . 24
Bibliography . 33



vi © ISO #### /IEC 2023 – All rights reserved

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ISO/IEC DTSPRF TS 5147 (X:(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a and IEC (the International Electrotechnical
Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide federation of national
standardsstandardization. National bodies (that are members of ISO member bodies). The workor IEC
participate in the development of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has
been established has the right to be represented on that committee. Internationalby the respective
organization to deal with particular fields of technical activity. ISO and IEC technical committees
collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organizations, governmental and non-
governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documentsdocument should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance
with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives 2 (see
www.iso.org/directives or www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs).
Attention is drawnISO and IEC draw attention to the possibility that some of the elementsimplementation
of this document may beinvolve the subjectuse of (a) patent rights. ISO(s). ISO and IEC take no position
concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent rights in respect thereof. As of the
date of publication of this document, ISO and IEC had not received notice of (a) patent(s) which may be
required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that this may not represent
the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at www.iso.org/patents
and https://patents.iec.ch. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent
rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the
Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World
Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html) see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html. In the IEC, see
www.iec.ch/understanding-standards.
This document was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information and
Communications Technologytechnology, Subcommittee SC 24, Computer graphics, image processing and
environmental data representation.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.htmlwww.iso.org/members.html
and www.iec.ch/national-committees.
© ISO #### /IEC 2023 – All rights reserved vii

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ISO/IEC DTSPRF TS 5147 (X:(E)
Introduction
Developers and users of a smart city need tools to evaluate and examine options and trade-offs and
predict outcomes. Parts or all of a smart city may need to be modelled, and smart city functions need to
be simulated to evaluate possible outcomes. The modelling and simulation of smart city functions and
processes require representation and visualization of the data. Representation and visualization of smart
cities enable prototyping, demonstration and analysis of smart city concepts for further development.
Both physical/geometric and semantic data can be represented and visualized. Representation and
visualization of smart cities is a prime application for an integrated approach to leverage standardization
since no single standard may address all requirements. This document provides guidance as to what
needs to be represented for smart cities and how this can be achieved.
This document describes categories of data associated with smart cities and guidelines for their
representation and visualization. It describes how standards can be applied to represent and visualize
urban infrastructure, services and features. Use cases are presented that explore how these standards
could be applied in smart city analysis and visualization applications.

viii © ISO #### /IEC 2023 – All rights reserved

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ISO/IEC PRF TS 5147:(E)
Information technology — Computer graphics, image processing
and environmental data representation — Guidelines for
representation and visualization of smart cities
1 Scope
This document providesspecifies guidelines for the representation and visualization of smart cities. This
document:
a) describes the concepts of a smart city, smart city object and smart city data,
b) describes categories of data associated with smart cities,
c) provides guidance for representation of smart cities,
d) describes guidance for visualization of smart cities,
e) provides guidance in selecting the appropriate representation and visualization technique for
different categories of smart city data using standards, and
f) provides use cases for applying standards to the representation and visualization of smart cities.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in the document.
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— — ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obphttps://www.iso.org/obp
— — IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/https://www.electropedia.org/
3.1.1
3D city model
representation of an urban environment with a 3D geometry of typical or specific urban objects and
structures, with buildings as the most prominent features
3.1.2
analytical data
data that has been derived from properties or applications of a smart city
Note 1 to entry: Examples of analytical data include data describing car traffic and pedestrian movements
obtained from sensors.
3.1.3
big data
extensive datasets, primarily with characteristics of volume, variety, velocity and/or variability, that
require a scalable technology for efficient storage, manipulation and analysis
© ISO #### /IEC 2023 – All rights reserved 1

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ISO/IEC PRF TS 5147:(E)

Note 1 to entry: big data is commonly used in many different ways, for example as the name of the scalable
technology used to handle big data extensive datasets.

[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 20546:2019, 3.1.2]
3.1.4
built environment
human-made environment that includes buildings, roads, bridges, tunnels and city artefacts
3.1.5
Data Representation Model
DRM
standardized representation of the relationships and organization of environmental objects and content
within SEDRIS (ISO/IEC 18023 series)
Note 1 to entry: SEDRIS refers to the ISO/IEC 18023 series.
3.1.6
Internet of Things
IoT
infrastructure of interconnected objects, people, systems and information resources together with
intelligent services to allow them to process information of the physical and the virtual world and to react

{[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 23093-1:2020(en),2022, 3.2.9]
3.1.7
physical property
measurable quantity that describes the state of a system
Note 1 to entry: Physical properties can be categorized as mechanical, electrical, optical or thermal and may be
scalar values (such as temperature) or vector quantities (such as wind flow).
3.1.8
presentation
organization of data into textual, tabular or graphical format
Note 1 to entry: This can include non-visual modes of presentation such as audio and haptics.
3.1.9
representation
description of a real-world event, system, behaviour or natural phenomenon
Note 1 to entry: In this document, representation refers to the digital description of an event, object or system.
3.1.10
semantic property
property that does not have a physical basis
Note 1 to entry: Building ownership is an example of a semantic property.
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ISO/IEC PRF TS 5147:(E)
3.1.11
smart city
city that increases the pace at which it provides social, economic and environmental sustainability
outcomes and responds to challenges such as climate change, rapid population growth, and political and
economic instability by fundamentally improving how it engages society, applies collaborative leadership
methods, works across disciplines and city systems, and uses data information and modern technologies
to deliver better services and quality of life to those in the city (residents, businesses, visitors), now and
for the foreseeable future, without unfair disadvantage of others or degradation of the natural
environment

[SOURCE: ISO 37122:2019, 3.4]

Note 1 to entry: A virtual smart city is its digital/simulated representation.

3.1.1
[SOURCE: ISO 37122:2019, 3.4, modified — The original Notes to entry have been deleted and replaced
by a new Note to entry.]
3.1.12
smart city data
data that is associated with a smart city

Note 1 to entry: This refers to data that may be consumed or produced by a smart city function or application.
3.1.13
smart city object
representation of a distinct object that is part of a real or virtual smart city

Note 1 to entry: A smart city object may not necessarily contain smart technology. It is used as a general descriptor
for a component of a smart city.
3.1.14
spatiotemporal
associated with positions in space and/or time

3.1.2
3.1.15
visualization
rendering of an object, situation or set of information as a chart or image
Note 1 to entry: Visualization is a subset of presentation restricted to the visual medium.
3.2 Abbreviated terms
2D Twotwo dimensional
3D Threethree dimensional
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ISO/IEC PRF TS 5147:(E)
API Applicationapplication programming interface
AR Augmentedaugmented reality
BIIF Basic Image Interchange Formatbasic image interchange format
BIM Building Information Modellingbuilding information modelling
CCTV Closed Circuit Televisionclosed circuit television
DICOM Digital Imagingdigital imaging and Communicationscommunications in
Medicinemedicine
DIS Distributed Interactive Simulationdistributed interactive simulation
DRM Data Representation Modeldata representation model
EDCS Environmental Data Coding Specificationenvironmental data coding specification
GIS Geospatial Information Systemsgeospatial information systems
GKS Graphical Kernel Systemgraphical kernel system
GPS Geospatial Positioning Systemgeospatial positioning system
HAnim Humanoid Animationhumanoid animation
ICT Information and Communications Technologyinformation and communications
technology
IoT Internetinternet of Thingsthings
JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Groupjoint photographic experts group
JSON JavaScript object notation
MAR Mixedmixed and augmented reality
MPEG Moving Picture Experts Groupmoving picture experts group
OGC Open Geospatial Consortiumopen geospatial consortium
PHIGS Programmer's Hierarchical Interactive Graphics Systemprogrammer's hierarchical
interactive graphics system
PNG Portable Network Graphicsportable network graphics
SEDRIS Synthetic Environment Data Representation and Interchange Specificationsynthetic
environment data representation and interchange specification
SRM Spatial Reference Modelspatial reference model
VR Virtualvirtual reality
VRML Virtual Reality Modeling Languagevirtual reality modeling language
1
X3D X3D Extensibleextensible 3D
X3DOM X3D Document Object Modeldocument object model
XML Extensible Markup Languageextensible markup language

1
X3D is a trademark of the Web3D Consortium. This information is given for the convenience of users of this document and does
not constitute an endorsement by ISO or IEC.
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ISO/IEC PRF TS 5147:(E)
4 Representation and visualization standards
4.1 Standards overview
ISO standards for imagery, environmental representation, visualization and mixed and augmented reality
can be applied to smart cities. These are described in the following subsections.
4.2 Representation standards
The SEDRIS series (ISO/IEC 18023-1, -2, -3 series) provides a suite of standards for environmental
representation standard. SEDRIS is an infrastructure technology that enables information technology
applications to express, understand, share and reuse environmental data. SEDRIS technologies provide
the means to represent integrated environmental data (terrain, ocean, air and space), and promote the
unambiguous, loss-less and non-proprietary interchange of environmental data. It is a means of
organising environmental and feature data, however ityet leaves the (graphical) presentation of that data
2
to other applications, such as X3D and other visualization tools. SEDRIS was developed for military
training simulation and has mainly been applied in that domain. An introduction to SEDRIS is provided
in [1].Reference [1].
The components of SEDRIS are:
— functional specification (ISO/IEC 18023-1 SEDRIS Part 1: Functional Specification )
— abstract transmittal format (ISO/IEC 18023-2 SEDRIS Part 2: Abstract Transmittal Format )
— transmittal format binary encoding (ISO/IEC 18023-3 SEDRIS Part 3: Transmittal Format Binary
Encoding )
— ISO/IEC 18024-4 SEDRIS language bindings – Part 4: C (ISO/IEC 18024-4)
— ISO/IEC 18025 Environmental Data Coding Specificationenvironmental data coding specification
(EDCS) that provides identification (designation) of objects and their attributes (ISO/IEC 18025)
— ISO/IEC 18026 Spatial Reference Modelspatial reference model (SRM) that handles position,
orientation and spatial reference frames (ISO/IEC 18026)
— Data Representation Modeldata representation model (DRM) that models the relationships between
objects and their representations as described in ISO/IEC 18023 series
— Applicationapplication programming interface (API)as described in ISO/IEC 18023 series
EDCS, DRM and SRM all have ISO/IEC managed registries. The EDCS standard and its corresponding
registry contain entries for environmental concepts, objects and attributes, with about 15001 500
classifications (types of environmental objects) and 19001 900 attributes. These entries include a wide
range of environmental concepts, from natural phenomena to human-made objects, and a large array of
attributes and units of measure. Many of the EDCS entries are relevant to smart city modelling and
simulation, and new entries can be added through registration to ISO as these are required. Since SEDRIS
was developed primarily for military environments, a considerable number of entries can be included to
populate civilian urban environments.
SEDRIS is extensible through the ISO registration system for EDCS and SRM for new objects, features and
coordinate systems. It includes Levels of Detail and georeferencing. While developed for military use
SEDRIS can also represent civil assets and systems such as a smart city.

2
 X3D is a trademark of the Web3D Consortium. This information is given for the convenience of users of this
document and does not constitute an endorsement by ISO or IEC.
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ISO/IEC PRF TS 5147:(E)
[2,3]
The HAnim standard [2, 3]The HAnim standard was developed for humanoid representation. HAnim
supports a wide variety of articulated figures, including anatomically correct human models,
incorporating haptic and kinematic interfaces to enable shareable skeletons, bodies and animations.
HAnim extensions to facial animation and internal organs are under development.
4.3 Visualization standards
X3D and HAnim can be used for visualization of smart cities. X3D standards comprise three series:
ISO/IEC 19775 (architecture), ISO/IEC 19776 (encodings), and ISO/IEC 19777 (language bindings).
HAnim standards are ISO/IEC 19774-1 (architecture) and ISO/IEC 19774-2 (motion data animation).
[4]
X3D is a standard for 3D web graphics and is designed for viewing 3D content [4]. Existing models of
cities, such as those using CityGML, can be converted to X3D for viewing on the web. X3D provides a
system for the storage, retrieval and playback of 3D scenes within an open architecture to support a wide
array of domains and user scenarios. It has componentized features that can be tailored for applications
such as engineering and scientific visualization, medical visualization, training and simulation.
The most basic X3D part is a node. Typical nodes are box, colour and shape. X3D components are groups
of nodes that perform similar operations. The shape component, for example, includes nodes for shape
appearance, material, fill properties, line properties and two-sided material. Profiles are collections of
components.
[4]
X3D has a variety of encodings, namely XML, VRML, Compressed Binary and also JSON [4] and has
3 4 5
language bindings for C, C++, C#, JavaScript , Python and Java consistent with app development for
Commented [NJ1]: These are trademarks, please refer to
[5]
mobile devices [5]. X3D includes georeferencing, appearance, topology, fast rendering and its ISO/IEC Directives Part 2, Clause 31
node/component/profile approach leads to extensibility. X3D v4 will use HTML5 while the JavaScript
Commented [PR2R1]: 1.Should the TM appear with
framework X3D Document Object Modeldocument object model (X3DOM) removes the need for plugins
these?
and runs on any browser.
Commented [NJ3R1]: ISO/CS cannot advise on the use or
HAnim can also be considered as a visualization standard supported by X3D as described above. TM. Please provide a footnote from one of the examples in
ISO/IEC Directives Part 2, Clause 31
Many graphics standards such as the Graphical Kernel Systemgraphical kernel system (GKS) ISO 7942
Commented [PR4R1]: 2.Added footnotes
and the Programmer's Hierarchical Interactive Graphics Systemprogrammer's hierarchical interactive
graphics system (PHIGS) ISO/IEC 9592/ and ISO/IEC 9593 are supported as they are still in use although
Commented [NJ5]: X3D (tm) is a trademark of the
Web3D Consortium
now obsolescent. The most relevant imagery standards that can be used for smart cities are:
Commented [PR6R5]: 3.How should this be written?
— ISO/IEC 15948 Portable Network Graphicsportable network graphics (PNG): a raster graphics file
X3D (tm)
[6]
format that is widely used on web browsers. It was first standardized in 2004 [6]. PNG has
advantages over other common graphics formats such as GIF and JPEG with wider ranges of Commented [NJ7R5]: ISO/CS cannot advise on the use or
[6]
TM. Please provide a footnote from one of the examples in
transparency options and colour depths [6]. .
ISO/IEC Directives Part 2, Clause 31
• ISO/IEC 12087-5 Basic Image Interchange Format (BIIF): a standard for
...

TECHNICAL ISO/IEC TS
SPECIFICATION 5147
First edition
Information technology — Computer
graphics, image processing and
environmental data representation
— Guidelines for representation and
visualization of smart cities
PROOF/ÉPREUVE
Reference number
ISO/IEC TS 5147:2023(E)
© ISO/IEC 2023

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ISO/IEC TS 5147:2023(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO/IEC 2023
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
PROOF/ÉPREUVE © ISO/IEC 2023 – All rights reserved

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ISO/IEC TS 5147:2023(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms . 1
3.1 Terms and definitions . 1
3.2 Abbreviated terms . 3
4 Representation and visualization standards . 4
4.1 Standards overview . 4
4.2 Representation standards . 4
4.3 Visualization standards . 5
4.4 Mixed and augmented reality standards . 6
5 Concepts . 7
5.1 Overview . 7
5.2 Modelling, representing and visualizing smart cities . 7
5.3 Smart city object . 8
5.4 Guidance for representation of smart city objects . 10
5.5 Guidance for visualization of smart city objects .12
5.6 Guidance for representation and visualization of smart cities .12
6 Representation and visualization methods for smart city data categories .13
6.1 Guidelines for representation and visualization . 13
6.2 Representation and visualization methods . 15
6.2.1 Natural environment . 15
6.2.2 Built environment . 15
6.2.3 Dynamic entities . 16
6.2.4 Networks . 16
6.2.5 Weather . 16
6.2.6 Sensors . 16
6.2.7 Spatiotemporal data . 16
6.2.8 Physical properties. 17
6.2.9 Semantic properties . 17
6.2.10 Analytical data . 18
6.2.11 Imagery . 19
6.2.12 Video . 19
6.2.13 Sound . 19
6.2.14 Haptics . 19
6.2.15 Multidimensional data . 19
6.2.16 Social media .20
6.3 Mapping of data categories to presentation / visualization methods . 21
7 Representation and visualization of smart cities using standards .21
8 Use cases .22
Annex A (informative) Use cases for applying standards to smart cities .23
Bibliography .32
iii
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ISO/IEC TS 5147:2023(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical
Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are
members of ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical
committees established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical
activity. ISO and IEC technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the
work.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance
are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria
needed for the different types of document should be noted. This document was drafted in
accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives or
www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs).
ISO and IEC draw attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the
use of (a) patent(s). ISO and IEC take no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of
any claimed patent rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO and IEC
had not received notice of (a) patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However,
implementers are cautioned that this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained
from the patent database available at www.iso.org/patents and https://patents.iec.ch. ISO and IEC shall
not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html. In the IEC, see www.iec.ch/understanding-standards.
This document was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology,
Subcommittee SC 24, Computer graphics, image processing and environmental data representation.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards
body. A complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html and
www.iec.ch/national-committees.
iv
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ISO/IEC TS 5147:2023(E)
Introduction
Developers and users of a smart city need tools to evaluate and examine options and trade-offs and
predict outcomes. Parts or all of a smart city may need to be modelled, and smart city functions
need to be simulated to evaluate possible outcomes. The modelling and simulation of smart city
functions and processes require representation and visualization of the data. Representation and
visualization of smart cities enable prototyping, demonstration and analysis of smart city concepts for
further development. Both physical/geometric and semantic data can be represented and visualized.
Representation and visualization of smart cities is a prime application for an integrated approach
to leverage standardization since no single standard may address all requirements. This document
provides guidance as to what needs to be represented for smart cities and how this can be achieved.
This document describes categories of data associated with smart cities and guidelines for their
representation and visualization. It describes how standards can be applied to represent and visualize
urban infrastructure, services and features. Use cases are presented that explore how these standards
could be applied in smart city analysis and visualization applications.
v
© ISO/IEC 2023 – All rights reserved PROOF/ÉPREUVE

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TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/IEC TS 5147:2023(E)
Information technology — Computer graphics, image
processing and environmental data representation —
Guidelines for representation and visualization of smart
cities
1 Scope
This document specifies guidelines for the representation and visualization of smart cities. This
document:
a) describes the concepts of a smart city, smart city object and smart city data,
b) describes categories of data associated with smart cities,
c) provides guidance for representation of smart cities,
d) describes guidance for visualization of smart cities,
e) provides guidance in selecting the appropriate representation and visualization technique for
different categories of smart city data using standards, and
f) provides use cases for applying standards to the representation and visualization of smart cities.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in the document.
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1.1
3D city model
representation of an urban environment with a 3D geometry of typical or specific urban objects and
structures, with buildings as the most prominent features
3.1.2
analytical data
data that has been derived from properties or applications of a smart city
Note 1 to entry: Examples of analytical data include data describing car traffic and pedestrian movements
obtained from sensors.
1
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ISO/IEC TS 5147:2023(E)
3.1.3
big data
extensive datasets, primarily with characteristics of volume, variety, velocity and/or variability, that
require a scalable technology for efficient storage, manipulation and analysis
Note 1 to entry: big data is commonly used in many different ways, for example as the name of the scalable
technology used to handle big data extensive datasets.
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 20546:2019, 3.1.2]
3.1.4
built environment
human-made environment that includes buildings, roads, bridges, tunnels and city artefacts
3.1.5
Data Representation Model
DRM
standardized representation of the relationships and organization of environmental objects and
content within SEDRIS
Note 1 to entry: SEDRIS refers to the ISO/IEC 18023 series.
3.1.6
Internet of Things
IoT
infrastructure of interconnected objects, people, systems and information resources together with
intelligent services to allow them to process information of the physical and the virtual world and to
react
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 23093-1:2022, 3.2.9]
3.1.7
physical property
measurable quantity that describes the state of a system
Note 1 to entry: Physical properties can be categorized as mechanical, electrical, optical or thermal and may be
scalar values (such as temperature) or vector quantities (such as wind flow).
3.1.8
presentation
organization of data into textual, tabular or graphical format
Note 1 to entry: This can include non-visual modes of presentation such as audio and haptics.
3.1.9
representation
description of a real-world event, system, behaviour or natural phenomenon
Note 1 to entry: In this document, representation refers to the digital description of an event, object or system.
3.1.10
semantic property
property that does not have a physical basis
Note 1 to entry: Building ownership is an example of a semantic property.
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ISO/IEC TS 5147:2023(E)
3.1.11
smart city
city that increases the pace at which it provides social, economic and environmental sustainability
outcomes and responds to challenges such as climate change, rapid population growth, and political
and economic instability by fundamentally improving how it engages society, applies collaborative
leadership methods, works across disciplines and city systems, and uses data information and modern
technologies to deliver better services and quality of life to those in the city (residents, businesses,
visitors), now and for the foreseeable future, without unfair disadvantage of others or degradation of
the natural environment
Note 1 to entry: A virtual smart city is its digital/simulated representation.
[SOURCE: ISO 37122:2019, 3.4, modified — The original Notes to entry have been deleted and replaced
by a new Note to entry.]
3.1.12
smart city data
data that is associated with a smart city
Note 1 to entry: This refers to data that may be consumed or produced by a smart city function or application.
3.1.13
smart city object
representation of a distinct object that is part of a real or virtual smart city
Note 1 to entry: A smart city object may not necessarily contain smart technology. It is used as a general
descriptor for a component of a smart city.
3.1.14
spatiotemporal
associated with positions in space and/or time
3.1.15
visualization
rendering of an object, situation or set of information as a chart or image
Note 1 to entry: Visualization is a subset of presentation restricted to the visual medium.
3.2 Abbreviated terms
2D two dimensional
3D three dimensional
API application programming interface
AR augmented reality
BIIF basic image interchange format
BIM building information modelling
CCTV closed circuit television
DICOM digital imaging and communications in medicine
DIS distributed interactive simulation
DRM data representation model
EDCS environmental data coding specification
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ISO/IEC TS 5147:2023(E)
GIS geospatial information systems
GKS graphical kernel system
GPS geospatial positioning system
HAnim humanoid animation
ICT information and communications technology
IoT internet of things
JPEG joint photographic experts group
JSON JavaScript object notation
MAR mixed and augmented reality
MPEG moving picture experts group
OGC open geospatial consortium
PHIGS programmer's hierarchical interactive graphics system
PNG portable network graphics
SEDRIS synthetic environment data representation and interchange specification
SRM spatial reference model
VR virtual reality
VRML virtual reality modeling language
X3D extensible 3D
X3DOM X3D document object model
XML extensible markup language
4 Representation and visualization standards
4.1 Standards overview
ISO standards for imagery, environmental representation, visualization and mixed and augmented
reality can be applied to smart cities. These are described in the following subsections.
4.2 Representation standards
The SEDRIS series (ISO/IEC 18023 series) provides a suite of standards for environmental representation.
SEDRIS is an infrastructure technology that enables information technology applications to express,
understand, share and reuse environmental data. SEDRIS technologies provide the means to represent
integrated environmental data (terrain, ocean, air and space), and promote the unambiguous, loss-less
and non-proprietary interchange of environmental data. It is a means of organising environmental and
1)
feature data, yet leaves the (graphical) presentation of that data to other applications, such as X3D
and other visualization tools. SEDRIS was developed for military training simulation and has mainly
been applied in that domain. An introduction to SEDRIS is provided in Reference [1].
1) X3D is a trademark of the Web3D Consortium. This information is given for the convenience of users of this
document and does not constitute an endorsement by ISO or IEC.
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ISO/IEC TS 5147:2023(E)
The components of SEDRIS are:
— functional specification (ISO/IEC 18023-1)
— abstract transmittal format (ISO/IEC 18023-2)
— transmittal format binary encoding (ISO/IEC 18023-3)
— SEDRIS language bindings – Part 4: C (ISO/IEC 18024-4)
— environmental data coding specification (EDCS) that provides identification (designation) of objects
and their attributes (ISO/IEC 18025)
— spatial reference model (SRM) that handles position, orientation and spatial reference frames
(ISO/IEC 18026)
— data representation model (DRM) that models the relationships between objects and their
representations as described in ISO/IEC 18023 series
— application programming interface (API)as described in ISO/IEC 18023 series
EDCS, DRM and SRM all have ISO/IEC managed registries. The EDCS standard and its corresponding
registry contain entries for environmental concepts, objects and attributes, with about 1 500
classifications (types of environmental objects) and 1 900 attributes. These entries include a wide
range of environmental concepts, from natural phenomena to human-made objects, and a large array
of attributes and units of measure. Many of the EDCS entries are relevant to smart city modelling and
simulation, and new entries can be added through registration to ISO as these are required. Since
SEDRIS was developed primarily for military environments, a considerable number of entries can be
included to populate civilian urban environments.
SEDRIS is extensible through the ISO registration system for EDCS and SRM for new objects, features
and coordinate systems. It includes Levels of Detail and georeferencing. While developed for military
use SEDRIS can also represent civil assets and systems such as a smart city.
[2,3]
The HAnim standard was developed for humanoid representation. HAnim supports a wide variety of
articulated figures, including anatomically correct human models, incorporating haptic and kinematic
interfaces to enable shareable skeletons, bodies and animations. HAnim extensions to facial animation
and internal organs are under development.
4.3 Visualization standards
X3D and HAnim can be used for visualization of smart cities. X3D standards comprise three series:
ISO/IEC 19775 (architecture), ISO/IEC 19776 (encodings), and ISO/IEC 19777 (language bindings).
HAnim standards are ISO/IEC 19774-1 (architecture) and ISO/IEC 19774-2 (motion data animation).
[4]
X3D is a standard for 3D web graphics and is designed for viewing 3D content. Existing models of
cities, such as those using CityGML, can be converted to X3D for viewing on the web. X3D provides
a system for the storage, retrieval and playback of 3D scenes within an open architecture to support
a wide array of domains and user scenarios. It has componentized features that can be tailored for
applications such as engineering and scientific visualization, medical visualization, training and
simulation.
The most basic X3D part is a node. Typical nodes are box, colour and shape. X3D components are groups
of nodes that perform similar operations. The shape component, for example, includes nodes for shape
appearance, material, fill properties, line properties and two-sided material. Profiles are collections of
components.
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ISO/IEC TS 5147:2023(E)
[4]
X3D has a variety of encodings, namely XML, VRML, Compressed Binary and also JSON and has
2) 3) 4)
language bindings for C, C++, C#, JavaScript , Python and Java consistent with app development
[5]
for mobile devices. X3D includes georeferencing, appearance, topology, fast rendering and its node/
component/profile approach leads to extensibility. X3D v4 will use HTML5 while the JavaScript
framework X3D document object model (X3DOM) removes the need for plugins and runs on any
browser.
HAnim can also be considered as a visualization standard supported by X3D as described above.
Many graphics standards such as the graphical kernel system (GKS) ISO 7942 and the programmer's
hierarchical interactive graphics system (PHIGS) ISO/IEC 9592 and ISO/IEC 9593 are supported as they
are still in use although now obsolescent. The most relevant imagery standards that can be used for
smart cities are:
— ISO/IEC 15948 portable network graphics (PNG): a raster graphics file format that is widely used on
[6]
web browsers. It was first standardized in 2004. PNG has advantages over other common graphics
[6]
formats such as GIF and JPEG with wider ranges of transparency options and colour depths .
— ISO/IEC 12087-5 basic image interchange format (BIIF): a standard for image interchange used
[7]
principally for military surveillance applications .
4.4 Mixed and augmented reality standards
MAR spans the spectrum from reality to virtuality. It combines real and virtual data for visualization,
rendering and other uses. The MAR standards implicitly include both representation and visualization.
Several mixed and augmented reality standards are emerging, including:
— sensor representation in MAR (ISO/IEC 18038)
— MAR reference model (ISO/IEC 18039)
— live actor and entity representation in MAR (ISO/IEC 18040)
— information model for MAR content (ISO/IEC 3721-1)
The MAR reference model (ISO/IEC 18039) defines the scope and concepts for representing mixed and
augmented reality, and provides a general system architecture for MAR applications, components,
systems, services and specifications. However, it does not specify how a particular MAR application
should be designed, developed or implemented, nor does it specify MAR implementation bindings to
programming languages.
For a virtual smart city, ISO/IEC 18040 can be applied to include human interaction. A human could be
immersed into a computer representation of a city.
For a real smart city, MAR standards such as the reference model and information model, combined
with the use of SEDRIS and X3D standards, could assist a resident with many tasks such as navigation,
points of interest (for example, restaurant locations and menus) selection, traffic warnings and
shopping through apps on smart phones.
2) JavaScript is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation. This information is given for the convenience of
users of this document and does not constitute an endorsement by ISO or IEC.
3) Python is a registered trademark of the Python Software Foundation. This information is given for the
convenience of users of this document and does not constitute an endorsement by ISO or IEC.
4) Java is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation. This information is given for the convenience of users of
this document and does not constitute an endorsement by ISO or IEC.
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ISO/IEC TS 5147:2023(E)
5 Concepts
5.1 Overview
A smart city exploits modern information and communication technology (ICT) capabilities to provide
greater efficiencies for urban areas. The smart city concept integrates ICT and various physical devices
that can be connected to the Internet of Things (IoT) to optimize the efficiency of city operations and
services and connect to citizens. Smart city technology allows city officials to interact directly with
both community and city infrastructure to monitor city activities.
Some smart city concepts are illustrated in Figure 1. The illustration shows smart city concepts such as
smart energy management, smart industry, smart government, smart office, smart traffic management
and parking, smart health and smart buildings. Vast amounts of data can be streamed from devices
embedded in a smart city, such as cameras, wearable health and fitness devices, environmental sensors
and smartphones. Some of this data can be processed and visualized in near real time to aid decision
makers for immediate action. This is an example of big data that requires specialised analysis tools to
process it.
Figure 1 — Smart city concepts
5.2 Modelling, representing and visualizing smart cities
Developers and users of any smart city need tools to evaluate and examine options and predict
outcomes. Parts or all of a smart city may need to be modelled and smart city functions need to be
simulated to evaluate possible results. Such models and simulations may also need to be networked
to produce larger integrated models and simulations. In addition, models and simulations developed
during the design phase may be reused/repurposed during the execution and operati
...