07.140 - Forensic science
ICS 07.140 Details
Forensic science
Criminalistique
Forenzika
General Information
Frequently Asked Questions
ICS 07.140 is a classification code in the International Classification for Standards (ICS) system. It covers "Forensic science". The ICS is a hierarchical classification system used to organize international, regional, and national standards, facilitating the search and identification of standards across different fields.
There are 144 standards classified under ICS 07.140 (Forensic science). These standards are published by international and regional standardization bodies including ISO, IEC, CEN, CENELEC, and ETSI.
The International Classification for Standards (ICS) is a hierarchical classification system maintained by ISO to organize standards and related documents. It uses a three-level structure with field (2 digits), group (3 digits), and sub-group (2 digits) codes. The ICS helps users find standards by subject area and enables statistical analysis of standards development activities.
This document specifies requirements and provides recommendations to safeguard the process for the analysis of items of potential forensic value. It includes requirements and recommendations for the selection and application of suitable method(s) for the analysis to meet the needs of the customer and fulfil the request.
The requirements are designed to ensure the use of suitable methods, proper controls, qualified personnel and appropriate analytical strategies throughout the forensic analysis of items.
This document is applicable to activities conducted by a forensic service provider that occur at the scene and within a facility. This document is applicable to all disciplines of forensic science; however, it is not applicable to the recovery of digital data which is covered by ISO/IEC 27037.
The requirements and recommendations facilitate the comprehensive, accurate and reliable analysis of items.
- Standard20 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies requirements and provides recommendations for the interpretation of observations to reach opinions that answer questions that are relevant for decision making in investigations or legal proceedings. This document states requirements that are applicable to all forensic disciplines. This document states requirements that apply when the opinion is based directly on human judgement and when the opinion is based on interpretation through a statistical model. This document is applicable to interpretation that occurs at a scene, within a facility, or within a judicial setting.
This document establishes requirements designed to safeguard the process for the interpretation of observations including the use of either statistical models or human judgement, to address alternative propositions based on the questions asked by the customer.
Interpretation is not necessary and the requirements of this document do not apply if the observations resulting from the analysis directly answer the relevant question.
EXAMPLE In analytical chemistry, substances are often identified or classified. Provided that the applied analytical methods are not limited in selectivity or sensitivity for the given question, the observations can lead to a direct statement of the name of the substance (identification) or a type of material (classification). This is not considered interpretation for the purposes of this document.
- Standard22 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies requirements and provides recommendations for reporting of forensic work.
This document is applicable to the reporting of forensic work performed at a scene and within a facility. The requirements facilitate the preparation and issuing of reports that are accurate, clear, transparent, complete, unambiguous, impartial and suitable for their intended use.
This document also includes requirements relating to the review of case records and reports, the issuance and control of reports, and requirements related to testimony.
- Standard18 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document defines terms used for the different components of the forensic process from scene to courtroom (as illustrated in Figure A.1).
- Standard18 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies requirements and provides recommendations for reporting of forensic work.
This document is applicable to the reporting of forensic work performed at a scene and within a facility. The requirements facilitate the preparation and issuing of reports that are accurate, clear, transparent, complete, unambiguous, impartial and suitable for their intended use.
This document also includes requirements relating to the review of case records and reports, the issuance and control of reports, and requirements related to testimony.
- Standard18 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document defines terms used for the different components of the forensic process from scene to courtroom (as illustrated in Figure A.1).
- Standard18 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies requirements and provides recommendations for the interpretation of observations to reach opinions that answer questions that are relevant for decision making in investigations or legal proceedings. This document states requirements that are applicable to all forensic disciplines. This document states requirements that apply when the opinion is based directly on human judgement and when the opinion is based on interpretation through a statistical model. This document is applicable to interpretation that occurs at a scene, within a facility, or within a judicial setting.
This document establishes requirements designed to safeguard the process for the interpretation of observations including the use of either statistical models or human judgement, to address alternative propositions based on the questions asked by the customer.
Interpretation is not necessary and the requirements of this document do not apply if the observations resulting from the analysis directly answer the relevant question.
EXAMPLE In analytical chemistry, substances are often identified or classified. Provided that the applied analytical methods are not limited in selectivity or sensitivity for the given question, the observations can lead to a direct statement of the name of the substance (identification) or a type of material (classification). This is not considered interpretation for the purposes of this document.
- Standard22 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies requirements and provides recommendations to safeguard the process for the analysis of items of potential forensic value. It includes requirements and recommendations for the selection and application of suitable method(s) for the analysis to meet the needs of the customer and fulfil the request.
The requirements are designed to ensure the use of suitable methods, proper controls, qualified personnel and appropriate analytical strategies throughout the forensic analysis of items.
This document is applicable to activities conducted by a forensic service provider that occur at the scene and within a facility. This document is applicable to all disciplines of forensic science; however, it is not applicable to the recovery of digital data which is covered by ISO/IEC 27037.
The requirements and recommendations facilitate the comprehensive, accurate and reliable analysis of items.
- Standard20 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies requirements and provides recommendations to safeguard the process for the analysis of items of potential forensic value. It includes requirements and recommendations for the selection and application of suitable method(s) for the analysis to meet the needs of the customer and fulfil the request. The requirements are designed to ensure the use of suitable methods, proper controls, qualified personnel and appropriate analytical strategies throughout the forensic analysis of items. This document is applicable to activities conducted by a forensic service provider that occur at the scene and within a facility. This document is applicable to all disciplines of forensic science; however, it is not applicable to the recovery of digital data which is covered by ISO/IEC 27037. The requirements and recommendations facilitate the comprehensive, accurate and reliable analysis of items.
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard13 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document defines terms used for the different components of the forensic process from scene to courtroom (as illustrated in Figure A.1).
- Standard10 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard12 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
- Standard12 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies requirements and provides recommendations for reporting of forensic work. This document is applicable to the reporting of forensic work performed at a scene and within a facility. The requirements facilitate the preparation and issuing of reports that are accurate, clear, transparent, complete, unambiguous, impartial and suitable for their intended use. This document also includes requirements relating to the review of case records and reports, the issuance and control of reports, and requirements related to testimony.
- Standard10 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard10 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
- Standard10 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies requirements and provides recommendations for the interpretation of observations to reach opinions that answer questions that are relevant for decision making in investigations or legal proceedings. This document states requirements that are applicable to all forensic disciplines. This document states requirements that apply when the opinion is based directly on human judgement and when the opinion is based on interpretation through a statistical model. This document is applicable to interpretation that occurs at a scene, within a facility, or within a judicial setting. This document establishes requirements designed to safeguard the process for the interpretation of observations including the use of either statistical models or human judgement, to address alternative propositions based on the questions asked by the customer. Interpretation is not necessary and the requirements of this document do not apply if the observations resulting from the analysis directly answer the relevant question. EXAMPLE In analytical chemistry, substances are often identified or classified. Provided that the applied analytical methods are not limited in selectivity or sensitivity for the given question, the observations can lead to a direct statement of the name of the substance (identification) or a type of material (classification). This is not considered interpretation for the purposes of this document.
- Standard14 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard15 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
- Standard15 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide may be useful to forensic engineers, courts, jurists, attorneys, insurance adjusters, and clients of forensic engineers. Although this guide is directed to the practice of forensic engineering, its description of the elements of investigative reports may be useful to practitioners in other disciplines that embrace scientific laws and theories.
5.2 This guide is based on Guide E2713, which discusses elements of the practice of forensic engineering and provides suggested readings which may be of interest to those creating (or reading) forensic engineering reports.
5.3 This guide is informational and not mandatory. Not all items necessarily apply to all forensic engineering reports. Practitioners should adopt the requirements stated herein as appropriate to their individual situations. The author should verbally discuss findings with the client prior to the preparation of a written report. Not all clients will require a written report, and some may want a report with a focused scope or a report that follows a particular format.
SCOPE
1.1 This document provides guidance on the purpose, content, and limitations of forensic engineering expert reports, and it discusses report representation in electronic form.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Guide6 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Guide6 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice separately outlines criteria and implementation approaches for the training, continuing education, and professional development of forensic science practitioners. The use of this practice can help establish training programs designed to achieve competency in targeted disciplines. The standard also describes measures to maintain competency through continuing education/professional development.
4.2 This practice provides a framework for extending learning opportunities to promote and achieve higher standards of professional practice in forensic science.
4.3 This practice is not intended to be inclusive of all possible options nor to address the challenges of a particular discipline.
4.3.1 This practice does not address proficiency testing programs or specific requirements of professional certification and licensure bodies, although the foundational requirements addressed may be essential elements for such programs.
4.3.2 This practice is not intended to supersede requirements from professional certification and licensure bodies.
4.3.2.1 Licensing and certifying bodies in a number of fields typically impose continuing education and professional development requirements on their license or certificate holders. Such requirements are intended to encourage professionals to expand their knowledge base and keep abreast of new developments. Depending on the field, these requirements might be satisfied through internal training; completion of college, university, or extension coursework; or through attendance at conferences and seminars. Individuals in such positions should obtain and document their on-going training and development as required by their licensing or certifying body.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides foundational requirements for the training, continuing education, and professional development of forensic science practitioners to include training criteria toward competency, documentation, implementation of training, and continuous professional development. This information is intended for forensic science service providers to help establish a training framework with program structure and content; for forensic science practitioners as they acquire and maintain their knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSAs); for subject matter experts when developing discipline specific training practices; and for training programs to manage and support the continuous development of their employees.
1.2 This practice outlines minimum training criteria and provides general information, approaches, and resources for all disciplines. The standard would complement additional specific requirements for each forensic science discipline (for example, relevant degree programs, higher education) if developed by subject matter experts in their respective fields. Discipline specific training programs should address the content and means for developing and testing competency for each applicable topic identified in Practice E2917.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard5 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard5 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is useful for the determination of elemental concentrations in the range of approximately 0.1 µgg-1 to 10 percent (%) (See Table X1.1) in soda-lime glass samples (7 and 8). A standard test method can aid in the interchange of data between laboratories and in the creation and use of glass databases.
5.2 The determination of elemental concentrations in glass provides high discriminating value in the forensic comparison of glass fragments.
5.3 This test method produces minimal destruction of the sample. Microscopic craters of 50 µm to 100 µm in diameter by 80 µm to 150 µm deep are left in the glass fragment after analysis. The mass removed per replicate is approximately 0.4 µg to 3 µg (6).
5.4 Appropriate sampling techniques shall be used to account for natural heterogeneity of the materials at a microscopic scale.
5.5 The precision, bias, and limits of detection of the method (for each element measured) shall be established during validation of the method. The measurement uncertainty of any concentration value used for a comparison shall be recorded with the concentration.
5.6 Acid digestion of glass followed by either Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) or Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) can also be used for trace elemental analysis of glass, and offer similar detection levels and the ability for quantitative analysis. However, these methods are destructive, and require larger sample sizes and more sample preparation (Test Method E2330).
5.7 Micro X-Ray Fluorescence (µ-XRF) uses comparable sample sizes to those used for LA-ICP-MS with the advantage of being non-destructive of the sample. Some of the drawbacks of µ-XRF include lower sensitivity and precision, and longer analysis time (Test Method E2926).
5.8 Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (SEM-EDS) is also available for elemental analysis, but it is of limited use for forensic glass source d...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for the quantitative elemental analysis of the following seventeen elements: lithium (Li), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), titanium (Ti), manganese (Mn), rubidium (Rb), strontium (Sr), zirconium (Zr), barium (Ba), lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), neodymium (Nd), hafnium (Hf) and lead (Pb) through the use of laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) for the forensic comparison of glass fragments. The potential of these elements to provide the best discrimination among different sources of soda-lime glasses has been published elsewhere (1-5).2 Silicon (Si) is also monitored for use as a normalization standard. Additional elements may be added as needed, for example, tin (Sn) can be used to monitor the orientation of float glass fragments.
1.2 The method only consumes approximately 0.4 µg to 3 µg of glass per replicate and is suitable for the analysis of full thickness samples as well as irregularly shaped fragments as small as 0.1 mm by 0.1 mm by 0.2 mm (6) in dimension. The concentrations of the elements listed above range from the low parts per million (µgg-1) to percent (%) levels in soda-lime glass, the most common type encountered in forensic cases. This standard method can be applied for the quantitative analysis of other glass types; however, some modifications in the reference standard glasses and the element menu may be required.
1.3 This standard is intended for use by competent forensic science practitioners with the requisite formal education, discipline-specific training (see Practice E2917), and demonstrated proficiency to perform forensic casework.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the respo...
- Standard8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The design and configuration of an audio laboratory, as well as the maintenance of equipment, are factors that must be considered to ensure an optimal environment to produce the best results. This guide is intended to provide general guidance for laboratory setup and maintenance.
4.2 This document is not meant to be an all-inclusive guide on how to set up a laboratory; nor does it contain information pertaining to specific commercial products as it relates to computer hardware, forensic, and non-forensic software applications.
4.3 When dealing with equipment and technology outside your area of expertise, consult with an appropriate specialist.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide sets forth recommendations for the creation of a forensic audio laboratory space as well as the configuration, verification, and maintenance of the equipment contained within the lab.
1.2 In designing and configuring an audio laboratory, it is important to consider the acoustical environment/room of the laboratory, as well as climate control. Other than having a viable location for the laboratory, computer hardware and software applications are the most important components of a laboratory.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Guide3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The overarching goals of the forensic analysis of geological materials include (A) identification of an unknown material (see 11.3), (B) analysis of soils, sediments, or rocks to restrict their possible geographic origins as part of a provenance analysis (see 11.4), and (C) comparison of two or more samples to assess if they could have originated from the same source or to exclude a common source based on observation of exclusionary differences (see 11.5). XRD is only one analytical method that can be applied to the evidentiary samples in service of these distinct goals. Guidance for the analysis of forensic geological materials can be found in Refs (2-4).
5.2 Within the analytical scheme of geological materials, XRD analysis is used to: identify the crystalline components within a sample; identify the crystalline components separated from a mixture, typically clay-sized material (see 8.8), or a selected particle class for which additional analysis is needed (see 8.11); or compare two or more samples based on the identified crystalline phases or diffraction patterns (see 11.5).
5.2.1 Non-destructive XRD analysis can be performed in situ on geological material adhering to a substrate (see 8.12.3).
5.2.2 The most common forensic applications of XRD to geological materials are (A) identification or confirmation of a selected phase or fraction of a sample (see 8.12), (B) identification of minerals in the clay-sized fractions of soils (see 8.8), and (C) identification of the phases of the hydrated cement component of concrete or mortar.
5.3 This guide is intended to be used with other methods of analysis (for example, polarized light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, palynology) within a more comprehensive analytical scheme for the forensic analysis or comparison of geological materials.
5.3.1 Comprehensive criteria for forensic comparisons of geological material integrating multiple analytical methods and provenance estimations (see 11.4) are ...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers techniques and procedures for the use of powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) in the forensic analysis of geological materials (to include soils, rocks, sediments, and materials derived from them such as concrete), to enable non-consumptive identification of solid crystalline materials present as single components or multi-component mixtures.
1.2 This guide makes recommendations for the preparation of geological materials for powder XRD analysis with adaptations for samples of limited quantity, instrumental configuration to generate high-quality XRD data, identification of crystalline materials by comparison to published diffraction data, and forensic comparison of XRD patterns from two or more samples of geological materials to support criminal investigations.
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Other units are avoided, in general, but there is a long-standing tradition of expressing X-ray wavelengths and lattice spacing in units of Ångströms (Å). One Ångström = 10–10 meter (m) = 0.1 nanometer (nm).
1.4 This standard is intended for use by competent forensic science practitioners with the requisite formal education, discipline-specific training (see Practice E2917), and demonstrated proficiency to perform forensic casework.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Guide15 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Guide15 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 A training program provides the theoretical foundation and practical skills necessary for a trainee to become a qualified forensic hair examiner.
4.2 A trainee is directly supervised by a qualified examiner throughout their training. At the end of the training program, a successful trainee is capable of forming opinions, presenting and explaining evidence, and understanding the limitations of analytical results and interpretations based upon sound scientific knowledge, validated procedures, and practical experience.
4.3 A trainee is required to meet the minimum training criteria in Practice E2917 and this practice. It is the laboratory management’s responsibility to ensure the selected trainee has the appropriate educational background. It is recommended that, at a minimum, the trainee possess a bachelor’s degree in a natural science.
4.4 This document outlines lessons, practical exercises, and criteria to monitor and evaluate trainee progress and is designed to be incorporated into an overall laboratory training program.
4.5 Additional training beyond that which is listed here should be made available to the trainee. Such training might include off-site courses, internships, and specialized training by experienced examiners. Continuing education and training will provide a forensic examiner the opportunity to remain current in the field.
4.6 Additional analyses can be performed on hairs that have been chemically altered (for example, dyed hair) or have trace materials on the surface (for example, glitter). Such techniques are beyond the scope of this document.
4.7 This practice addresses the benefit of following microscopical examinations with DNA analysis.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers training guidelines for use by forensic laboratory personnel responsible for training forensic examiners that will perform hair examinations, including microscopical comparisons of human hair.
1.2 Forensic hair examiners are trained in accordance with Practice E2917 and the discipline-specific guidelines (Guide E3316) and criteria within this practice.
1.3 This practice contains guidelines that include the tasks, goals, and objectives that allow the trainee to acquire the requisite knowledge, skills, and abilities to independently perform casework in the microscopical examination of hair.
1.4 This practice addresses the correlation between the analytical results of microscopical examinations and the potential for DNA analysis.
1.5 This practice addresses training for the microscopical examination of hairs and not the examination of chemical alterations (for example, hair dye) or trace materials on the surface of hairs (for example, hair care products).
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard15 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard15 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide describes good practices for the collection (5), packaging, and preservation (8.3) of soils in criminal forensic investigations. Some of the information in this guide is demonstrated in its companion video, which is available on-line and is intended as a complementary resource to this guide (6).
4.2 Individual agencies can use this guide to develop agency-specific procedures regarding the collection of soils for forensic applications.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard provides guidance to instruct crime scene professionals in good practices for the documentation, collection, and preservation of soil and other geological evidence for use in criminal investigations. Sampling for environmental geology is outside of its scope. It is designed as a resource for professionals whose job responsibilities include the collection and preservation of soil evidence and for forensic scientists to enable them to advise crime scene investigators.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard is intended for use by competent forensic science practitioners with the requisite formal education, discipline-specific training (see Practice E2917), and demonstrated proficiency to perform forensic casework.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Guide9 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Guide9 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 µ-XRF is a nondestructive qualitative elemental analysis technique used for polymers. It involves excitation of a sample by an X-ray source resulting in the emission of characteristic X-rays detected using an energy dispersive X-ray detector. Results are displayed simultaneously as a spectrum of intensity as a function of energy for elements of atomic number 11 or greater.
4.2 µ-XRF enables the determination of the elemental composition of a specimen and can be utilized for comparisons of components of polymeric materials (for example, tape backings, tape adhesives, paint layers).
4.3 Comparisons of X-ray spectra acquired from polymer samples are conducted for source discrimination or potential association.
4.4 Quantitative processes for µ-XRF analysis are available but are not used for polymer analyses because of the lack of prepared polymer standard reference samples.
4.5 In general, information available from a heterogeneous specimen diminishes as its size is reduced or its condition degrades, which lessens its likelihood of being representative of the source material.
4.6 µ-XRF data collected from polymers is limited to specific information (for example, elements detected, relative elemental abundance); additional analytical procedures are required to further characterize and identify the chemical composition of the polymer sample.
4.7 Limitations of µ-XRF include the inability to detect some elements in trace concentrations, the inability to analyze individual particles, the potential interference related to the penetration depth of the beam relative to the sample thickness, the inability to resolve the peaks of some elements (for example, Ba Lα / Ti Kα), and the potential for discoloration of some materials due to exposure to radiation.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers recommended techniques and procedures intended for use by forensic laboratory personnel that perform µ-XRF analysis of polymer samples.
1.2 This guide describes various techniques and procedures used in the µ-XRF analysis of polymers that include sample handling and preparation, instrument operating conditions, and spectral data collection, evaluation and interpretation.
1.3 This guide describes the application of µ-XRF systems equipped with either mono- or poly- capillary optics and an energy dispersive X-ray detector (EDS).
1.4 This guide is intended to be applied within the scope of a broader analytical scheme (for example, Guide E1610, Guide E3260) for the forensic analysis of a polymer sample (1-6).2 A µ-XRF analysis can provide additional information regarding the potential relationships between the sources of polymeric materials.
1.5 The fundamental aspects of the composition and manufacture of polymeric materials or theory of X-ray fluorescence can be found in various texts (7-18).
1.6 This standard is intended for use by competent forensic science practitioners with the requisite formal education, discipline-specific training (see Practices E2917, E3233, E3234), and demonstrated proficiency to perform forensic casework.
1.7 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Guide6 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Guide6 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Color is an easily observable characteristic of soils and is integral to the taxonomic classifications of soils (6-8); factors including parent material, hydrology, vegetation, and extent of soil weathering, can affect soil color, making color a valuable diagnostic tool for forensic examination purposes.
4.2 Soil color is sufficiently variable among soils to be used for differentiation of many soils in forensic examinations (9, 10) (see Section 6 for the test method for color determination and comparison criteria) as determined by visual characterization in the Munsell color system.
4.3 Instrumental techniques are suitable for color determination of soil evidence but are not covered within this practice.
4.4 Color determinations of soil samples are also used within soil provenance assessments to provide investigative leads or aid in searches. Interpretation of soil color for soil provenance is case-specific and beyond the scope of this practice, but the methods of color determination (6.5.1 to 6.5.2) and documentation (6.7) described here should be applied to soil color within soil provenance cases.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers visual color determination of soil/geologic material within the context of a forensic examination and is intended for use by laboratory personnel.
1.1.1 This practice recommends use of soil color for: the initial screening of soil samples in forensic casework, prioritization of known soil exemplars for detailed analysis, and includes a test method for color determination in the Munsell color system and comparison among samples.
1.2 Units—Units in the Munsell color system are used throughout this document.
1.3 This practice is intended for use by competent forensic science practitioners with the requisite formal education, discipline-specific training (see Practice E2917), and demonstrated proficiency to perform forensic casework.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 TLC is an inexpensive and simple technique that could be used to complement other analytical techniques within a general analytical scheme related to forensic fiber examination.
5.2 Consider the forensic analysis of fiber colorants using TLC for single fiber comparisons only when the sample size is adequate (that is, enough colorant can be extracted for analysis) and it is not possible to discriminate between the fibers of interest using other techniques, such as comparison microscopy and MSP. Larger fibrous units (for example, thread or tuft) can be treated as an individual sample if determined to be homogeneous. Do not treat fibers that cannot be directly related to each other as a collective sample for the purposes of TLC.
5.3 The extraction procedures carried out prior to TLC analysis can provide useful information about dye classification. TLC can provide qualitative information about dye components. Similar colors made up of different dye components can be differentiated using this technique. The application of TLC may serve to discriminate between fibers or it may support the possibility of fibers sharing a common source.
5.4 TLC can be prohibitively difficult or undesirable in some circumstances. Short lengths of fibers or pale-colored fibers can lack adequate amounts of colorant necessary to be examined by TLC. Dye extraction from some fibers can be impossible (2, 3). Some fiber types do not truly extract, but change or lose color. Reactive dyes are covalently bonded to the fiber and typically cannot be removed by conventional extraction methods, but can be released from cotton and wool by disrupting the fiber by enzymatic or chemical digestion, respectively (1). The desire to preserve evidence from deleterious change or for possible analysis by another examiner can preclude removing the color or employing a destructive method for analysis.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended as an overview of the Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) of fiber colorants (or individual dye components) present in dyed fibers. It is intended to be applied within the scope of a broader analytical scheme for the forensic analysis of fiber samples. TLC could provide information that cannot be obtained through other color analyses (such as microspectrophotometry (MSP)) (1).2
1.2 This standard is intended for use by competent forensic science practitioners with the requisite formal education, discipline-specific training (see Practice E2917), and demonstrated proficiency to perform forensic casework (see Practice E3255).
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Guide10 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide is designed to assist an examiner in the selection of appropriate sample preparation methods for the analysis, comparison, and identification of fibers using IR spectroscopy. IR spectroscopy can provide additional compositional information than is obtained using polarized light microscopy alone. The extent to which IR spectral comparison is conducted will vary with specific sample and case evaluations.
5.2 IR analysis should follow visible and fluorescence comparison microscopy, polarized light microscopy, and ultraviolet (UV)/visible spectroscopy. If no exclusionary differences are noted between the known and unknown samples in optical properties, then proceed to IR spectroscopy as the next step in the analytical scheme, as applicable.
Note 1: IR analysis generally follows the aforementioned techniques since sample preparation (for example, flattening) irreversibly changes fiber morphology.
5.3 IR spectroscopy should be conducted before dye extraction for chromatography due to the semi-destructive nature of the extraction technique. Because of the large number of sub-generic classes, forensic examination of acrylic and modacrylic fibers is likely to benefit significantly from IR spectral analysis (5). Useful distinctions between subtypes of nylon and polyester fibers can also be made by IR spectroscopy.
5.4 IR spectroscopy can provide molecular information regarding major organic and inorganic components. Components in lesser amounts are typically more difficult to identify. Reasons for this include interference of the absorption bands of the major components with the less-intense bands of minor components, and sensitivity issues whereby the minor components are present at concentrations below the detection limits of the instrument.
5.5 Fiber samples are prepared and mounted for microscopical IR analysis by a variety of techniques. IR spectra of fibers are obtained using an IR spectrometer coupled with an IR microscope, ATR, or diamond...
SCOPE
1.1 Infrared (IR) spectroscopy is a valuable method of fiber polymer identification and comparison in forensic examinations. The use of IR microscopes, coupled with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers, has greatly simplified the IR analysis of single fibers, thus making the technique feasible for routine use in the forensic laboratory. This guide provides basic recommendations and information about IR spectrometers and accessories, with an emphasis on sampling techniques specific to fiber examinations. The particular method(s) employed by each examiner or laboratory will depend upon available equipment, examiner training, sample suitability, and sample size.
1.2 This guide is intended for examiners with a basic knowledge of the theory and practice of IR spectroscopy, as well as experience in the handling and forensic examination of fibers. In addition, this guide is to be used in conjunction with a broader analytical scheme.
1.3 If polymer identification is not readily apparent from optical data alone, an additional method of analysis, such as microchemical tests, melting point, IR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, or pyrolysis gas chromatography, should be used. An advantage of IR spectroscopy is that the instrumentation is readily available in most forensic laboratories and the technique is minimally destructive.
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard is intended for use by competent forensic science practitioners with the requisite formal education, discipline-specific training (see Practice E2917), and demonstrated proficiency to perform forensic casework.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practice...
- Guide6 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The construction, composition, and color of textiles contain useful comparative characteristics for forensic examinations. Textiles are observed in a variety of constructions: woven, knit, nonwoven, or in combination. The range of colors in which textiles are offered in the marketplace is vast and constantly changing due to styles and seasons.
5.2 A complete characterization of the fabrics, including their construction, and other materials used in the assemblage of a textile (for example, sewing thread) is a critical component of a comprehensive forensic fabric or cordage examination.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended to assist individuals and laboratories that conduct examinations of fabrics and cordage for the purposes of analyzing and comparing types of fabric, cordage and damage. A complete characterization of the fabrics, including their construction and other materials used in the assemblage of a textile (for example, sewing thread), is a critical component of a comprehensive forensic fabric or cordage examination.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard is intended for use by competent forensic science practitioners with the requisite formal education, discipline-specific training (see Practice E2917), and demonstrated proficiency to perform forensic case work
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Guide6 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Guide6 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 A microscopical hair examination is conducted to determine if the item is a hair; from a human; from a particular somatic region; characteristic of a broad geographically-assigned ancestral group; characteristic of a particular growth phase; damaged; symptomatic of disease, condition, or disorder; forcibly removed; chemically altered (for example, dyed or bleached); suitable for microscopical comparison; suitable for DNA analysis; and similar to or different from a known sample (4-9).
4.2 Most often, hairs from the head and pubic regions of the body are used for microscopical comparisons. There is usually more interpersonal variability in the characteristics of head and pubic hairs than in the hairs from other somatic regions. Head hairs usually show more interpersonal variation than pubic hairs. Hairs from other somatic regions may also be compared, but these comparisons are usually limited and less frequently conducted. Accordingly, this guide primarily considers human head and pubic hair comparisons.
4.3 Microscopical hair comparisons are not a means of individualization (10). This limitation is to be stated in any communication (for example, reports, testimony) when an association is reported.
4.4 Additional analyses can be performed on hairs that have been chemically altered (for example, dyed hair) or have trace materials on the surface (for example, glitter). Such techniques are beyond the scope of this document.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers procedures used by forensic laboratory personnel in the forensic examination of hair by microscopy, including microscopical comparisons and classification of hair samples.
1.2 This guide addresses instrument setup, hair collection, sample handling techniques, and the use of various microscopes in the examination and comparison of hair.
1.3 This guide addresses the benefit of following microscopical examinations with DNA analysis.
1.4 This standard is intended for use by competent forensic science practitioners with the requisite formal education, discipline-specific training (see Practice E2917), and demonstrated proficiency to perform forensic casework.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Guide9 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This CEN Workshop Agreement (CWA) focuses on the Personnel, Tools, Processes and Legal and Ethical framework specific for mobile forensics and including the following topics:
a) Competencies;
b) device seizure;
c) data preservation;
d) data acquisition;
e) data examination and analysis;
f) documentation of all investigation steps;
g) reporting;
h) evaluation and sharing of information with other LEAs; and
i) legal and ethical considerations.
In addition to the process-related issues, the document covers requirements for new curriculum for training of LEA officers, security practitioners and criminal prosecution experts to ensure that the evidence from mobile devices is court-approved across national borders.
It is recognised that national laws and good practices applied at LEAs vary not only between different European countries but also within these countries. This CWA offers a collection of building blocks covering different aspects of mobile forensics allowing for adjustments based on national laws and regulations as well as internal rules and codes of conduct. It allows LEAs from different countries to accommodate their available technical solutions, at the same time offering a standardised collection of procedures and requirements.
It should be explicitly stated that it is not possible to cover all the possible related topics for mobile forensics. Detailed subject matters and specialisms such as Cloud Forensics, Cell Site Analysis, Interception of Communications are excluded. Similarly, the rules and regulations about chain of custody in general, plus guidance for transmission of evidence across national boundaries are excluded from this standards document.
- Standardization document66 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
- Technical report66 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This CEN Workshop Agreement (CWA) focuses on the Personnel, Tools, Processes and Legal and Ethical framework specific for mobile forensics and including the following topics:
a) Competencies;
b) device seizure;
c) data preservation;
d) data acquisition;
e) data examination and analysis;
f) documentation of all investigation steps;
g) reporting;
h) evaluation and sharing of information with other LEAs; and
i) legal and ethical considerations.
In addition to the process-related issues, the document covers requirements for new curriculum for training of LEA officers, security practitioners and criminal prosecution experts to ensure that the evidence from mobile devices is court-approved across national borders.
It is recognised that national laws and good practices applied at LEAs vary not only between different European countries but also within these countries. This CWA offers a collection of building blocks covering different aspects of mobile forensics allowing for adjustments based on national laws and regulations as well as internal rules and codes of conduct. It allows LEAs from different countries to accommodate their available technical solutions, at the same time offering a standardised collection of procedures and requirements.
It should be explicitly stated that it is not possible to cover all the possible related topics for mobile forensics. Detailed subject matters and specialisms such as Cloud Forensics, Cell Site Analysis, Interception of Communications are excluded. Similarly, the rules and regulations about chain of custody in general, plus guidance for transmission of evidence across national boundaries are excluded from this standards document.
- Standardization document66 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
- Technical report66 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is intended to advise and assist the analyst in the preparation of polymer samples (for example, paint and tape) for SEM/EDS, the collection of data by SEM/EDS, and the interpretation of images and data resulting from these analyses.
4.2 When polymers are constructed as layered materials, SEM/EDS analysis is conducted on each polymeric layer individually. This analysis can be hindered by a non-discernable layer structure (for example, smear, irregular segregation within the layer system).
4.3 SEM-EDS data can be useful in:
4.3.1 Layer Elucidation—SEM images provide insight into the layer structure of a sample.
4.3.2 Texture Elucidation—SEM images and elemental maps provide insight into the texture (for example, surface topography, distribution of inclusions).
4.3.3 Element Identification—Determination of the elements detected in a sample layer.
4.3.4 Relative Elemental Abundance Determination—An EDS spectrum permits the relative abundance of elements in samples to be compared.
4.4 In the context of a forensic polymer comparison, the evaluation of SEM/EDS results are intended to provide insight into the following forensic tasks:
4.4.1 Comparison of structure, texture, and elemental data.
4.4.2 Support for results from other instruments (for example, the presence of calcium, oxygen, and carbon in the EDS spectrum obtained from discrete particles indicates the presence of calcium carbonate as observed in an infrared spectrum). Refer to Guides E2937 and E3085 for further details.
4.4.3 Significance of results given the presence of certain elements, layer structures, or textures.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers recommended techniques and procedures intended for use by forensic laboratory personnel that perform SEM/EDS analyses on polymer samples.
1.2 This guide describes various techniques and procedures used in the SEM/EDS analysis of polymers that include sample handling and preparation, instrument operating conditions, and spectral data collection, evaluation and interpretation.
1.3 The theoretical aspects of many of the topics presented can be found in texts such as Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-ray Microanalysis (1).2
1.4 This guide is intended to be applied within the scope of a broader analytical scheme (for example, Guides E1610, E3260) for the forensic analysis of a polymer sample. An SEM/EDS analysis can provide additional information regarding the potential relationships between the sources of polymeric materials.
1.5 This guide is intended for use by competent forensic science practitioners with the requisite formal education, discipline-specific training (see Practices E2917, E3233, and E3234), and demonstrated proficiency to perform forensic casework.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Other units of measurement are included in this standard where applicable as a result of common usage (for example, keV).
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Guide8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Guide8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide provides guidance in the selection of appropriate sample preparation methods and instrumental parameters for the analysis, comparison, or identification of various polymeric materials by PGC and PGC/MS.
4.1.1 PGC/MS can differentiate between classes of fibers (for example, acrylic, polyester, nylon) and within classes of fibers (for example, acrylics) (1-3).5
4.1.2 Paint binders are differentiated based upon the variety of monomers used in paint formulations which could be difficult to identify by other analytical techniques. In addition, some additives can be detected or identified.
4.1.3 Differentiation can be achieved by the separation and identification of organic components in the adhesive portion of tapes (4, 5) and in the backings of electrical tapes (6).
4.1.4 PGC/MS can provide additional discrimination for other types of polymers such as automotive lenses, automotive body fillers, cosmetics, plastics, and rubbers (7-9).
4.2 Pyrolysis breaks a large molecule into many smaller molecules in a reproducible fashion through the breaking of bonds by means of the application of thermal energy. Analytical pyrolysis is used to provide chemical information on organic-containing solids that cannot be dissolved or otherwise introduced into a chromatographic system. It is also used to analyze and compare solvents bound in a solid material (such as tape adhesives) (10). When analyzed using a separation technique such as gas chromatography, the smaller molecules produced through the action of pyrolysis form a pattern of separated fragments. Mass and structural information indicative of the original molecule are also available when a mass spectral detector is used.
4.3 Although a destructive method, and therefore often placed at the end of an analytical scheme, the pyrograms produced from different polymer compositions form characteristic patterns that are useful for both identification of polymer type and comparisons between samples (4, 6...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers information and recommendations for the selection and application of various PGC and PGC/MS procedures and methods in the forensic examination of polymeric materials (for example, fibers, paint, tape). PGC and PGC/MS methods are used for the identification and comparison of the organic components of these materials. Refer to Practice D3452 for further information on the preparation of the pyrolysis system for polymeric analyses.
1.2 This guide is to be used in conjunction with a broader analytical scheme such as Guides E1610 or E3260, or the SWGMAT Forensic Fiber Examination Guidelines.
1.3 This standard is intended for use by competent forensic science practitioners with the requisite formal education, discipline-specific training (see Practices E2917, E3233, E3234), and demonstrated proficiency to perform forensic casework.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Guide6 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Processed images are used for many purposes by the forensic science community. They can yield information not readily apparent in the original image, which can assist an expert in drawing a conclusion that might not otherwise be reached.
5.2 This guide addresses image processing and related legal considerations in the following three categories:
5.2.1 Image enhancement,
5.2.2 Image restoration, and
5.2.3 Image compression.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides digital image processing guidelines to ensure the production of quality forensic imagery for use as evidence in a court of law.
1.2 This guide briefly describes advantages, disadvantages, and potential limitations of each major process.
1.3 This standard cannot replace knowledge, skills, or abilities acquired through education, training, and experience, and is to be used in conjunction with professional judgment by individuals with such discipline-specific knowledge, skills, and abilities.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Guide6 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Guide6 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide is designed to assist an analyst in the selection of appropriate sample preparation methods and instrumental parameters for the analysis and comparison of paint pigments and colors. When used for comparison purposes, the goal is to determine whether any exclusionary differences exist between the samples.
5.2 Paint sample spectra can be measured by reflectance or transmittance spectroscopy for comparison purposes. Transmittance measurements are generally preferred and are required for the analysis of UV absorbers in clear coats and the detailed analysis of effect pigments that are not opaque. Emission comparison by means of fluorescence is also measurable.
5.3 It is not the intention of this guide to present comprehensive theories and methods of MSP. It is necessary that the analyst have an understanding of UV-Vis-NIR MSP and general concepts of specimen preparation before using this guide. This information is available from manufacturers’ reference materials, training courses, and references such as Eyring (1),3 Stoecklein (2), and Purcell (3).
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended to assist forensic analysts who conduct UV, visible, NIR, or fluorescence emission spectral analyses on small fragments of paint or use Guide E1610, as this guide is to be used in conjunction with a broader analytical scheme.
1.2 This guide deals primarily with color measurements within the visible spectral range but will also include some details concerning measurements in the UV and NIR spectral ranges. The particular method(s) employed by each analyst depends upon available equipment, examiner training (Practices E2917, E3234), sample suitability, and sample size.
1.3 This guide provides basic recommendations and information about microspectrophotometers.
1.4 This guide does not address other areas of color evaluation such as colorimetric values, paint surface texture or pigment particle size, shape, or dispersion within a paint film that are evaluated by other forms of microscopy.
1.5 This guide is directed at the color analysis of commercially prepared paints and coatings. It does not address the analysis or determination of provenance of artistic, historical, or restorative paints, but it could be useful in those fields.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.7 This standard is intended for use by competent forensic science practitioners with the requisite formal education, discipline-specific training (see Practices E2917, E3234), and demonstrated proficiency to perform forensic casework.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Guide8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Guide8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is designed to be used by forensic service providers when issuing final reports on pGSR analyses by SEM/EDS.
4.2 This guide is intended to be used in conjunction with Practice E1588, Practice E620, and the SWGGSR Guide.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes the contents of a formal, written technical report expressing the results and interpretation of pGSR particle analysis by SEM/EDS by forensic service providers.
1.2 This guide is intended for use by competent forensic science practitioners with the requisite formal education, discipline-specific training (see Practices E2917), and demonstrated proficiency to perform forensic casework.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Guide7 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
6.1 This guide is designed to assist the forensic tape examiner in selecting and organizing an analytical scheme for the analysis, comparison, and identification of tapes. The size and condition of the sample(s) influences the choice of analytical scheme. The evaluation and interpretation of the data for each technique is an important part of an analytical scheme but it is outside the scope of this guide. These will be addressed in other ASTM standards.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended as an introduction to other standard guides for the forensic examination of pressure sensitive adhesive tape. It is intended to assist individuals who conduct forensic tape analyses in their evaluation, selection, and application of tests that can be of value to their examinations. This guide describes the construction and classification of various tapes and the methods to develop discriminatory information using an efficient order of testing. This standard provides an overview and guidance on the strengths and limitations of various techniques used in the analysis and comparison of pressure sensitive adhesive tapes. The goal is to provide a consistent approach to forensic tape analysis.
1.2 The forensic tape examiner addresses concerns such as sample size, complexity and condition of the sample, environmental effects, collection and packaging methods, and case/investigation specific issues. These factors require that the forensic tape examiner choose test methods, sample preparation schemes, testing sequences, and degree of sample alteration and consumption that are suitable to each specific case.
1.3 This standard is intended for use by competent forensic science practitioners with the requisite formal education, discipline-specific training (see Practice E2917, Practice E3233), and demonstrated proficiency to perform forensic casework.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Other units of measurement are included in this standard as applicable to industrial usage.
1.5 Some of the methods discussed in this guide involve the use of chemicals, temperatures, and radiation sources. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Guide11 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These are minimum standards of quality assurance applicable to forensic science service providers performing forensic chemical analysis on evidence.
4.2 This practice is to be used by forensic science practitioners performing chemical analysis on evidence and reinforced by forensic science service provider management.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice discusses procedures for quality assurance of forensic science service providers performing forensic chemical analysis. This practice provides a framework of quality in the processing of evidence, including: maintaining a quality management system; personnel duties, qualifications, training, and education; facility considerations; evidence handling; analytical procedures; instrument and equipment performance; chemicals and reagents; casework documentation and reporting; proficiency and competency testing; method validation and verification; audits; deficiency of analysis; and documentation requirements. Annex A1 – Annex A3 provide additional procedures that are discipline-specific.
1.2 This practice cannot replace knowledge, skills, or abilities acquired through appropriate education, training, and experience (see Practice E2917), and is to be used in conjunction with professional judgment by individuals with such discipline-specific knowledge, skills, and abilities.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document defines the terms used to describe the distinctive characteristics of an individual's mouth by dentists and forensic dental experts. These terms are organized by concepts based on a forensic approach to the characteristics of a mouth, with many concepts specific to the identification domain that are not defined elsewhere in ISO dentistry vocabularies (e.g. "present tooth").
The hierarchical structure of this document is designed to describe attributes of a tooth, the mouth and a prosthesis/orthosis with increasing levels of discriminative characteristics (e.g. material characteristics, restored tooth surface) and the possibility to connect any level of description of an attribute with the most comprehensive concept.
This document is intended to be used for data exchange between antemortem and postmortem files and remove ambiguity on the terms used to describe an individual's mouth.
This document is intended to be used in conjunction with ISO 1942 and ISO 3950.
- Standard63 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies requirements for the forensic process focusing on recognition, recording, collection, transport and storage of items of potential forensic value. It includes requirements for the assessment and examination of scenes but is also applicable to activities that occur within the facility. This document also includes quality requirements.
This document is not applicable to procedures for the recovery of data from digital storage media which is covered by ISO/IEC 27037. However, the storage medium itself can yield additional items of forensic value (e.g. fingerprints or DNA).
Annex D shows the applicability of this document to the forensic process.
- Standard21 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies requirements for the forensic process focusing on recognition, recording, collection, transport and storage of items of potential forensic value. It includes requirements for the assessment and examination of scenes but is also applicable to activities that occur within the facility. This document also includes quality requirements.
This document is not applicable to procedures for the recovery of data from digital storage media which is covered by ISO/IEC 27037. However, the storage medium itself can yield additional items of forensic value (e.g. fingerprints or DNA).
Annex D shows the applicability of this document to the forensic process.
- Standard21 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The procedures outlined herein are grounded in the generally accepted body of knowledge and experience in the field of forensic paint examination and comparison.
3.2 With successful completion of this paint analysis training program, the trainee gains the theoretical knowledge and practical skills necessary to perform, document, and evaluate forensic paint examinations and comparisons.
3.3 This training practice covers a variety of instrumental methods which can be used in the analysis of paint. Not all laboratories will have access to all of the instrumentation. It is expected that a paint analysis training program will include all the techniques that are found within a laboratory's procedures for the forensic examination of paint.
3.3.1 Instrumental methods that provide organic and inorganic analysis capabilities are utilized in the laboratory training program. Examples include Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, pyrolysis gas chromatography (PGC), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and X-ray diffraction (XRD).
SCOPE
1.1 This document is intended as a practice for use by laboratory personnel responsible for training examiners to perform forensic examinations and comparisons of paint. It contains a list of training objectives with recommended methods of instruction, reading assignments and structured exercises to provide practical experience for the trainee.
1.1.1 The trainees and training program shall meet or exceed the minimum training requirements set forth in Practice E2917.
1.1.2 Additional training could be required for a particular method or instrument referred to herein. The application of analytical techniques to paint analysis assumes the trainee is already competent in the use of each particular analytical technique or instrumental method.
1.1.3 Other sources of information on forensic paint examination not specifically mentioned in this document can be considered and added.
1.1.4 Additional paint analysis training beyond that which is listed here should be made available to the trainee. Such training could include off-site courses, internships, and specialized training by experienced examiners.
1.1.5 Continuing education and training is recommended. Additional training provides a forensic paint examiner with the opportunity to remain current in the field.
1.1.6 Paint samples occasionally are evaluated for physical matches of broken edges. This document does not provide training requirements for physical match comparisons. Additional training is required to conduct this type of analysis.
1.2 This practice is in a modular format for easy adaptation to an individual laboratory’s training program. Recommendations as to lessons, practical exercises, progress monitoring, and trainee evaluations are included. Reading assignments are listed in each subsequent section of this practice; full citations are available in the References section.
1.3 A paint analysis training program provides a theoretical foundation and basic practical skills necessary to prepare a trainee to become a qualified forensic paint examiner. At the end of the paint analysis training program, the trainee is capable of forming opinions based upon sound scientific knowledge, appropriate examinations, and practical experience. The trainee also is able to independently work cases, write reports, testify in court, and peer review cases. Upon completion of the program by a trainee or at some regular interval (for example, once per accreditation cycle), the training program should be evaluated for its efficacy and relevance according to the guidance set forth in Practice E2917.
1.4 This standard practice does not address human factors (for example, cognitive bias). It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to address human factors during the initial or general training of...
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The procedures outlined herein are grounded in the generally accepted body of knowledge and experience in the field of forensic tape examination and comparison.
3.2 With successful completion of this tape analysis training program, the trainee gains the theoretical knowledge and practical skills necessary to perform, document, and evaluate forensic tape examinations and comparisons.
3.3 This training practice covers a variety of instrumental methods which can be used in the analysis of tape. Not all laboratories will have access to all of the instrumentation. It is expected that a tape analysis training program will include all the techniques that are found within a laboratory’s procedures for the forensic examination of tape.
3.3.1 Instrumental methods that provide organic and inorganic analysis capabilities are utilized in the laboratory training program. Examples include Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, pyrolysis gas chromatography (PGC), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), or X-ray diffraction (XRD).
SCOPE
1.1 This standard is intended as a practice for use by laboratory personnel responsible for training examiners to perform forensic examinations and comparisons on pressure sensitive tapes and adhesives. It contains a list of training objectives with recommended methods of instruction, reading assignments and structured exercises to provide practical experience for the trainee.
1.1.1 The trainees and training program shall meet or exceed the minimum training requirements set forth in Practice E2917.
1.1.2 Additional training could be required for a particular method or instrument referred to herein. The application of analytical techniques to tape analysis assumes the trainee is already competent in the use of each particular analytical technique or instrumental method.
1.1.3 Other sources of information on forensic tape examination not specifically mentioned in this document can be considered and added.
1.1.4 Additional tape analysis training beyond that which is listed here should be made available to the trainee. Such training could include off-site courses, internships, and specialized training by experienced examiners.
1.1.5 Continuing education and training is recommended. Additional training provides a forensic tape examiner with the opportunity to remain current in the field.
1.1.6 Tape samples are evaluated for physical matches of the cut or torn end pieces. This practice does not provide training requirements for physical match comparisons. Additional training is required to conduct this type of analysis.
1.2 This practice is in a modular format for easy adaptation to an individual laboratory’s training program. Recommendations as to lessons, practical exercises, progress monitoring, and trainee evaluations are included. Reading assignments are listed in each subsequent section of this practice; full citations are available in the References section.
1.3 A tape analysis training program provides a theoretical foundation and basic practical skills necessary to prepare a trainee to become a qualified forensic tape examiner. At the end of the tape analysis training program, the trainee is capable of forming opinions based upon sound scientific knowledge, appropriate examinations, and practical experience. The trainee also is able to independently work cases, write reports, testify in court, and peer review cases. Upon completion of the program by a trainee or at some regular interval (for example, once per accreditation cycle), the training program should be evaluated for its efficacy and relevance according to the guidance set forth in Practice E2917.
1.4 This practice does not address human factors (for example, cognitive bias). It is the responsibility of the user of this practice to address human factors during the initial or general t...
- Standard9 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This technique is destructive, in that the glass fragments may need to be crushed, and digested in acid.
4.2 Although the concentration ranges of the calibration curves shown in Appendix X1 are applicable to soda lime and borosilicate glass, this method is useful for the accurate measurement of element concentrations from a wide variety of glass samples.
4.3 The determination of the element concentrations in glass yields data that can be used to compare fragments.
4.4 It should be recognized that the method measures the bulk concentration of the target elements. Any extraneous material present on the glass that is not removed before digestion can result in inaccurate concentrations of the measured elements.
4.5 The precision and accuracy of the method should be established in each laboratory that employs the method.
SCOPE
1.1 One objective of a forensic glass examination is to compare glass samples to determine if they can be discriminated using their physical, optical or chemical properties (for example, color, refractive index (RI), density, elemental composition). If the samples are distinguishable in any of these observed and measured properties, it may be concluded that they did not originate from the same source of broken glass. If the samples are indistinguishable in all of these observed and measured properties, the possibility that they originated from the same source of glass cannot be eliminated. The use of an elemental analysis method such as inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry yields high discrimination among sources of glass. (1-16)2
1.2 This test method covers a procedure for quantitative determination of the concentrations of magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), titanium (Ti), manganese (Mn), rubidium (Rb), strontium (Sr), zirconium (Zr), barium (Ba), lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), neodymium (Nd), samarium (Sm), and lead (Pb) in glass samples.
1.3 This procedure is applicable to irregularly shaped samples as small as 200 micrograms, for the comparison of fragments of a known source to the recovered fragments from a questioned source. These elements are present in soda lime and borosilicate glass in μg/L to % levels.
1.4 This procedure is applicable to other elements, other types of glass, and other concentration ranges with appropriate modifications of the digestion procedure (if needed for full recovery of the additional elements), calibration standards and the mass spectrometer conditions. Calcium and potassium, for example, could be added to the list of analytes in a modified analysis scheme. Alternative methods for the determination of concentrations of elements in glass are listed in the references.
1.5 For any given glass, approximately 40 elements are likely to be present at detectable concentrations using this procedure with minor modifications. The element set stated here is an example of some of these elements that can be detected in glass and used for forensic comparisons.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.7 This standard cannot replace knowledge, skills, or abilities acquired through education, training, and experience and is to be used in conjunction with professional judgment by individuals with such discipline-specific knowledge, skills, and abilities.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organiz...
- Standard7 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard7 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This technique involves a chemical-precipitation reaction between methamphetamine or amphetamine and the precipitating reagent. The habit and the aggregation of the crystals formed could be used to distinguish methamphetamine and amphetamine from other drugs, as well as from each other.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes procedures applicable to the analysis of methamphetamine and amphetamine using microcrystal tests (1-6).2
1.2 These procedures are applicable to methamphetamine and amphetamine, which are present in solid dosage form or an injectable liquid form. These procedures are not typically applicable to the analysis of methamphetamine and amphetamine in biological samples.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 These procedures could generate observations indicating a positive test for methamphetamine or amphetamine which could be incorporated into the analytical scheme as defined by the laboratory.
1.5 This standard cannot replace knowledge, skills, or abilities acquired through appropriate education, training, and experience (see Practice E2326) and is to be used in conjunction with sound professional judgment by individuals with such discipline-specific knowledge, skills, and abilities.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard5 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard5 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies requirements for the forensic process focusing on recognition, recording, collection, transport and storage of items of potential forensic value. It includes requirements for the assessment and examination of scenes but is also applicable to activities that occur within the facility. This document also includes quality requirements. This document is not applicable to procedures for the recovery of data from digital storage media which is covered by ISO/IEC 27037. However, the storage medium itself can yield additional items of forensic value (e.g. fingerprints or DNA). Annex D shows the applicability of this document to the forensic process.
- Standard13 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard14 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document defines terms used in the ISO 21043 series of standards.
- Standard5 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard5 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Digital and multimedia evidence forensics is a complex field that is heavily reliant on algorithms that are embedded in automated tools and used to process evidence. Weaknesses or errors in these algorithms, tools, and processes can potentially lead to incorrect findings. Indeed, errors have occurred in a variety of contexts, demonstrating the need for more scientific rigor in digital and multimedia evidence forensics. This guide proposes a disciplined approach to mitigating potential errors in evidence processing to reduce the risk of inaccuracies, oversights, or misinterpretations in digital and multimedia evidence forensics. This approach provides a scientific basis for confidence in digital and multimedia evidence forensic results.
3.2 Error rates are used across the sciences to characterize the likelihood that a given result is correct. The goal is to explain to the reader (or receiver of the result) the confidence the provider of the result has that it is correct. Many forensic disciplines use error rates as a part of how they communicate their results. Similarly, digital and multimedia evidence forensics needs to communicate how and why there is confidence in the results. Because of intrinsic difference between the biological and chemical sciences and computer science, it is necessary to go beyond error rates. One difference between chemistry and computer science is that digital technology is constantly changing and individuals put their computers to unique uses, making it infeasible to develop a representative sample to use for error rate calculations. Furthermore, a digital and multimedia evidence forensic method may work well in one environment but fail completely in a different environment.
3.3 This guide provides a disciplined and structured approach for addressing and explaining potential errors and error rates associated with the use of digital and multimedia evidence forensic tools/processes in any given environment. This approach to establi...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides a process for recognizing and describing both errors and limitations associated with tools, techniques, and methods used to support digital and multimedia evidence forensics. This is accomplished by explaining how the concepts of errors and error rates should be addressed in digital and multimedia evidence forensics. It is important for practitioners and stakeholders to understand that digital and multimedia evidence forensic techniques and tools have known limitations, but those limitations have differences from errors and error rates in other forensic disciplines. This guide proposes that confidence in digital and multimedia evidence forensic results is best achieved by using an error mitigation analysis approach that focuses on recognizing potential sources of error and then applying techniques used to mitigate them, including trained and competent personnel using tested and validated methods and practices. Sources of error not directly related to tool usage are beyond the scope of this guide.
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Guide11 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Guide11 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is intended as a foundation for other E58 Committee standards that are focused on specific technical disciplines, for example Guide E2292.
4.2 The emphasis of this guide is on the practice of forensic engineering in the United States, though elements of practice in other countries may be similar. Commercial use of the terms “engineer” and “engineering” are regulated by state and federal law; this document uses these terms only to describe a technical discipline, and not to confer title or status. Courts may decide that individuals with qualifications other than those described herein can testify as experts in forensic engineering.
4.3 Certain forensic engineering investigations of incidents and claims may be related to the behavior or condition of one or more physical systems, or the manner in which they were used. These investigations may also be related to compliance inspections, subrogation, litigation, and other activities. It is important to note that some incidents may be considered alleged, particularly when objective proof of their occurrence is not apparent.
4.4 Suggested additional readings are listed in Appendix X1.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides an introductory reference to the professional practice of forensic engineering, and discusses the typical roles and qualifications of practitioners.
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Guide4 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Guide4 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
6.1 This guide is designed to assist the forensic paint examiner in selecting and organizing an analytical scheme for identifying and comparing paints and coatings. The size and condition of the sample(s) will influence the selected analytical scheme.
SCOPE
1.1 Forensic paint analyses and comparisons are typically distinguished by sample size that precludes the application of many standard industrial paint analysis procedures or protocols. The forensic paint examiner must address concerns such as the issues of a case or investigation, sample size, complexity and condition, environmental effects, and collection methods. These factors require that the forensic paint examiner choose test methods, sample preparation schemes, test sequence, and degree of sample alteration and consumption that are suitable to each specific case.
1.2 This guide is intended as an introduction to standard guides for forensic examination of paints and coatings. It is intended to assist individuals who conduct forensic paint analyses in their evaluation, selection, and application of tests that can be of value to their investigations. This guide describes methods to develop discriminatory information using an efficient and reasonable order of testing. The need for validated methods and quality assurance guidelines is also addressed. This document is not intended as a detailed methods description or rigid scheme for the analysis and comparison of paints, but as a guide to the strengths and limitations of each analytical method. The goal is to provide a consistent approach to forensic paint analysis.
1.3 This guide cannot replace knowledge, skill, or ability acquired through appropriate education, training, and experience and should be used in conjunction with sound professional judgment.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 Some of the methods discussed in this guide involve the use of dangerous chemicals, temperatures, and radiation sources. This guide does not purport to address the possible safety hazards or precautions associated with its application. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Guide12 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Guide12 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 FTIR spectroscopy can be employed for the classification of paint binder types and pigments as well as for the comparison of spectra from known and questioned coatings. When used for comparison purposes, the goal of the forensic examiner is to determine whether any meaningful differences exist between the known and questioned samples.
5.2 This guide is designed to assist an examiner in the selection of appropriate sample preparation methods and instrumental parameters for the analysis, comparison or identification of paint binders and pigments.
5.3 It is not the intent of this guide to present comprehensive theories and methods of FTIR spectroscopy. It is necessary that the examiner have an understanding of FTIR and general concepts of specimen preparation prior to using this guide. This information is available from manufacturers’ reference materials, training courses, and references such as: Forensic Applications of Infrared Spectroscopy (Suzuki, 1993) (4), Infrared Microspectroscopy of Forensic Paint Evidence (Ryland, 1995) (5), Use of Infrared Spectroscopy for the Characterization of Paint Fragments (Beveridge, 2001) (6), and An Infrared Spectroscopy Atlas for the Coatings Industry (2).
SCOPE
1.1 This guide applies to the forensic IR analysis of paints and coatings and is intended to supplement information presented in the Forensic Paint Analysis and Comparison Guidelines (1)2 written by Scientific Working Group on Materials Analysis (SWGMAT). This guideline is limited to the discussion of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) instruments and provides information on FTIR instrument setup, performance assessment, sample preparation, analysis and data interpretation. It is intended to provide an understanding of the requirements, benefits, limitations and proper use of IR accessories and sampling methods available for use by forensic paint examiners. The following accessory techniques will be discussed: FTIR microspectroscopy (transmission and reflectance), diamond cell and attenuated total reflectance. The particular methods employed by each examiner or laboratory, or both, are dependent upon available equipment, examiner training, specimen size or suitability, and purpose of examination. This guideline does not cover the theoretical aspects of many of the topics presented. These can be found in texts such as An Infrared Spectroscopy Atlas for the Coatings Industry (Federation of Societies for Coatings, 1991) (2) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (Griffiths and de Haseth, 1986) (3).
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Guide9 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Guide9 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice sets forth the minimum requirements for calibration and functionality checks when conducting PDD examinations and related activities. For additional information see Practice E1954 and Guide E2000.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides guidelines for calibration and instrumentation (both analog and computerized systems) actively used in the psychophysiological detection of deception (verification of truth). As a minimum, such instrumentation shall simultaneously record an individual’s respiratory, exosomatic electrodermal, and cardiovascular activity.
1.2 Analog polygraphs shall be calibrated by the psychophysiological detection of deception (PDD) examiner, manufacturer, or factory-authorized individual.
1.3 Computerized instrumentation shall be calibrated by the manufacturer or factory-authorized individual.
1.4 The PDD examiner or factory-authorized individual shall perform functionality checks to ensure instrumentation is operating properly.
1.5 This practice does not prohibit additional components which may be offered as supplemental measurements of physiological change. Additional recording components (such as movement sensors) may be used in addition to, but not replace, the required minimum components and these additional components shall meet the manufacturer’s specifications for calibration.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard2 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method establishes a procedure for the analysis and identification of organic components of smokeless powder by GC-MS and FTIR.
5.2 FTIR is used in the analysis of nitrocellulose, which is a major component of all smokeless powders, and nitroguanidine in triple-base powders.
5.3 GC-MS is used in the analysis of other organic compounds in smokeless powders, such as energetics, stabilizers, plasticizers, and deterrents.
5.4 This test method is used concurrently with E2998 for the analysis of smokeless powders when whole or partial grains are present.
5.5 GC-MS and FTIR are two techniques used in the analysis of smokeless powders. Additional techniques are available that are acceptable for use in the analysis and identification of organic components of smokeless powders, such as liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, capillary electrophoresis, and gas chromatography with flame ionization detection.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the analysis of organic components in smokeless powders by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (1-6)2 and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.
1.2 This test method is suited for analyzing samples comprised of visible grains (whole or partial) of smokeless powder.
1.3 Analysis of post-blast debris and items containing gunshot residue when visible grains of smokeless powder are not present is beyond the scope of this test method.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 This test method involves handling of low explosives and potentially other energetic materials. It is strongly suggested that an analyst be trained in the storage and safe handling of energetic materials and be familiar with the properties and hazards of explosives.
1.6 This test method cannot replace knowledge, skill, or ability acquired through appropriate education, training, and experience and should be used in conjunction with sound professional judgment.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard5 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Prior to being presented in court, a foundation must be established showing how evidence was collected, who collected the evidence, where it was collected, who has had custody of the evidence, how the evidence has been processed, and when changes of custody have occurred.
3.2 Following the procedures outlined in this practice can serve to protect the chain of custody of the evidence while the evidence is at the forensic laboratory. Refer to Practice E1188 for chain of custody information and procedures prior to submission to the laboratory.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes procedures and techniques for a forensic science laboratory to protect and document the integrity of items of physical evidence with respect to suitability for scientific testing, and admissibility as evidence in litigation.
1.2 This practice recommends generally accepted professional principles and operations, although the facts and issues of each situation require consideration, and frequently involve matters not expressly dealt with herein. Deviations from this practice should be based on specific articulable circumstances.
1.3 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This standard cannot replace knowledge, skill or ability acquired through appropriate education, training, and experience and should be used in conjunction with sound professional judgment.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off