TC 100 - Audio, video and multimedia systems and equipment

IEC TR 63614-3:2026 describes the gap analysis for metaverse systems and equipment, including examination of existing standards and services/applications within the metaverse domain. The analysis includes a comprehensive review of developments in various Standards Development Organizations (SDOs) and the relevant industry.

IEC 63479-2:2026 describes the functional requirements for infotainment services for public vehicles (PVIS).

IEC 61937-2:2021 specifies the digital audio interface to convey non-linear PCM encoded audio bitstreams applying IEC 60958-1 and IEC 60958-3. This document specifies burst-info, which defines content information about the data contained in the burst-payload. IEC 61937-2:2021 cancels and replaces the second edition published in 2007, Amendment 1:2011 and Amendment 2:2018. This edition constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
a) new audio data-types of MPEG-D USAC, ACX, ACX HBR2, ACX HBR4 and ACX HBR8 have been added;
b) extended data-type field in Pe has been activated.

Amendment 1 - Digital audio - Interface for non-linear PCM encoded audio bitstreams applying IEC 60958 - Part 2: Burst-info

IEC 62680-1-3:2026, this specification, defines the USB Type-C® receptacles, plug and cables.
The USB Type-C Cable and Connector Specification is guided by the following principles:
- Enable new and exciting host and device form-factors where size, industrial design and style are important parameters
- Work seamlessly with existing USB host and device silicon solutions
- Enhance ease of use for connecting USB devices with a focus on minimizing user confusion for plug and cable orientation
The USB Type-C Cable and Connector Specification defines a receptacle, plug, cable, and detection mechanisms that are compatible with existing USB interface electrical and functional specifications. This specification covers the following aspects that are needed to produce and use this new USB cable/connector solution in newer platforms and devices, and that interoperate with existing platforms and devices:
- USB Type-C receptacles, including electro-mechanical definition and performance requirements
- USB Type-C plugs and cable assemblies, including electro-mechanical definition and performance requirements
- USB Type-C to legacy cable assemblies and adapters
- USB Type-C-based device detection and interface configuration, including support for legacy connections
- USB Power Delivery optimized for the USB Type-C connector.
IEC 62680-1-3:2026 cancels and replaces the sixth edition published in 2024 and constitutes an editorial revision. This standard is the USB-IF publication Universal Serial Bus Type-C Cable and Connector Specification Revision 2.4. New release primarily includes incorporation of all approved ECNs as of the revision date plus editorial clean-up.

IEC 62680-1-2:2026, the USB Power Delivery specification defines a power delivery system covering all elements of a USB system including USB Hosts, USB Devices, Hubs, Chargers and cable assemblies. This specification describes the architecture, protocols, power supply behavior, connectors and cabling necessary for managing power delivery over USB at up to 100W in SPR Mode and 240W in EPR Mode. This specification is intended to be fully compatible with and extend the existing USB infrastructure. It is intended that this specification will allow system OEMs, power supply and Peripheral developers adequate flexibility for product versatility and market differentiation without losing backwards compatibility.
IEC 62680-1-2:2026 cancels and replaces the seventh edition published in 2024 and constitutes a technical revision.
Extended Power Range (EPR) including Adjustable Voltage Supply (AVS) has been added. This document is the USB-IF publication Universal Serial Bus Power Delivery Specification Revision 3.2, Version 1.1.

IEC 62652-2:2026, the NFC Data Exchange Format (NDEF) specification, is a common data format for NFC Forum Devices. The NFC Data Exchange Format specification defines the NDEF data structure format as well as rules to construct a valid NDEF Message as an ordered and unbroken collection of NDEF Records. Furthermore, it defines the mechanism for specifying the types of application data encapsulated in NDEF Records. The NDEF specification defines only the data structure format to exchange application or service specific data in an interoperable way, and it does not define any NDEF Record Types in detail - NDEF Record Types are defined in separate specifications. This NDEF specification assumes a reliable underlying protocol and therefore this specification does not specify the data exchange between two NFC Forum Devices. An NFC Forum Device can process the NDEF information independently of the way it has received the NDEF Message. Because of the large number of existing message encapsulation formats, record marking protocols, and multiplexing protocols, it is best to be explicit about the design goals of NDEF and, in particular, about what is outside the scope of NDEF.

IEC 63652-1:2026 specifies a method and procedures for Wireless Power Transfer between two NFC wireless devices. The provided technical foundations use NFC technology for the initiation, control and execution of 13.56 MHz power transfer.

IEC 63479-3:2026 describes the infotainment services for public vehicles (PVIS) framework, including the functional reference models and the information flows for functional operations.

Applies to radio receives and tuners for the reception of frequency- modulated sound-broadcasting emissions with rated maximum system deviations of ±75 kHz and ±50 kHz in ITU Band 8. Deals mainly with methods of measurement using radiofrequency signals applied to the antenna terminals of the receiver.

IEC 63448:2025 specifies the low and ultra-low latency communication and control system (ULCCS) technology to address the communication and control challenges of multimedia-centric applications. It describes the medium access control (MAC) layer specifications:
- MAC frame design for control-centric scheduling.
- Message types and packet formats for MAC layer operation.
- System management aspects at the MAC layer for multiple control domains and multi-hop operation.

IEC 63296-3:2025 specifies the method for measuring the battery duration at a defined sound pressure level for continuous music playback of battery-operated wearable powered loudspeaker equipment. A primary battery or secondary battery can be used as a power source for such a shoulder-carried or body-worn loudspeaker and its composite device. In addition, only equipment that can be placed on or hung from a head and torso simulator (HATS) is covered. Bone conduction speakers are excluded. Portable loudspeaker equipment also supporting video playback as the main function is not covered by this document.

IEC 63478-2:2025 describes the requirements to measure users’ quality of experience (QoE) on multimedia conferencing services.

IEC TR 63511:2025 provides general information on a remote control and remote assistance system for use from the user side, especially in the home and local area with private or local network. This document includes an overview of the technology, performance characteristics, issues of performance measurements, and other information.

IEC 62608-1:2025 specifies the basic reference model to configure devices connected to a home network with a configuration framework for network applications running on such devices. This document applies to devices that are cable or wireless LAN connected and switched on and that support IP protocol. The reference model covers inside and outside network connectivity. This document specifies the system model and functions that each component should support. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2014. This edition constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
- addition of devices connected via wireless LAN;
- addition of servers on the cloud.

IEC 61937-17:2025 specifies the method to convey non-linear PCM bitstreams encoded according to the AVS3-P3 format.

IEC 60268-7:2025 is applicable to headphones, earphones, headsets and earsets, intended to be used on, or in, the human ear. It also applies to equipment, such as pre-amplifiers, passive networks and power supplies which form an integral part of the headphone system.
This document does not deal with:
- safety, for which reference is made to IEC 62368-1 or another appropriate standard;
- the characteristics of microphones of headsets, for which reference is made to IEC 60268‑4;
- earphones and other devices for hearing aids, for which reference is made to IEC 60118-0;
- headphones for audiometry;
- headphones and other devices which form part of an active ear-defender system, although some of the provisions of this document can be applicable;
- active noise cancelation characteristics as covered by IEC 60268-24.
This document specifies the characteristics which are included by the manufacturer in specifications, and relevant methods of measurement. It includes a classification of the different types of earphones, mainly characterized by the way in which the transducer is coupled acoustically to the ear, and a classification code which can also be used for marking. Rated conditions and characteristics in this document provided by the manufacturer are not generally intended for external verification. Measurement methods for rated characteristics are informative and are provided for the benefit of manufacturers for the purpose of test repeatability and data comparison. All other specifications and tests are provided for testing by the manufacturer and for external testing and verification. This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition published in 2010, and Amendment 1 of 2020. This edition constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
- consolidated with IEC 60268-7:2010/AMD1:2020;
- clause/subclause/annex reconstruction and renumbering;
- addition of effective frequency range of the free-field / diffuse-field compensated frequency response;
- update of measurement methods of modulation distortion and difference-frequency distortion;
- addition of details of two-tone distortion measurements, see Annex I;
- addition of details of left-right tracking response for stereo headphones, see Annex J.

IEC TS 63528:2025 specifies descriptors for classifying and grouping the diverse and wide range of haptics events and functions in multimedia systems, which are already used in consumer electronics, computer interfaces, automobiles, amusements, and communications.
The scope of this document is to define descriptors for classifying various types of haptics systems from different perspectives. This will enable the consideration of standardization items such as compatibility, interoperability, performance, and evaluation and measurement methods for the classified haptics systems.

IEC 63002:2025 defines common charging interoperability guidelines for power sources (external power supplies (EPSs) and other Sources) used with computing and consumer electronics devices that implement IEC 62680‑1‑3 (USB Type-C® Cable and Connector Specification). This document defines normative requirements for an EPS to ensure interoperability; in particular, it specifies the data communicated from a power source to a device and certain safety elements of the EPS, cable, and device. While the requirements focus of this document is on the EPS and the behaviour at its USB Type-C connector interface, it is also important to comprehend cable assembly and device capabilities and behaviours in order to assure end-to-end charging interoperability. This document does not apply to all design aspects of an EPS. This document does not specify regulatory compliance requirements for aspects such as product safety, EMC, or energy efficiency. This document provides recommendations for the behaviour of a device when used with a power source compliant with this document. It specifies the minimum hardware specification for an EPS implementing IEC 62680‑1‑3. This document also specifies the data objects used by a charging system utilizing IEC 62680‑1‑2 to understand the identity, design and performance characteristics, and operating status of an external power supply. IEC 62680‑1‑2 focuses on power delivery applications ranging to 240 W for a variety of computing and consumer electronics devices including notebook computers, tablets, smartphones, small form-factor desktops, monitor displays and other multimedia devices. This document relies on established mechanical and electrical specifications, and communication protocols specified by IEC 62680‑1‑2 and IEC 62680‑1‑3. These specifications support methods for establishing the best performing interoperability between untested combinations of EPS and devices with the aim of improving consumer satisfaction. Information describing the USB charging interoperability model, overview of USB Type-C and USB Power Delivery specifications, and factors for charging performance are also provided to support implementation of this document. This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition published in 2021. This edition constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
a) power range is increased to 240 W;
b) AVS mode is introduced;
c) Annex A updates issues of arbitrary combinations of AC adapter and device;
d) Annex B describes new safeguards for EPR mode;
e) Annex C and Annex D are updated.

IEC 63455:2025 specifies the 4b/10b line code with error correction for dependable multimedia data transmission, especially for real-time communications even in noisy environments, such as IoT devices, wearable devices, sensor networks, robotics, and spacecraft. This document corresponds to the functions specified in layer 1 to layer 2 of the OSI reference model (ISO/IEC 7498).
This document aims to facilitate the usage of the 4b/10b line code in complex systems by providing the 4b/10b line code protocol. This document defines the 4b/10b line code protocol for interconnections in complex systems, mainly distributed real-time systems such as embedded systems, control systems, IoT devices, wearable devices, sensor networks, amusement systems, robot systems, and spacecraft. Specifically, the 4b/10b line code is the line code that realizes embedded clock, DC balance, error detection, and error correction at the same time, whose functions are not satisfied by a conventional single line code so that the 4b/10b line code can achieve highly reliable digital communications. The most significant feature of the 4b/10b line code is that it is a line code with error correction capability. Therefore, there is no need for error correction in the upper layers, and communication can be performed using only the 4b/10b line code in noisy environments.

IEC TR 63583-1:2025, which is a technical report, specifies the system overview of the compact driving simulator (CDS), which is a virtual education and training system and a compact version of a driving simulator.

IEC 63563-8:2025 provides guidelines for detecting the presence of a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tag or Near Field Communication (NFC) card within the operating range of the Power Transmitter and preventing damage to the tag or card.

IEC 63563-6:2025 defines the messaging between a Power Transmitter and a Power Receiver. The primary purpose of this messaging is to set up and control the power transfer. As a secondary purpose, it provides a transport mechanism for higher-level applications such as Authentication. The communications protocol comprises both the required order and timing relations of successive messages.

IEC 63563-7:2025 defines methods for ensuring that the power transfer proceeds without heating metal objects in the magnetic field of a Power Transmitter. Although the Power Transmitter may optionally use any of these methods, some of them require assistance by the Power Receiver.

IEC 63563-9:2025 defines the architecture and application-level messaging for the Authentication of a Power Transmitter Product by a Power Receiver to ensure that the Power Transmitter Product is both Qi certified and the product of a registered manufacturer.

IEC 63430:2025 specifies a container format for sensing data and its system requirements. This document applies to edge computing devices such as smartphones, home gateways, multimedia coordinators, etc., and cloud systems.
This document describes the following technical specifications:
- container format for wearable sensor data;
- Schema Repository that defines the parameters and syntax of sensor data;
- communication and system requirements between the edge computing device and Schema Repository.

IEC 63563-11:2025 describes Magnetic power profile (MPP) which is a protocol extension that provides additional messages, new power states/modes, new power transfer contract elements, and aims to provide the following functionalities:
• Operating Frequency Negotiation
• Cloaking (Power Pause)
• Generic Information Exchange
• Simultaneous Data Stream Transactions
• Fast PTx to PRx communication
• Maximum Power and Power Control Profiles Determination
• Extended Power Negotiation
• Extended PTx/PRx Identification and Capabilities
• Extended Control Error Packets and Received Power Packets
• Power Transmitter Battery Level Reporting
• Ecosystem Scalability
MPP extension allows devices to operate under Restricted mode (no PTx communication) at 360kHz without performing any explicit negotiation with the Power Transmitter. This flexibility enables devices with limited resources (e.g., devices with no FSK support) to take advantage of the frequency change feature.

IEC 63563-5:2025 defines the low-level (physical layer and the data link layer) formats of data bits, data bytes, and data packets. In addition, it provides requirements and guidelines for load modulation and frequency-shift keying.

IEC 63563-3:2025 identifies basic physical design requirements and guidelines for Power Transmitter and Power Receiver Products, including product and system dimensions, alignment of the products, surface temperature rise, and indications to the user.

IEC 63563-1:2025 introduces the Qi Specification, which applies to flat surface devices such as mobile phones and tablets that use up to 15 W of power

IEC 63563-10:2025 defines MPP (Magnetic Power Profile), an extension to Qi v1.3 BPP (Baseline Power Profile). Manufacturers can use this specification to implement PTx and/or PRx that are interoperable.

IEC 63563-2:2025 provides glossary of definitions, acronyms, and symbols for the the Qi Specification, which applies to flat surface devices such as mobile phones and tablets that use up to 15 W of power

IEC 63563-4:2025 comprises guidelines and requirements for Power Receiver design, including circuitry, power consumption, operating power levels, power transfer efficiency, and standby power.

IEC TR 63558:2025 describes the factors related to classification of the real-life environment according to acoustic indicators and linguistic indicators. The set of factors can be used to describe complexities of use scenarios, from level 1 to 4, and can be helpful when setting up the testing environment.
This document applies for evaluating automatic speech recognition technology which is widely used for smart equipment, such as smart speakers

IEC 62680-1-3:2024 This specification defines the USB Type-C® receptacles, plug and cables.
The USB Type-C Cable and Connector Specification is guided by the following principles:
- Enable new and exciting host and device form-factors where size, industrial design and style are important parameters
- Work seamlessly with existing USB host and device silicon solutions
- Enhance ease of use for connecting USB devices with a focus on minimizing user confusion for plug and cable orientation
The USB Type-C Cable and Connector Specification defines a receptacle, plug, cable, and detection mechanisms that are compatible with existing USB interface electrical and functional specifications. This specification covers the following aspects that are needed to produce and use this new USB cable/connector solution in newer platforms and devices, and that interoperate with existing platforms and devices:
- USB Type-C receptacles, including electro-mechanical definition and performance requirements
- USB Type-C plugs and cable assemblies, including electro-mechanical definition and performance requirements
- USB Type-C to legacy cable assemblies and adapters
- USB Type-C-based device detection and interface configuration, including support for legacy connections
- USB Power Delivery optimized for the USB Type-C connector
The USB Type-C Cable and Connector Specification defines a standardized mechanism that supports Alternate Modes, such as repurposing the connector for docking-specific applications.
IEC 62680-1-3:2024 cancels and replaces the fifth edition published in 2022 and constitutes a technical revision. This standard is the USB-IF publication Universal Serial Bus Type-C Cable and Connector Specification Revision 2.3.
New release primarily for deprecating the Audio Adapter Accessory Mode and replacing it with the Liquid Corrosion Mitigation Mode, and for updating the Multi-port Charger Shared Capacity definition and behaviors. Also includes incorporation of all approved ECNs as of the revision date plus editorial clean-up.

IEC 62680-1-2:2024 The USB Power Delivery specification defines a power delivery system covering all elements of a USB system including Hosts, Devices, Hubs, Chargers and cable assemblies. This specification describes the architecture, protocols, power supply behavior, connectors and cabling necessary for managing power delivery over USB at up to 100W. This specification is intended to be fully compatible and extend the existing USB infrastructure. It is intended that this specification will allow system OEMs, power supply and peripheral developers adequate flexibility for product versatility and market differentiation without losing backwards compatibility.
IEC 62680-1-2:2024 cancels and replaces the sixth edition published in 2022 and constitutes a technical revision.
Extended Power Range (EPR) including Adjustable Voltage Supply (AVS) has been added. This document is the USB-IF publication Universal Serial Bus Power Delivery Specification Revision 3.2, Version 1.0.

IEC 61937-16:2024 describes the method to convey non-linear PCM bitstreams encoded in accordance with the AVSA format.

IEC 62394:2024 specifies requirements for service diagnostic software to be implemented in products that incorporate a digital interface. It does not specify requirements for carrying out remote diagnosis or for manufacturer-dependent software.
The Service Diagnostic Interface (SDI) requires an external controller (exclusive or general-purpose/PC) into which service diagnostic software can be loaded. Parts of the controller software are standardized while other parts are proprietary to the manufacturers.
To reach a common approach in servicing all products from all manufacturers, it is necessary to standardize specific items to be tested in products and certain aspects of controllers' diagnostic software.
The SDI is based upon ECHONET specification version 2.11, ECHONET Lite specification version 1.13, and APPENDIX Detailed Requirements for ECHONET Device objects Release Q rev. 1, because this interface will be used in future products. The use of this connection and existing communication protocols enable implementation in products at a low cost, with maximum flexibility and efficiency.
The SDI consists of
• specific hardware and software requirements of the device under test (DUT);
• specific requirements of the controller:
– the service software;
– an ECHONET interface;
• the connection between the controller and the DUT.
This document provides the minimal requirements necessary to carry out computerized diagnosis. It covers the standardized software of the controller as well as the standardized software and provisions in the DUT.
IEC 62394:2024 cancels and replaces the fourth edition published in 2022. This edition constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
a) updates of the device object super class specifications for the property configurations shared by all device objects;
b) modification and addition of the property configurations defined by each object;
c) addition of new device objects and their property configurations;
d) updates to Bibliography.

IEC 61966-12-2:2024 specifies the colour gamut metadata format for video systems intended for use in CE (consumer electronics) devices. The metadata specified in this part of IEC 61966-12 is limited to the gamut description for display types comprising the three primary additive colours, whose white and black points have the same chromaticity. It is fundamentally based on the conventional VESA-EDID format.
When associated with content, the simple metadata format defines the gamut for which the content was created. It can be used by the display for controlled colour reproduction even if the display’s colour gamut is different from that of the content. When associated with a display, the simple metadata format defines the display colour gamut. It can be used during content creation to enable improved colour reproduction.
This document provides the simplest, but unambiguous solution for typical CE devices that are based on colour gamut information communication.
IEC 61966-12-2:2024 cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2014. This edition constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
a) the number of bits of metadata format has been extended in Clause 4;
b) Annex C has been added for handling HDR content.

IEC 62514:2024 describes the general guidelines for typical applications of the home multimedia gateway in home networks supporting IP networking. This document specifies recommended functions and services to be supported by the home multimedia gateway and, where appropriate, refers to existing standards supported in the market. For general requirements, it is expected that widely adopted standards and technologies will be considered by implementers. This document gives supplementary applications to the IEC 62481 series, which specifies a central management model in home networks supporting various interfaces on the LAN side and on the WAN side (optional). This document is applicable to home multimedia gateways in the home network or networks of similar environments. IEC 62514:2024 cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2010. This edition constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
a) addition of new multimedia processing functions and requirements the HMG shall support, including adaptive multimedia processing, audio/video remote processing, and play function enhancement, in Clause 6;
b) addition of home automation functions and requirements of audio/video analysis, recognition and alarm services based on AI technologies in Clause 7;
c) addition of upgrade function and requirements of HMG in Clause 12.

IEC TS 63499:2024 provides video encoding guidelines for the use of Interoperable Master Format (IMF) Application #6 defined in SMPTE ST 2067-60.
These guidelines are applicable for any equipment which creates an IMF Image Track File using AVC/H.264 as the video codec.

IEC TR 60728-201:2024 describes the technical background of IPTV systems and commercially available products related to audio, video and multimedia systems and equipment to enable cable operators and customers to understand current IPTV systems that include application, middleware, network, equipment and terminal devices. This document is to encourage all TA5 experts to develop new IS related to IPTV system over optical broadcast network. This Technical Report examines the mechanisms of IPTV systems developed by major standards development organizations (SDOs) and known national regulations. This document concludes with observations and recommendations for the potential future technical standards development activities especially for TA5 under the scope of TC 100.
The purpose of this TR is to give cable operators an appropriate way how to adopt IPTV services with current FTTH system recognizing that optical system is the best solution for the effective transmission of 4K and 8K video signals. This TR gives an overall but essential information on current IPTV systems to cable operators; however, too much detailed information is omitted due to the limitation of document size. The author of this document recommends the cable operator who plans to develop IPTV services to study the original international standards shown in this document. It also describes a migration from the HFC to FTTH system for effective introduction to IPTV services.
DOCSIS 4.0 can be considered on HFC as an alternative way to provide 10Gbps service. If bandwidth and other constraints (without Amp, etc.) are cleared, the IPTV service described in this document can of course be provided.
In addition to present international standards and recommendations, this document describes some major technology supporting IPTV services such as unicast, multicast, ABR (Adapting Bit Rate) and MPEG-DASH. The experiment of 4K and 8K video transmission over IP, virtual STB are also described.

IEC 62889:2024 describes two serial digital interfaces, Gigabit Video InterFace (GVIF) and Gigabit Video InterFace2 (GVIF2), for the interconnection of digital video equipment. GVIF and GVIF2 are primarily intended to carry high-speed digital video data for general usage and are well suited for multimedia entertainment systems in a vehicle. This document specifies the physical layer of the interface, including transmission line characteristics and electrical characteristics of transmitters and receivers. Mechanical and physical specifications of connectors are not included. IEC 62889:2024 cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2015. This edition constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
a) Addition of a new technology interface, GVIF2.

IEC TR 63447-2:2024 introduces use cases of multimedia services depending on form factors of smart mobile devices. It also includes use cases of multimedia applications with user interactions.

IEC 63296-2:2023 is applicable to active acoustic noise-cancelling headphones and earphones that have the function of reducing the ambient noise heard by the user by the level of the output sound from the transducer, which is generated by the ambient noise detection microphone and the noise reduction signal processing circuit.
This document covers headphones and earphones to be worn over-the-ear or in-ear, all of which are referred to as "headphones" in this document.
This document specifies the terms and definitions relating to battery duration of this type of headphones and the measurement and evaluation methods.
The noise-detection microphones are mounted in the body, on the surface, or on an accessory of the headphones. Signal-processing circuits are analogue and digital electronic circuits.
This document does not deal with equipment intended for hearing protection. It is also not applicable to music players, recorders, etc. that have a noise-cancelling function.
The battery duration measurement methods can be applied to headphones having no active noise-cancelling function.

IEC TR 63447-1:2023 introduces various form factors of smart mobile devices and their impact on multimedia services.
It does not deal with:
a) SMD performance to process multimedia services;
b) hardware performance and technology for each part, such as the battery, the antenna, the display, the main processor, various sensors;
c) the characteristics of the SMD's operating system (Android, iPhone OS etc.);
d) the generation characteristics of telecommunication and radio frequency (including wireless);
e) wearable devices, like smart watch, AR (augmented reality), VR (virtual reality) and so on.