IEC TR 60728-201:2024

IEC TR 60728-201 ®
Edition 1.0 2024-02
TECHNICAL
REPORT
colour
inside
Cable networks for television signals, sound signals and interactive services –
Part 201: A study of IPTV systems with examples and applications for optical
broadcast services
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IEC TR 60728-201 ®
Edition 1.0 2024-02
TECHNICAL
REPORT
colour
inside
Cable networks for television signals, sound signals and interactive services –

Part 201: A study of IPTV systems with examples and applications for optical

broadcast services
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
ICS 33.160.01; 33.160.99; 33.180.10 ISBN 978-2-8322-8167-3

– 2 – IEC TR 60728-201:2024 © IEC 2024
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 6
1 Scope . 8
2 Normative references . 8
3 Terms and definitions . 8
3.1 Terms and definitions . 8
3.2 Abbreviated terms . 10
4 Toward IPTV services . 11
4.1 Service scenario . 11
4.1.1 General . 11
4.1.2 IP unicast distribution technology . 12
4.1.3 IP multicast distribution technology . 12
4.1.4 Migration to ALL IP FTTH NETWORK . 13
4.1.5 Step 1 . 13
4.1.6 Step 2 . 14
4.2 Quality assurance . 14
4.2.1 General . 14
4.2.2 Carrier's network quality assurance . 15
4.2.3 Customer premises' network quality assurance . 16
4.2.4 QoE for Progressive Download and DASH . 17
5 Technologies for supporting service . 17
5.1 IPTV Protocols . 17
5.1.1 Classification based on video streaming system configuration . 17
5.1.2 First-mile streaming protocol . 18
5.1.3 Last-mile streaming protocol . 19
5.2 ABR and M-ABR . 20
5.2.1 ABR (adaptive bit rate) . 20
5.2.2 M-ABR (multicast adaptive bit rate) . 21
5.3 MPEG-DASH . 22
5.4 DRM and CENC . 23
5.4.1 DRM . 23
5.4.2 CENC . 24
5.4.3 Watermark . 26
5.5 Virtualization . 26
5.5.1 vCPE (virtual customer premises equipment) . 26
5.5.2 Next generation STB (trend in the Japan cable industry) . 27
5.5.3 Virtual STB (cloud supported CPE) . 27
5.5.4 Network virtualization technology and vCPE . 28
5.6 Proof of concept experiments of video broadcasting through IP streaming . 29
5.6.1 Verification experiments on IP streaming of 4K broadcast . 29
5.6.2 Advanced broadcasting system using broadband (M-ABR validation) . 29
5.6.3 Low latency streaming technology for live streaming (CMAF validation) . 30
6 Migration to IP over FTTH . 31
6.1 General . 31
6.2 Grand Design toward All IP services . 32
6.3 HFC (hybrid fibre coaxial) system . 32
6.4 Strategies to All IP from HFCs . 33

6.5 Completion of All IP Migration from HFC around 2025 . 34
6.6 FTTH (up to 10G) system configuration . 34
6.7 FTTH (up to 100G) system configuration . 35
6.8 Migration strategies to all IP from FTTH . 36
6.9 Completion of All IP migration from FTTH around 2030 . 37
Annex A (informative) ATSC 3.0 Broadcast System . 38
A.1 General . 38
A.2 Overview of the ATSC 3.0 system . 38
A.3 System specification . 38
A.3.1 General . 38
A.3.2 Description of the ATSC 3.0 standard . 39
A.3.3 Emergency messaging . 42
A.3.4 Accessibility. 42
A.3.5 Personalization . 43
A.4 Receiver protocol stack . 43
A.5 Convergence of broadcast and broadband services . 43
Annex B (informative) NHK Plus: Simultaneous streaming of broadcast signal through
internet . 45
B.1 General . 45
B.2 Overview of system specification . 45
B.3 On-demand service . 45
B.4 Video Masking . 46
B.5 Overview of streaming technology. 46
B.6 Overview of streaming facility . 47
B.7 Overview of streaming platform . 48
Annex C (informative) Cable 4K IP . 50
C.1 General . 50
C.2 Abstract of service . 50
C.2.1 General . 50
C.2.2 Number of subscribers . 50
C.3 Concept of Cable 4K IP platform . 50
C.4 IP distribution . 51
Annex D (informative) Optical TV . 52
D.1 General . 52
D.1.1 Overview . 52
D.1.2 Services . 52
D.1.3 Subscribers . 52
D.1.4 Technical features . 52
D.1.5 An example of Specification . 52
D.2 Requirements . 52
D.2.1 Service requirements . 52
D.2.2 IPTV system model . 53
D.3 Customer premises' network . 54
D.3.1 Equipment logical connection . 54
Annex E (informative) DVB-I . 55
E.1 General . 55
E.2 DVB-I components and interfaces . 55
E.3 Conceptual model of a DVB-I client . 56

– 4 – IEC TR 60728-201:2024 © IEC 2024
E.4 Service discovery . 57
E.5 Content guide metadata . 58
Annex F (informative) SAT>IP . 59
F.1 General . 59
F.2 Network topology . 59
F.3 IP adapter/IP multiswitch . 60
F.4 IP-based SMATV/multi-dwelling units . 60
F.5 Protocol specification . 61
Bibliography . 63

Figure 1 – IP unicast distribution . 12
Figure 2 – IP multicast distribution . 12
Figure 3 – Step 0 . 13
Figure 4 – Step 1 . 14
Figure 5 – Step 2 . 14
Figure 6 – Carrier's network and home network . 15
Figure 7 – Applicable point to assure carrier's network quality . 16
Figure 8 – Applicable point to assure customer premises' network quality . 16
Figure 9 – Example of a video streaming system configuration . 18
Figure 10 – Different kinds of streaming solutions . 19
Figure 11 – Latency associated with the protocols . 19
Figure 12 – Sharing multiple protocols using CMAF . 20
Figure 13 – Aspect of Just-in time ABR . 21
Figure 14 – Aspect of M-ABR . 22
Figure 15 – Architecture of MPEG-DASH . 23
Figure 16 – Construction of MPD . 23
Figure 17 – DRM processing . 24
Figure 18 – Content encryption by DRM . 25
Figure 19 – Aspect of ISO BMFF and CENC . 25
Figure 20 – An attack detection system by WM . 26
Figure 21 – Concept of virtual CPE . 27
Figure 22 – Concept of virtual STB . 28
Figure 23 – VoD streaming (vSTB) . 28
Figure 24 – Cloud storage (vNAS) . 29
Figure 25 – Experimental setup used for IP streaming of 4K broadcast . 29
Figure 26 – Experimental setup for advanced broadcasting system using broadband
(M-ABR validation) . 30
Figure 27 – Verification experiments on low latency live streaming (CMAF verification) . 30
Figure 28 – Types of IPTV . 31
Figure 29 – HFC system topology . 32
Figure 30 – HFC system topology 2 . 33
Figure 31 – HFC system topology 3 . 33
Figure 32 – Migration strategies to All IP from HFC system . 34
Figure 33 – Completion of All IP migration from HFC around 2025 . 34
Figure 34 – FTTH system topology 1 (EPON system). 35

Figure 35 – FTTH system topology 2 (EPON system). 35
Figure 36 – 100G-EPON system configuration . 36
Figure 37 – NG-PON2 system configuration . 36
Figure 38 – Migration strategies to All IP from FTTH system . 37
Figure 39 – Completion of All IP Migration from FTTH around 2030 . 37
Figure A.1 – Layered architecture used in ATSC 3.0 system . 38
Figure A.2 – ATSC 3.0 standards set and structure . 39
Figure A.3 – General physical layer frame structure . 40
Figure A.4 – Audio watermark system architecture . 40
Figure A.5 – An example of watermarked video frame . 41
Figure A.6 – Example of AEA signal flow . 42
Figure A.7 – ATSC 3.0 receiver protocol stack model . 43
Figure A.8 – ATSC 3.0 Hybrid Delivery Architecture . 44
Figure B.1 – Overview of on-demand service . 46
Figure B.2 – Video masking to block the uncopyrighted contents . 46
Figure B.3 – Technologies used for adaptive streaming . 47
Figure B.4 – System configuration used for the NHK plus streaming service . 48
Figure B.5 – Streaming platform used for the streaming service . 49
Figure C.1 – Concept of Cable 4K IP . 50
Figure D.1 – IPTV service chain . 53
Figure D.2 – IPTV system model . 54
Figure D.3 – Equipment logical connection in customer premises . 54
Figure E.1 – Simplified example DVB-I components and interfaces . 56
Figure E.2 – Conceptual model of a DVB-I client . 57
Figure E.3 – Relationships between service list entry point, service list, service and
LCN table . 58
Figure F.1 – SAT>IP protocol between server and client . 59
Figure F.2 – SAT>IP Network Topology . 60
Figure F.3 – IP Adapter / Multiswitch and In-Home Digital Network . 60
Figure F.4 – An example of IP based SMATV by SAT>IP . 61
Figure F.5 – SAT>IP Protocol Stack . 61
Figure F.6 – SAT>IP protocol containing UPnP protocol stack . 62

Table 1 – Average throughput . 17
Table 2 – Protocols supporting low latency . 18
Table 3 – Expected transmission capacity to serve video service over ALL IP network . 31
Table 4 – Grand design toward all IP services . 32
Table 5 – Wavelength and maximum speed of PON system . 35
Table A.1 – PHY layer parameters . 39
Table B.1 – NHK Plus specification overview . 45
Table B.2 – NHK Plus system overview . 48
Table C.1 – Abstract characteristics of Cable 4K IP platform. 51
Table D.1 – Specification of Optical TV (example) . 52

– 6 – IEC TR 60728-201:2024 © IEC 2024
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
CABLE NETWORKS FOR TELEVISION SIGNALS,
SOUND SIGNALS AND INTERACTIVE SERVICES –

Part 201: A study of IPTV systems with examples and applications for
optical broadcast services
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote international
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8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
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9) IEC draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
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respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, IEC had not received notice of (a) patent(s), which
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the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at https://patents.iec.ch. IEC
shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
IEC TR 60728-201 has been prepared by technical area 5: Cable networks for television signals,
sound signals and interactive services, of IEC technical committee 100: Audio, video and
multimedia systems and equipment. It is a Technical Report.
The text of this Technical Report is based on the following documents:
Draft Report on voting
100/4073/DTR 100/4103/RVDTR
Full information on the voting for its approval can be found in the report on voting indicated in
the above table.
The language used for the development of this Technical Report is English.
This document was drafted in accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2, and developed in
accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1 and ISO/IEC Directives, IEC Supplement, available
at www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs. The main document types developed by IEC are
described in greater detail at www.iec.ch/publications.
A list of all parts in the IEC 60728 series, published under the general title Cable networks for
television signals, sound signals and interactive services, can be found on the IEC website.
The committee has decided that the contents of this document will remain unchanged until the
stability date indicated on the IEC website under webstore.iec.ch in the data related to the
specific document. At this date, the document will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn, or
• revised.
IMPORTANT – The "colour inside" logo on the cover page of this document indicates
that it contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct understanding
of its contents. Users should therefore print this document using a colour printer.

– 8 – IEC TR 60728-201:2024 © IEC 2024
CABLE NETWORKS FOR TELEVISION SIGNALS,
SOUND SIGNALS AND INTERACTIVE SERVICES –

Part 201: A study of IPTV systems with examples and applications for
optical broadcast services
1 Scope
This part of IEC 60728 describes the technical background of IPTV systems and commercially
available products related to audio, video and multimedia systems and equipment to enable
cable operators and customers to understand current IPTV systems that include application,
middleware, network, equipment and terminal devices. This document is to encourage all TA5
experts to develop new IS related to IPTV system over optical broadcast network. This
Technical Report examines the mechanisms of IPTV systems developed by major standards
development organizations (SDOs) and known national regulations. This document concludes
with observations and recommendations for the potential future technical standards
development activities especially for TA5 under the scope of TC 100.
The purpose of this TR is to give cable operators an appropriate way how to adopt IPTV services
with current FTTH system recognizing that optical system is the best solution for the effective
transmission of 4K and 8K video signals. This TR gives an overall but essential information on
current IPTV systems to cable operators; however, too much detailed information is omitted
due to the limitation of document size. The author of this document recommends the cable
operator who plans to develop IPTV services to study the original international standards shown
in this document. It also describes a migration from the HFC to FTTH system for effective
introduction to IPTV services.
DOCSIS 4.0 can be considered on HFC as an alternative way to provide 10Gbps service. If
bandwidth and other constraints (without Amp, etc.) are cleared, the IPTV service described in
this document can of course be provided.
In addition to present international standards and recommendations, this document describes
some major technology supporting IPTV services such as unicast, multicast, ABR (Adapting Bit
Rate) and MPEG-DASH. The experiment of 4K and 8K video transmission over IP, virtual STB
are also described.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.

3 Terms and definitions
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following
addresses:
• IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp

3.1.1
multicast
transmission of the same message to a group of receivers, identified by their group address
Note 1 to entry: The term "multicast" is used even if the group includes all receivers.
[SOURCE: IEC 61375-1:2012, 3.1.34]
3.1.2
unicast
transmission of message to a receiver
Note 1 to entry: The term "unicast" is used in IPTV like broadcast
3.1.3
forward error correction
FEC
addition of redundant information (parity bits) to the data at the transmitter side so that the
receiver side then uses the redundant information to detect and correct errors
3.1.4
adaptive bit rate
ABR
technology that automatically switches the bit rate value according to the communication quality
and device resolution in streaming distribution using the Internet
3.1.5
error correction
error control with a view to correcting some types of messages recognized as erroneous
Note 1 to entry: Error correction makes use of either an error correcting code or an error detecting code or a loop
checking with, in the last two cases, automatic repetition of the signals recognized as being erroneous.
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-702:2017, 702-07-42]
3.1.6
api
API
specification or interface to use OS functions from a software application's program interface
3.1.7
bit error ratio
BER
error ratio for a binary signal
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-704:1993, 704-18-04]
3.1.8
service provider
SP
organization that provides services to users and other providers
Note 1 to entry: The services may be, for instance, those of an Internet access provider, of a content provider or
information provider, of a forum server, or of a server of a private message handling system, or content hosting.
3.1.9
cloud service
one or more capabilities offered via cloud computing invoked using a defined interface
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 20924:2021, 3.1.8]

– 10 – IEC TR 60728-201:2024 © IEC 2024
3.1.10
application
software designed to fulfil a particular purpose
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 20924:2021, 3.1.2]
3.1.11
optical fibre
waveguide shaped as a filament, made of dielectric materials for guiding optical waves
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-151:2019, 151-12-35]
3.1.12
quality of service
collective effect of service performances which determine the degree of satisfaction of a user
of the service
Note 1 to entry: These characteristic performances can, for example, relate to: transmission quality, dial-tone delay,
failures, fault frequency and duration.
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-715:1996, 715-07-14]
3.1.13
media presentation description
MPD
provides sufficient information for a DASH client for adaptive streaming of the content by
downloading the media segments from a HTTP server
Note 1 to entry: Content described in layer basis in MPD.
3.1.14
digital rights management
DRM
generic term to protect content right of digital data by controlling and limiting its usage or
copying
Note 1 to entry: A watermark is a kind of DRM in a broad sense.
3.1.15
content delivery network
CDN
network for delivering web content efficiently over internet
3.1.16
watermark
WM
embedding technology of related information into video or audio data that cannot be detected
by humans
Note 1 to entry: Embedded information can be detected by exclusive software.
3.2 Abbreviated terms
ABR adaptive bit rate AEA advanced emergency information
AES advanced encryption standard API application programming interface
ARQ automatic repeat request BMFF baseline media file format
BNG broadband network gateway CENC common encryption scheme
CAS conditional access system CDN content distribution network
CM cable modem CMAF common media application format

CMTS cable modem termination system CTE chunked transfer encoding
CP content provider DHCP dynamic host configuration protocol
DOCSIS data over cable service interface DRM  digital rights management
specification
DVR digital video recorder eMTA embedded media terminal adapter
FEC forward error correction HDTV high-definition television
HD high definition HFC hybrid fibre coaxial
HTML hypertext mark-up language HTTP hypertext transfer protocol
IGMP Internet group management protocol IP  internet protocol
IPER IP packet error ratio IPDV IP packet delay variation
IPLR IP packet loss ratio IPTD IP packet transfer delay
IPv4  internet protocol version 4 IPv6  internet protocol version 6
ITU-T international telecommunication union – KID key identifier
telecommunication sector
LAN local area network LLID local link identifier
M-ABR multicast adaptive bitrate MLD multicast listener discovery
MPD media presentation description NAT network address translation
OLU optical line unit ONU optical network unit
PON passive optical network QoE quality of experience
QoS quality of service RIST reliable internet Stream transport
RTMP real-time messaging protocol RTP real-time transport protocol
RTSP real-time streaming protocol SI service information
SMS subscriber management system SP service provider
SRT secure reliable transport STB set-top box
TCP transmission control protocol TD terminal device
TS transport stream TTML timed text mark-up language
TTS time stamped TS UDP user datagram protocol
UHD ultra-high definition vCPE virtual customer premises equipment
vNAS virtual network attached server VoD video on demand
WM watermark web VTT web video text track
webRTC web real-time communication 1 Zixi (software- defined video platform)
Zixi
(SDVP)
4 Toward IPTV services
4.1 Service scenario
4.1.1 General
In recent years, as transmission line progresses to the FTTH, large amount of data transfer
becomes available. In terms of TV contents, it is highly expected that high-definition digital
video signal such as 4K UHD and 8K SHD can be transmitted through all IP network in keeping
with high-quality and low-cost services regardless of long distance and signal impairment.

___________
Zixi Software Defined Video Platform is the trade name of a product supplied by Zixi, Inc. This information is
given for the convenience of users of this document and does not constitute an endorsement by IEC of the product
named. Equivalent products may be used if they can be shown to lead to the same results.

– 12 – IEC TR 60728-201:2024 © IEC 2024
IP distribution technologies for broadcast contents are classified as IP unicast and IP multicast.
IP unicast distribution technology which is distributed from one-to-one on the timing decided by
receiver and IP multicast distribution technology which is distributed from one-to-N on the timing
decided by service providers.
This subclause introduces two IP distribution technologies and describes migration from current
RF distribution to all IP distribution via FTTH networks.
4.1.2 IP unicast distribution technology
IP unicast is the distribution technology for distributing just the required data of contents from
the contents distribution centre to each subscriber; refer to Figure 1.

Figure 1 – IP unicast distribution
IP unicast distribution can take requirement of contents and transmission data rate for devices,
such as mobile terminals or TV monitors, because the distribution from servers is independent
of the user terminals. For this reason, the IP unicast distribution technique is mainly used for
IP VOD which is watched separately by each user.
However, IP unicast distribution has disadvantages; it needs to send content to requiring client
individually and the more clients there are, the more traffic becomes congested.
4.1.3 IP multicast distribution technology
IP multicast means a simultaneous distribution of the same content among a registered group.
(Refer to Figure 2)
Figure 2 – IP multicast distribution

IP multicasting uses UDP (User Datagram Protocol) and RTP (Real-time Transport Protocol).
UDP is the protocol that cuts off the overhead, emphasizes rapidness and tolerates packet loss,
because it does not need the hand-shaking process nor control of transmission speed unlike
TCP. RTP is the real-time transfer protocol for audio and video data streams and works also as
a higher protocol of UDP.
RTP is available to use TTS (Timestamped TS) which can fix latency and timing jitter produced
in the network on the receiver side and send out an IP packet including TTS with a UDP/IP
header for multicast. The FEC (forward error correction) function can be selected as an option
to fix loss of packets in the network for improvement of video quality.
IP multicast uses IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) or MLD (Multicast Listener
Discovery) protocol to manage the multicast group. IGMP is used in IP version 4 networks, MLD
is used in IP version 6 networks. Current versions are IGMPv3 and MLDv2, respectively.
These are the protocols to recognize which multicast groups are in the network and to control
the receiver's joining or leaving the "multicast group" which receives the same multicast packet.
PIM (protocol independent multicast) is used as the routing protocol among routers in the
network
4.1.4 Migration to ALL IP FTTH NETWORK
It may take some time to change network entirely from current RF distribution to all IP FTTHs.
In early stages, most users require internet access as well as RF conventional broadcasting
services.
Subclauses 4.1.5 to 4.1.7 describe examples of steps for smooth migration from current RF
distribution to all IP distribution using an FTTH network.
Figure 3 shows "Step 0" situation as an early stage of migration. The main service is broadcast
in RF over FTTH in which RF-STB is used. Internet connection is available to provide
bidirectional transmission as a communication service.

Figure 3 – Step 0
4.1.5 Step 1
Figure 4 shows "Step 1" situation as an on-going stage of migration. In this stage, multi-channel
content is transferred to IP networks instead of RF distribution networks. IP unicast is used for
the video service, such as VoD. RF transmission is still available for terrestrial and satellite
broadcasting content.
– 14 – IEC TR 60728-201:2024 © IEC 2024
A hybrid STB can receive both RF signals and IP packets to provide service seamlessly to
subscribers in customer premises.

Figure 4 – Step 1
4.1.6 Step 2
Figure 5 shows "Step 2" situation as a final stage of migration. In this stage, IP multicast
distribution becomes available. RF terrestrial and satellite broadcasting contents are also
distributed by IP multicast. Subscribers receive TV service via IP STB.
Concrete transition of RF network to IP network is described in Clause 6.

Figure 5 – Step 2
4.2 Quality assurance
4.2.1 General
Quality can be classified to network's and customer's premises.
Figure 6 shows the border between carrier and customer premises.
...