GRT - Graphical technology

This document describes procedures for the assessment and validation of the performance of an optical spectrometer intended for use in capturing the spectral reflectance factor or the spectral radiance factor of printed areas comprised of non-fluorescent or fluorescent materials, respectively. While it does not describe the application to transmitting materials directly, many of the procedures can be applied to transmitting systems by backing them with a reflective white backing material.
This document does not address spectral measurements appropriate to other specific application needs, such as those used during the production of materials (e.g. printing paper and proofing media), which are well described by ISO standards under the jurisdiction of ISO/TC 6. It does not describe the special requirements for testing instruments that make in-process or online colour measurements.

This document specifies a method of measuring the visual opacity of printed specimens of white ink. It is applicable to printing opaque white ink on transparent and white or coloured opaque substrates.

1.1   This standard applies to paper making and paper finishing machines. It contains definitions and requirements which apply to all paper making and paper finishing machines listed in annex A and shall be used in connection with the specific part applicable for the respective machine listed in annex A. Specific parts can contain additional requirements or deviations from EN 1034-1 in which case the specific stipulations take precedence over the specification made in EN 1034-1. The standard deals with the hazards listed in 4.
1.2   This standard does not apply to machines used in paper converting. See EN 1010-1 to EN 1010-5.
1.3   This standard applies to machines produced after............. (date of CEN approval).

This document specifies the requirements for the exchange of data and information necessary for the definition of the aims for four-colour flexographic printing of packaging and publication materials, including newsprint. It is based on the use of colour characterization data to define the colourimetric printing aims and includes appropriate assignment of responsibility for and recommended tolerances on critical parameters of the flexographic printing process.
This document is directly applicable to:
— publication flexographic printing including magazines, catalogues and commercial materials and packaging flexographic printing including labels, boxes, and flexible packages;
— half-tone and continuous tone proofing processes that predict the colourimetric results of flexographic printing.
Guidance is also provided concerning the definition of spot colours used in flexographic printing.

This document specifies an extensible file format in conformity with W3C Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0, for the exchange of print quality data and metadata between quality control applications including but not limited to colour measurement, process control and quality management systems.

This document defines procedures to measure and compare the colour gamuts of RGB and CMYK printing processes.
It is not applicable to other printing processes.

This document provides recommended guidelines for the evaluation of colour reproduction capability in the printing of packaging materials. It provides a basis for the development of colour certification schemes by individual brand owners and/or industry associations and for the evaluation of printed results against those schemes.  
Because the package printing supply chain involves multiple partners, both the potential impact of each partner on the overall colour control and the individual responsibilities of each partner are identified in this document. The unique requirements of the individual reproduction processes and their impact on colour reproduction are also identified.

ISO/TS 15311-2 gives guidance to print buyers and other users of print for assessing printed products on isotropic substrates that are typically held at a viewing distance of 30 to 50 cm. It specifies the proper application of required, recommended and optional metrics, measurement methods and, where appropriate, reporting requirements in the general commercial market. Although this document is expected to be used primarily to measure prints from digital printing systems the metrics are general and may be applied to other kinds of print. This document does not provide process control aims or tolerances as these differ widely for different types of commercial applications.

ISO 21812-1 can be used to communicate the intended appearance of print products and their components. Examples of intended use are: direct interpretation within a production process, creation of job tickets such as XJDF, or populating records in an MIS. This document builds on the DPart syntax as specified in ISO 16612-2 (PDF/VT) and ISO 32000-2 (PDF 2.0) which is designed for encoding metadata related to pages or groups of pages in PDF files.

ISO 21632 provides directions for measuring and calculating the electricity consumption of any format of digital production press, whose modes, other than production printing mode, play a significant role in the comprehensive energy consumption. It excludes digital presses designed to print substrates other than paper or plastic and conventional printing presses fitted with digital inkjet printing heads. It can be used to compare the energy efficiency figures for different machine combinations: best-quality (slowest), highest-productivity (fastest) or other alternative combinations.

ISO 16684-1 defines two essential components of XMP metadata: - Data model: The data model is the most fundamental aspect. This is an abstract model that defines the forms of XMP metadata items, essentially the structure of statements that XMP can make about resources.- Serialization: The serialization of XMP defines how any instance of the XMP data model can be recorded as XML.In addition, this document defines a collection of core properties, which are XMP metadata items that can be applied across a broad range of file formats and domains of usage.The embedding of XMP packets in specific file formats and domain-specific XMP properties are beyond the scope of this document.

ISO 16684-2 specifies the use of RELAX NG to describe serialized XMP metadata. This applies to how conforming schemas can use the features of RELAX NG.

NEN-ISO 15397 specifies the list of relevant properties of paper substrates to be communicated between the paper and printing industries. This International Standard is applicable to papers intended to be printed in rotogravure, cold-set web offset, heat-set web offset, sheet-fed offset, and flexographic printing processes and to proofing substrates. Where multiple methods exist, the preferred procedure and its International Standard are specified. All methods for measuring of properties specified in this International Standard are described in other ISO Standards.

ISO 20294 specifies the requirements for quantifying the carbon footprint of those processes, materials and technologies within the user's knowledge and control that are necessary for the delivery and use of e-media. It covers requirements to account for e-media archiving, distribution, use and storage. It is based on a life cycle assessment (LCA) approach, using defined system boundaries and a specified functional unit as the basis for complete or partial carbon footprinting studies. These data can be referenced throughout supply chains for individual e-media products. This document is applicable to a carbon footprint of a product (CFP) study of e-media regarding contents and e-media devices. This document provides a framework for carbon calculators that organisations can follow and that can be used as the structure for market- or sector-specific carbon footprinting tools. Studies and tools constructed within this framework methodology provide carbon footprint quantifications of e-media that can be validated, verified and provide reference for future studies. This document does not assess any social or economic aspects or impacts, or any other environmental aspects and related impacts potentially arising from the life cycle of a product.

ISO/TS 23564 describes procedures for evaluating the accuracy of colorimetric rendering intents in ICC profiles.It applies to v4 ICC profiles made according to ISO 15076-1.It does not apply to subjective tests of ICC profiles, such as for perceptual or saturation rendering intents, and it does not apply to high dynamic range colour media or spaces.

ISO 19302 defines the requirements of printing workflows and evaluation methods for their tone and colour reproduction. It applies to any printing process using any colourant, such as CMYK, CMYK with spot, non-CMYK, spot only or multicolour. This document refers and points to international or national standards and can be used to define, evaluate and audit any printing workflow in whole or in part.

ISO/TS 15311-1 defines print quality metrics, measurement methods and reporting requirements for printed sheets that are suitable for all classes of printed products. Guidance as to which of these metrics to apply to any given product category along with acceptable conformance criteria is provided in subsequent parts of ISO/TS 15311. Although this document is expected to be used primarily to measure prints from digital printing systems, the metrics are general and may be applied to other kinds of print.

ISO 16760 specifies requirements for an RGB workflow for graphic arts printing based on the use of reflection prints (RGB Reference Prints) as the evaluation vehicle for coloured images. It provides guidelines on the creation of print-targeted RGB images (RGB Reference Images) and simulation prints. This International Standard requires the identification of a pair of ICC profiles for each image: an image profile and a profile describing the reference printing system. These profiles provide individual colour transformations for gamut mapping and colour separation. This International Standard does not provide any guidance as to how these gamut mapping or colour separation transforms can be specified.

This International Standard specifies requirements for a security printing management system for security printers. This International Standard specifies a minimum set of security printing management system requirements. Organizations ensure that customer security requirements are met as appropriate provided these do not conflict with the requirements of this International Standard.

ISO 20677 is based on ISO 15076-1, and describes an expanded profile specification and profile connections that permit greater flexibility and functionality than ISO 15076-1. All definitions and requirements in ISO 15076-1 are therefore in force unless otherwise specified by this document. This document defines minimum structural and operational requirements for writing and reading ICC profiles. Additional workflow requirements and restrictions are defined in domain-specific interoperability conformance specification (ICS) documents approved and registered by the ICC. In this document, some ISO 15076-1 types have been removed, and others have been added. A colour management module (CMM) compatible with profiles conforming to this document will have backwards compatibility with profiles conforming to ISO 15076-1. Where the name of a type in this document is the same as a type in ISO 15076-1, the type definition is based on the ISO 15076-1 definition. The exception is the definition of the MPE type, which has been expanded. Where the extensions described in this document are not required in a particular workflow, ISO 15076-1 is used as the basis for colour management profiles and architectures.

ISO 18619 specifies a procedure, including computation, by which a transform between ICC profiles can be adjusted (compensated) to take into account differences between the dark end of the source colour space and the dark end of the destination colour space. This is referred to as black point compensation (BPC). The relative colorimetric encoding of ICC profile transforms already provides a mechanism for such adjustment of the light (white) end of the tone scale.

ISO/TS 21830 specifies a procedure, including computation, for extending the method described in ISO 18619:2015 to n-colour ICC profiles specifically for the xCLR cases where the colourants are either CMYK plus combinations from the set of red, orange, green, blue and violet or where, for the 3CLR case, the colourants are CMY-like chromatic colourants with widely-spaced hue angles. Other types of colour spaces which are otherwise permitted by 15076-1, such as 2CLR (two-device colourants), are not addressed by this document.

This document defines a framework for advanced reflective and transmissive layouts and colorimetric values of targets for use in the calibration and characterization of image capturing devices. This document defines a framework for target creation and data reporting. This framework can be used for both ISO defined and custom targets for both reflective and transmissive use. Self-emissive targets are not covered by this document.

This document provides a uniform basis for determining the exposure times for all types of shutters used in still cameras and contains suitable definitions of the terms used.
It specifies the exposure-time markings for all types of shutters and their tolerances. The characteristics of all types of mechanical shutters, which are mounted in still cameras and affect the control of exposure, motion-stopping ability and synchronization with a photoflash light source are also defined. The tolerances specified are the target values for the shutter performance that can be expected to give good results. They are not intended for application as a general inspection standard in controlling the performance of mechanical shutters, since tolerances may vary with the feature and price class of camera tested. Test methods are described for routine manufacturing testing and quality control. These test methods require access to the focal plane of the camera and can therefore not be applied to assembled digital still cameras.

This part of ISO 12641 defines the layout and colorimetric values of targets for use in the calibration of a photographic product/input scanner combination (as used in the preparatory process for printing and publishing). One target is defined for positive colour transparency film and another is defined for colour photographic paper.

This document specifies the method for assigning and reporting ISO speed ratings, ISO speed latitude ratings, standard output sensitivity values, and recommended exposure index values, for digital still cameras. It is applicable to both monochrome and colour digital still cameras.

This document defines vocabulary and specifies test methods, characteristics, ordering and labelling
information for blankets for offset printing. This document does not apply to un-tensioned or unclamped
blankets for offset printing, nor offset printing sleeves used on gapless presses.

This document specifies the test procedure for determining the tack value of neat paste inks and
vehicles which have low volatility and are unreactive under normal room conditions during the
timespan required for testing.
This document contains a basic description of Inkometer®1) and Inkomat®2) (Geometry A) and
TackOscope®3) and TackTester®4) (Geometry B).

This document specifies the colour and transparency characteristics that are to be met by each ink
in a process colour ink set intended for proof and production printing using offset lithography. The
specified printing conditions (which use a laboratory printability tester), the defined substrate and a
method for testing to ensure conformance are also defined. Characteristics are specified for inks used
for sheet-fed, heat-set web and radiation-curing processes.
This document does not apply to fluorescent inks and it does not specify pigments (or spectral
characteristics — except informatively) in order not to preclude developments which may enable
different pigment combinations to be used advantageously while still achieving the colorimetric
requirements specified in this document.

This document defines a metric for assessing intermediate tones of a spot ink. This method for
the calculation of Spot Colour Tone Value (SCTV) produces approximately uniform visual spacing
of tones between substrate and solid. It can be calculated from spectral reflectance or colorimetric
measurements of the solid ink, substrate and one or more patches of intermediate tones to be measured.

This document specifies procedures for the measurements and colorimetric computations appropriate
to objects that reflect, transmit and emit light, such as flat-panel displays. It also specifies procedures
for computation of colorimetric parameters for graphic arts images. Graphic arts include, but are not
limited to, the preparation of material for, and volume production by, production printing processes
that include offset lithography, letterpress, flexography, gravure, screen and digital printing.
This document does not address spectral measurements appropriate to other specific application needs,
such as those used during the production of materials, for example, printing paper and proofing media.

This document specifies methods for measuring and reporting the noise versus signal level and dynamic
range of digital still cameras. It applies to both monochrome and colour electronic digital still cameras.

This document specifies methods for measuring the resolution and the SFR of electronic still-picture
cameras. It is applicable to the measurement of both monochrome and colour cameras which output
digital data or analogue video signals.

This document specifies requirements for systems that are used to produce hard-copy digital
proof prints intended to simulate a printing condition defined by a set of characterization data.
Recommendations are provided with regard to appropriate test methods associated with these
requirements.

This International Standard specifies symbols for use in copy preparation and proof correction in
alphabetic languages and in logographic languages. It is applicable to texts submitted for correction,
whatever their nature or presentation (manuscripts, typescripts, printer’s proofs, etc.), and for marking
up copy for all methods of composition.
Symbols for the correction of mathematical texts and colour illustrations are not included.

This International Standard specifies requirements for two conformance levels for the characteristics
of displays to be used for soft proofing of colour images. Included are requirements for uniformity and
variations of electro-optical properties with viewing direction for different driving signals.

This part of ISO 2834 specifies a test method for preparation of test prints produced with liquid waterbased
or solvent-based printing inks as used in flexography and gravure printing. These test prints are
intended primarily for optical tests, such as gloss, colorimetry, transparency and reflection density.
They can also be used for testing light fastness and the chemical, physical and mechanical resistance
to mechanical and chemical attack regarding either printing ink and/or substrate. Flexographic inks
with higher viscosity, such as those cured by radiation, are also covered. This part of ISO 2834 is not
applicable to inks for ink jet printing.

This part of ISO 12647 specifies the requirements for the screen printing of four-colour process-colour
material used for display, signage, and graphics using flat bed or cylinder printing equipment. Both the
size and resolution of the finished product are unrestricted. The process stages included are
— data preparation and delivery,
— proof production,
— printing forme preparation, and
— production printing.

This International Standard establishes general principles for the care and handling of digital optical
discs during use. It addresses the issues of physical integrity of the medium necessary to preserve access
to the recorded data (information). This International Standard includes recommendations for handling
procedures to maximize the effective life of optical discs. Faulty handling, packing and transporting
techniques and methods often cause physical damage to the discs and to the content recorded thereon.
Extending the longevity of optical discs requires the identification of appropriate handling methods, as
well as well-developed and implemented training programs.
For the purposes of this International Standard, the term “optical disc” includes the families of compact
disc (CD), digital versatile disc (DVD), high definition digital versatile disc (HD DVD) and Blu-ray disc
(BD)1), and any hybrids of these families. The term “optical disc” also includes each type of disc within
a family, including injection moulded [read-only memory (ROM)], dye-layer [recordable (R)] and phase
change [rewritable (RW, RE), random access memory (RAM), and recordable (BD-R)] technologies.
While some of the recommendations in this International Standard (e.g. those for staff training) apply
specifically to large-scale or long term usage, the basics of all recommendations in this International
Standard are intended to be applied in circumstances where the desired result is long-term usage of the
medium whether archival, commercial or personal.
This International Standard does not cover magneto-optical (MO) discs, laser discs (LD) or glass discs.
At the time of writing, International Standards do not exist for HD DVD and Blu-ray discs. Nonetheless,
it is believed that the recommendations in this International Standard for care and handling can equally
apply to them. It is recognized that some of these requirements are not necessarily possible for the
individual user to achieve.
The following are within the scope of this International Standard:
— use and handling environments, including pollutants, temperature and humidity and light exposure;
— contamination concerns;
— inspection;
— cleaning and maintenance, including cleaning methods and frequency;
— transportation;
— disasters, including water, fire, construction and post-disaster procedures;
— staff training.
The quality of the data written on the disc is outside the scope of this International Standard. However,
a high quality result of the recording phase is important to the longevity of information. It is advisable
that a rigorous program of data integrity testing be implemented, as this forms an obligatory part of
all digital long-term storage. In addition, when keeping digital information for archival purposes, it is
advisable that a multiple copy/multiple location strategy be in place.

This part of ISO 12647 specifies requirements that can be used for determining the conformance of systems that produce a hard-copy validation print, directly from digital data, which is intended to simulate the expected appearance of material printed in accordance with a characterized printing condition. It is not intended for use in determining the conformance of production printing systems (digital or conventional) since many aspects of production printing are not covered in this part of ISO 12647.

ISO 12647-4 specifies a number of process parameters and their values to be applied to fourcolour publication gravure printing. The parameters and values are chosen in view of the complete process covering the process stages “colour separation”, “making of the printing forme”, “proof production”, and “production printing”. This part of ISO 12647 is applicable, - directly, to publication gravure printing, including magazines, catalogues, and commercial materials, - directly, to half-tone and continuous tone proofing processes that predict the colourimetric results of gravure printing, and - by analogy, to process-colour gravure package printing. It is not directly applicable to the specifics of the transformations necessary to relate digital input data to the data used to create the cylinder engraving data and/or the proofing process.

This International Standard specifies recommended storage conditions for unprocessed photographic materials. It is not applicable to processed films and prints. This International Standard is applicable to black-and-white and colour photographic materials (negative films, positive films, reversal films, positive papers, and X-ray films), as well as to safety films.

This part of ISO 22028 specifies a family of scene-referred extended colour gamut RGB colour image encodings designated as reference input medium metric RGB (RIMM RGB). Digital images encoded using RIMM RGB can be manipulated, stored, transmitted, displayed or printed by digital still picture imaging systems. Three precision levels are defined using 8-, 12- and 16-bits/channel. An extended luminance dynamic range version of RIMM RGB is also defined, designated as extended reference input medium metric RGB (ERIMM RGB). Two precision levels of ERIMM RGB are defined using 12- and 16-bits/channel. FP-RIMM RGB, a floating point version of RIMM RGB, defines the expression method of RIMM RGB in a floating point figure. Three precision levels of FP-RIMM RGB are defined using 16-, 32- and 64-bits/channel.

This International Standard specifies a test method for estimating the life expectancy of information stored on recordable compact disc systems. Only the effects of temperature and relative humidity on the media are considered. This International Standard does not cover the effects of light, air pollution, or time-dependent flow phenomena.

This International Standard establishes a vocabulary of terms and definitions used in relation to the permanence of imaging materials, related storage materials and digital storage media. In most cases these terms and definitions are generic and are applicable to the entire imaging industry. For terms and definitions specific to particular applications, industry standards are applicable. However, in some cases the definition of a term is still evolving and/or is used by different user groups in different ways. In these cases, a definition related to permanence of imaging materials work is given and a note to this effect is included.

This part of ISO 22028 defines a family of extended colour-gamut output-referred RGB colour image encodings designated as reference output medium metric RGB (ROMM RGB). Digital images encoded using ROMM RGB can be manipulated, stored, transmitted, displayed, or printed by digital still picture imaging systems. Three precision levels are defined using 8-, 12- and 16-bits/channel.

This International Standard provides a common communication protocol for exchanging images with and between digital still photography devices (DSPDs). This includes communication between DSPDs and host computers, printers, other digital still devices, telecommunications kiosks and image storage and display devices. This protocol is transport- and platform-independent.

This Technical Specification defines an extended colour-gamut output-referred RGB colour image encoding designated as European Colour Initiative RGB [eciRGB (2008)]. Digital images encoded using eciRGB (2008) can be manipulated, stored, transmitted, displayed, or printed by digital still picture imaging systems. Two precision levels are defined, using 8 bits/channel and 16 bits/channel.

This part of ISO 12643 provides safety requirements specific to binding and finishing equipment and systems. It is intended to be used in conjunction with the general requirements given in ISO 12643-1. This part of ISO 12643 provides additional safety requirements for the design and construction of new equipment used to convert printed or blank substrates into cut, folded, collated, assembled, bound, or otherwise finished product. It can also be applicable to processes for preparing substrate for the printing process. It is applicable to a wide range of equipment used in the binding and finishing process.

This International Standard establishes a system for the classification of intra-oral radiographic film by the speed of the film/process system and by the size of the film. It specifies the sensitometric characteristics of the film/process systems, the physical characteristics of the film and packets, and it describes packaging and labelling requirements. This International Standard is applicable to intra-oral dental radiographic film for manual or automatic processing. It does not apply to films intended to be exposed with fluorescent intensifying screens, or films intended to be viewed primarily by reflected light.