ISO/TC 45 - Rubber and rubber products

This document describes methods of evaluating the resistance of vulcanized and thermoplastic rubbers to the action of liquids by measurement of properties of the rubbers before and after immersion in test liquids. The liquids concerned include current service liquids, such as petroleum derivatives, organic solvents and chemical reagents, as well as reference test liquids.

This document specifies methods of test for characterizing precipitated hydrated silica for use as a rubber compounding ingredient. This document specifies the test formulation, mixing equipment, mixing procedure and methods of test for use in determining the physical properties of styrene-butadiene rubber compounded with precipitated hydrated silica.

This document specifies the following geometrical tolerances for moulded and extruded solid rubber products, including those with metal inserts: — flatness tolerance; — parallelism tolerance; — perpendicularity tolerance; — coaxiality tolerance; — positional tolerance. The tolerances are primarily intended for use with vulcanized rubber but can also be suitable for products made of thermoplastic rubbers.

This document describes two methods for identification of antidegradants (antioxidants, antiozonants and stabilizers) which can be present in raw rubber, unvulcanized compounded rubber, or rubber products, by thin layer chromatography. Method A is a simplified method that provides for the identification of known materials and can be used to check the presence or absence of a particular antidegradant which is expected to be present. Method B is a more detailed method that enables a greater degree of separation of the spots to be obtained and therefore can be used to detect and identify an unknown antidegradant. Antidegradants to which these methods are applicable include phosphited polyalkyl phenols, substituted bisphenols, secondary amines, substituted cresols and substituted p-phenylenediamines. Examination for other types of antidegradants is possible under the same condition when there is a standard chromatogram.

This document specifies an atomic absorption spectrometric method for the determination of the copper content of rubbers. The method is applicable to raw rubber and rubber products having copper contents above 1 ppm. Copper contents below this limit can be determined, provided that suitable adjustments are made to either the mass of the test portion or to the concentrations of the solutions used, or both. The use of the standard additions method can lower the bottom limit of detection.

This document specifies an atomic absorption spectrometric method for the determination of the manganese content of rubbers. The method is applicable to raw rubber and rubber products having manganese content above 0,5 ppm. Manganese contents below this limit can be determined, provided that suitable adjustments are made either to the mass of the test portion or to the concentrations of the solutions used, or both. The use of the standard additions method can lower the bottom limit of detection.

This document establishes a nomenclature system for thermoplastic elastomers based on the chemical composition of the polymer or polymers involved. It specifies symbols and abbreviated terms used to identify thermoplastic elastomers in industry, commerce, and government. It is not intended to conflict with, but to supplement, existing trade names and trademarks. NOTE 1 The name of the thermoplastic elastomer is intended to be used in technical papers and presentations followed by the abbreviated term used to designate the elastomer in this document. NOTE 2 Annex A gives thermoplastic-elastomer abbreviated terms that have been used in the past in materials standards, technical bulletins, textbooks, patents, and trade literature.

This document specifies three methods for the determination of the permeability to gases of vulcanized or thermoplastic rubber under a differential partial pressure. The three methods specified are as follows: — a pressure sensor method (using vacuum): for determining the gas transmission rate, gas permeability coefficient, gas diffusion coefficient and gas solubility coefficient; — a simplified sensor method (using applied pressure): for determining the gas permeability coefficient only; — a gas-chromatographic method: for determining the gas transmission rate and gas permeability coefficient. These methods apply to vulcanized and thermoplastic rubbers of hardness not less than 35 IRHD (international rubber hardness degrees) and to both single gases and mixtures of gases.

This document defines terms used in the hose industry. Recommended terminology for electrical conductivity and resistance of rubber and plastics hoses and hose assemblies can be found in ISO 8031:2020, Annex A.

This document specifies requirements for ten classes, four grades and seven types of wire- or textile-reinforced hydraulic hoses and hose assemblies of nominal sizes ranging from 5 to 102. Each class has a single maximum working pressure for all sizes. They are suitable for use with: — oil-based hydraulic fluids HH, HL, HM, HR and HV as defined in ISO 6743‑4 at temperatures ranging from −40 °C to +100 °C for types AS, AC, BS and BC hoses and from −40 °C to +120 °C for types CS, CC and DC hoses. — water-based fluids HFC, HFAE, HFAS and HFB as defined in ISO 6743‑4 at temperatures ranging from −40 °C to +70 °C. — water at temperatures ranging from 0 °C to +70 °C. This document does not include requirements for the connection ends. It is limited to the performance of hoses and hose assemblies. The hose assembly maximum working pressure is governed by the lowest maximum working pressure of the components. NOTE It is the responsibility of the user, in consultation with the hose manufacturer, to establish the compatibility of the hose with the fluid to be used.

This document provides guidelines and gives requirements on the specification of low protein natural rubber (LPNR). A grading system is proposed, based on the origin of the natural rubber content and differentiated by the two processes, enzymatic and non-enzymatic, applied for removal of the proteins.

This document specifies methods of measuring the inside diameter, outside diameter (including diameter over reinforcement of hydraulic hoses), wall thickness, concentricity and lining and cover thickness of hoses, methods of measurement and identification of the lengths of hoses and hose assemblies, and a method of verifying the through-bore of hydraulic hose assemblies.

This document specifies — physical and chemical tests on raw natural rubbers; — standard materials, standard test formulae, equipment and processing methods for evaluating the vulcanization characteristics of natural rubber (NR).

This document specifies a quantitative test method to determine the 2-mercaptobenzothiazole content in rubber and rubber products by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This document delivers a method for quantifying 2-mercaptobenzothiazole in rubber products for a better selection of curing conditions. This document provides a method to follow the curing of rubber with sulfur- and benzothiazole-based accelerators using a chemical measurement which is complementary to the classical rheometric technique.

This document specifies a method for the determination of the volumetric expansion of rubber or plastics hoses under hydrostatic pressure. This document does not specify the dimensions of the test piece and the test pressure(s) as each of which is specified in the appropriate specification.

This document specifies the standard test formulation, mixing procedure and test methods for evaluation of viscoelastic properties in a compound based on solution-polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber (S-SBR), including functionalized S-SBR.

This document specifies requirements for four types of thermoplastic multi-layer (non-vulcanized) hoses and hose assemblies for carrying hydrocarbons, solvents and chemicals. It specifies bore sizes from 25 mm to 300 mm, working pressures from 0,4 MPa (4 bar) to 1,4 MPa (14 bar) and working temperatures from −30 °C to 150 °C, according to type. Type 1 hoses are suitable for vapour applications. Types 2 to 4 hoses are suitable for liquid applications. NOTE 1 See Annex A concerning the selection of the material for the inner wall of layers and any polymeric coating of the internal wire helix related to the chemical(s) to be conveyed by the hoses and/or hose assemblies. NOTE 2 It is intended that the manufacturer be consulted where a polymeric coated internal wire is being considered for use with low conductivity hydrocarbons or chemicals. This document does not apply to hoses and hose assemblies for: — aircraft refuelling (see ISO 1825); — fuel dispensing (see ISO 5772); — oil burners (see ISO 6806); — liquefied petroleum gas and liquefied natural gas (see ISO 27127); — fire fighting (see ISO 14557); — offshore liquefied natural gas (see EN 1474-2); — refrigeration circuits.

This document specifies requirements for two types of thermoplastic multi-layer (non-vulcanized) transfer hoses and hose assemblies for carrying liquefied petroleum gas and liquefied natural gas. Each type is subdivided into two classes, one for onshore duties, and the other for offshore. — Class A hose is for use onshore. — Class B hose is for use offshore. This document is applicable for hose sizes from 25 mm to 250 mm, working pressures from 10,5 bar to 25 bar and operating temperatures from −196 °C to +45 °C, according to class. NOTE Offshore liquefied natural gas (LNG) hose assemblies are also specified in EN 1474-2. EN 1474-2 does not only specify offshore use, but also ship to shore and other LNG transfer applications.

This document specifies the physical requirements and sampling and testing methods for single-use rubber gloves, made from natural rubber latex, synthetic rubber latex or rubber solution, intended for general applications, but not gloves intended for medical purposes. It does not cover the safe and proper usage of the gloves.

This document specifies a system of classification of materials used in preformed gaskets for buildings. It applies to the following products: a) gaskets for use round the inside of door or window casings, i.e. weatherstripping (dynamic gaskets); b) gaskets for glazing (static gaskets); c) gaskets for use round infilling; d) gaskets for use between facade parts; e) gaskets for use between masonry walls. In addition to specifying the characteristics required for the constituent materials, some functional tests on the gaskets themselves are specified. The corresponding test procedures are given in Annexes A to E. This document applies to preformed gaskets made from vulcanized or thermoplastic rubber. It also applies to preformed gaskets made of cellular rubber designed for use at temperatures between −20 °C and +55 °C (thermal conditions category P1) and between −40 °C and +70 °C (thermal conditions category P3) (see Clause 4).

This document specifies a method for the determination of the total sulfur content of raw rubber and unvulcanized or vulcanized rubber compounds by ion chromatography following the preparation of a sample solution using either a tubular furnace combustion or an oxygen combustion flask method. The tubular furnace combustion method is applicable for rubbers with sulfur content less than 0,1 % as it is possible that the oxygen combustion flask method will not give sufficiently accurate results. The oxygen combustion flask method is not applicable to rubbers containing a metal salt that forms an insoluble metal sulfate, such as barium sulfate (CAS 7727‑43‑7).

This document describes the method of determination of both major and trace levels of metal contents in rubber — raw, vulcanized — by ICP-OES.

This document specifies a method for the determination of tear resistance based on the action of an active force applied to a notched test piece. The test can be carried out on: test pieces that have been conditioned in a standard atmosphere; or test pieces that have undergone pre-treatment, e.g. water immersion. The results obtained by this method cannot be compared with those obtained by methods involving constant rate of tear.

This document specifies the test requirements and the test methods for extruded thermoplastic tubing and hoses for use in vehicles powered by internal-combustion engines, excluding use in air braking systems (see ISO 7628), fuel lines (see ISO 13775-2), and high-pressure hydraulic systems. This document is intended especially for use by original equipment manufacturers (OEMs).

This document specifies the requirements for two groups of rubber hoses and rubber hose assemblies for loading and discharge of liquid hydrocarbon fuels with a maximum working pressure of 1,0 MPa (10 bar). Both groups of hoses are designed for a) use with hydrocarbon fuels having an aromatic-hydrocarbon content not exceeding 50 % by volume and containing up to 15 % of oxygenated compounds, and b) operation within the temperature range of −30 °C to +70 °C, undamaged by climatic conditions of −50 °C to +70 °C when stored in static conditions. NOTE Hoses for use at temperatures lower than −30 °C can be the subject of discussion between manufacturer and end user. This document is not applicable to hoses and hose assemblies for LPG systems, aviation fuel systems, fuel station systems or marine applications.

This document specifies two methods of evaluating the resistance of rubber- or plastics-coated fabrics to the action of liquids by measurement of selected properties of the materials before and after immersion in selected liquids. The two methods are as follows: — Method A: total immersion with liquid; — Method B: one surface side immersion with liquid.

This document specifies the characteristics of solid rubber sheets for dairy cattle. These sheets are used in a walking or lying area. This document does not include design of the product.

This document specifies a method of determining the antibacterial effectiveness of open-cell flexible cellular polymeric antibacterial treated materials, including their intermediate and final products. This document is suitable for flexible cellular polymeric materials because the test procedure enables the test inoculum to efficiently contact with the surface of open cell in the flexible cellular polymeric materials.

This document specifies two separate methods for determining the resistance of a material to wet and dry abrasion. It is applicable to the coated surface or surfaces of coated fabrics. It does not apply to determining the abrasion behaviour of an uncoated surface of a coated fabric, for which the methods for uncoated textiles described in the ISO 12947 series apply.

This document specifies minimum requirements and test methods for flat sliding seismic-protection isolators used for buildings and the materials used in the manufacture of such isolators. It is applicable to flat sliding seismic-protection isolators used to provide buildings with protection from earthquake damage. The sliders are each mounted on elastomeric bearings to provide vertical compliance and rotational flexibility about horizontal axes.

This document specifies a method for the determination of the static adhesion of textile cord to vulcanized rubber using the H-pull test. It is applicable to cords made from natural or man-made fibres. The property levels obtained with this method are affected considerably by the history of the cord and the rubber compound. The method yields data, however, on which a judgement as to the service quality of the material can be based. The method is primarily intended for use with tyre cord. However, it can be applied, if desired, to similar cords for use in other rubber products, but it is limited to cords of linear density not exceeding 800 mg/m (tex).

This document specifies a method for the determination of the green strength of raw rubber or unvulcanized rubber compounds using a tensile stress-strain test, the test pieces being prepared following standard test conditions or cut from calendered sheets.

This document defines — the physical and chemical tests on raw reclaimed natural rubber, and — the standard materials, standard test formulations, equipment, and processing methods for evaluating the vulcanization characteristics, and the mechanical properties of reclaimed natural rubber.

This document defines — physical and chemical tests on raw reclaimed isobutene-isoprene (IIR) rubber, and — standard materials, standard test formulations, equipment, and processing methods for evaluating the vulcanization characteristics and the mechanical properties of reclaimed isobutene-isoprene rubber.

This document specifies a method for the determination of the resistance of fabrics coated with rubber or plastics to ozone cracking under static conditions. The test is designed to determine the relative resistance to cracking of fabric coated with rubber or plastics when exposed under static strain to air containing ozone in the absence of direct sunlight. Like all ageing tests, it should be considered as a means of comparing articles of the same composition and destined for the same application, but not as an absolute criterion. It is preferable to limit the significance of the test by considering it only as a means of control when a fabric attains a resistance superior to a threshold given in comparison with a certain type of degradation. Taking these remarks into account, the results obtained at the time of test cannot be taken as a prediction of the length of life of the product.

This document specifies a method for the determination of the tendency of vulcanized or thermoplastic rubbers to adhere to and to corrode metals when exposed to a specified test environment.

This document specifies two methods for the determination of volatile-matter content in raw rubbers by using a hot mill or an oven. These methods are applicable to the determination of the volatile-matter content in the “R” group of rubbers listed in ISO 1629. These are rubbers having an unsaturated carbon chain, for example natural rubber and synthetic rubbers derived at least partly from di-olefins. These methods can also be applicable to other raw rubbers, but in these cases it is necessary to demonstrate that the change in mass is due solely to loss of actual volatile matter and not to rubber degradation. The hot-mill method is not applicable to natural rubber, to synthetic rubbers which are too difficult to handle on a hot mill or to synthetic rubbers in powder or chip form. The two methods do not necessarily give identical results. Therefore, in the case of dispute, the oven method, procedure A, is the reference method. NOTE The applicability of each test method to various types of rubber is summarized in Annex A.

This document specifies two methods for measuring the stiffness and one method for the determination of the flexibility of rubber and plastics hoses and tubing when they are bent to a specific radius at sub-ambient temperatures. Method A is suitable for non-collapsible rubber and plastics hoses and tubing with a bore of up to and including 25 mm. This method provides a means of measuring the stiffness of the hose or tubing when the temperature is reduced from a standard laboratory temperature. Method B is suitable for rubber and plastics hoses and tubing with a bore of up to 100 mm and provides a means of assessing the flexibility of the hose or tubing when bent around a mandrel at a specified sub-ambient temperature. It can also be used as a routine quality control test. Method C is suitable for rubber and plastics hoses and tubing with a bore of 100 mm and greater. This method provides a means of measuring the stiffness of the hose and tubing at sub-ambient temperatures. This method is only suitable for hoses and tubing which are non-collapsible.

This document specifies a test method which is intended to determine the fogging characteristics of rubber- or plastics-coated fabrics that are used as trim materials in the interior of motor vehicles. The method can also apply to fluid, pasty, powdered or solid raw materials which are the basis for such trim materials or from which the materials are manufactured. The method can also apply to other materials and finished products. The procedure is applicable to the measurement of fog condensate on glass surfaces within the limits of the test conditions. This test cannot measure accurately those cases in which: — the surface tension of the condensate is low, resulting in early coalescing into a thin transparent film; — the condensate is present in such a large quantity that the droplets coalesce and form a heavy oily/clear film (this heavy film gives false readings). In such cases, the gravimetric method is preferred.

This document specifies methods for the hydrostatic testing of rubber and plastics hoses and hose assemblies, including methods for the determination of dimensional stability.

This document specifies requirements for two types of reinforced hoses and hose assemblies of nominal size from 3,2 to 25, dependent on relation of minimum burst pressure to maximum working pressure. Each type is divided into classes dependent on maximum working pressure. They are suitable for use with: — oil-based hydraulic fluids HH, HL, HM, HR and HV as defined in ISO 6743-4 at temperatures ranging from −40 °C to +100 °C; — water-based fluids HFC, HFAE, HFAS and HFB as defined in ISO 6743-4 at temperatures ranging from 0 °C to +70 °C; — water at temperatures ranging from 0 °C to +70 °C. Such hoses and hose assemblies are intended to be used for: — water jetting and water blasting applications; — hydraulic applications. This document does not include requirements for end fittings. It is limited to the performance of hoses and hose assemblies. NOTE 1 It is the responsibility of the user, in consultation with the hose manufacturer, to establish the compatibility of the hose with the fluid to be used. NOTE 2 For hydraulic jacks with manually driven pumps, hoses and hose assemblies per ISO 16301 can be used.

This document specifies three methods for determining the resistance to vacuum of hoses and hose assemblies manufactured from plastic or rubber. Applicable dimensions of hoses for each method are as follows: — method A for hoses of nominal size up to and including 80; — method B for hoses of nominal size greater than 80; — method C for hoses of all dimensions. If not otherwise specified in the product standard, method C can be used as an alternative to methods A and B. Methods A and B can also be used to check the adhesion of the lining to the reinforcement (delamination) in a length of hard-wall hose or hose assembly.

This document establishes the requirements and test methods for rubber and plastics suction hoses for fire-fighting purposes. These hoses can also be used manually to supply unpressurized water to the pump or for water discharge. NOTE All pressures are expressed in megapascals and in bar (1 MPa = 10 bar). Additional requirements are specified for hose assemblies, that is, hoses with couplings already fitted, where this is carried out by the hose manufacturer (see Clause 8). Type A (rubber) hoses are intended for use at a minimum temperature of −20 °C and Type B (thermoplastics) hoses are intended for use at a minimum temperature of −10 °C.

This document describes a procedure for the determination of the following antidegradants in vulcanized rubbers: — aminoketone group; — naphthylamine group; — diphenylamine group; — p-phenylenediamine; — monophenol group. The groups of antidegradants are summarized in Table A.1 with the chemical names, the abbreviated terms and the CAS registry numbers. Extender oils, when present, can interfere. For poly-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline, the method provides only an approximation because of its polymeric nature.

This document specifies a method for determining the glass transition temperature, Tg, of vulcanized rubbers in the hardness range from 30 IRHD to 80 IRHD. The dynamic properties are measured via temperature sweep in sinusoidal deformation at a defined strain and frequency and Tg is determined from the peak in the tan δ versus temperature curve. Glass transition temperature, Tg, determined in this way serves the purpose of a guideline to the service temperature of the material.

This document specifies a static procedure, known as the Gehman test, for determining the relative stiffness characteristics of vulcanized or thermoplastic rubbers over a temperature range from room temperature to approximately −120 °C.

This document specifies requirements for rubber hoses and rubber hose assemblies used for the transfer of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) in the liquid or gaseous phase and natural gas and designed for use at working pressures ranging from vacuum to a maximum of 2,5 MPa (25 bar) within the temperature range −30 °C to +70 °C or, for low-temperature hoses (designated -LT), within the temperature range −50 °C to +70 °C.

This document specifies the requirements for rubber hoses and hose assemblies for wet and dry sand and grit blasting, suitable for use up to a maximum working pressure of 0,63 MPa (6,3 bar) and over an operating temperature range of −25 °C to +70 °C.

This document establishes a vocabulary of and is limited to those terms in general use throughout the rubber industry. It does not define terms intended for particular rubber products, some of which are given in the vocabulary standards listed in the Bibliography. It does not define terms that are generally understood or adequately defined in other readily available sources such as general dictionaries. The terms are listed in the alphabetical order of the English terms, with an index to the corresponding English terms attached. Symbols are included under their full descriptions.