ISO/TC 45/SC 2 - Testing and analysis

This document specifies a method for determining the pre-vulcanization characteristics of compounded rubber. The pre-vulcanization characteristics determined by this method provide a means of estimating how long compounded rubber can be maintained at high temperatures and remain processable.

This document specifies a method of test for measuring the force required to separate, by stripping, two plies of fabric bonded with rubber, or a rubber layer and a fabric ply bonded together. The method is applicable when the ply surfaces are approximately plane or when they are in the form of a cylinder having an internal diameter greater than approximately 50 mm. The method is not applicable when the ply surfaces contain sharp bends, angles or other gross irregularities which cannot be exclud...view more

This document specifies a test based on hardness measurements for determining the progressive stiffening of rubber with time, caused by crystallization. It is limited to materials having an initial hardness at a test temperature of from 10 IRHD to 85 IRHD. The method is applicable to raw, unvulcanized (compounded) and vulcanized rubber. It is mainly of interest for rubber with a marked crystallization tendency at temperatures experienced in cold climates, such as chloroprene and natural rubber. ...view more

This document specifies a method for the identification of polymers, or blends of polymers, in raw rubbers and in vulcanized or unvulcanized compounds from pyrograms (pyrolysis-gas chromatographic patterns) obtained under the same conditions. This allows qualitative identification of single rubbers or blends, with exceptions discussed below. This document is not intended for quantitative analysis. The method applies first and foremost to single polymers. When the pyrogram indicates a characteris...view more

This document specifies three methods for estimating the staining of organic finishes (subsequently referred to as "organic material") by vulcanized or thermoplastic rubber, as defined in Clause 3: — method A: contact staining and migration staining; — method B: extraction staining; — method C: penetration staining;

This document provides a qualitative method for the identification of rubbers by their pyrolysis products using tandem gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry. The method applies to rubbers in the raw state and to unvulcanized and vulcanized compounds. Compounds can be based on a single rubber or a blend of two or more rubbers. Where the level of a particular rubber in a blend is A non-restrictive list of rubbers is given in Clause 4.

This document specifies methods for the determination of chlorine and/or bromine present in raw rubber as well as vulcanized or unvulcanized rubber compounds. The methods are applicable to natural rubbers and to the following synthetic rubbers: isoprene, styrene-butadiene, butadiene, butyl, halogenated butyl, nitrile, ethylene-propylene, chloroprene and epichlorohydrin.

This document specifies an atomic absorption spectrometric method for the determination of the zinc content of rubbers. The method is applicable to raw rubber and rubber products having zinc contents at a minimum of 0,05 % (mass fraction). Zinc contents below this limit can be determined, provided that suitable adjustments are made to the mass of the test portion and/or to the concentrations of the solutions used. The use of the standard additions method might lower the bottom limit of detection...view more

This document specifies an atomic absorption spectrometric method for the determination of the lead content of rubbers. The method is applicable to raw rubber and rubber products. There is no limit to the concentration of lead that can be determined. High or low concentrations can be determined, provided that suitable adjustments are made to the mass of the test portion and/or the concentration of the solutions used. The use of the standard-additions method might lower the bottom limit of detect...view more

This document specifies methods for the determination of the compression set characteristics of vulcanized and thermoplastic rubbers at ambient (one method) or elevated temperatures (three methods, A, B, and C, depending on the way the test piece is released at the end of the test). The methods are intended to measure the ability of rubbers of hardness within the range 10 IRHD to 95 IRHD to retain their elastic properties at specified temperatures after prolonged compression at constant strain (...view more

This document specifies two methods for the determination of the compression set characteristics of vulcanized and thermoplastic rubbers at low temperatures. Method 1 derives from the methodology used in ISO 815-1. Method 2 uses a specified testing device, allowing to measure and record the test piece thickness during recovery. Due to the load applied during recovery in method 2, no correlation can be established between the results given by both methods. NOTE When rubber is held under compressi...view more

This document specifies a method for the determination of the temperature-retraction characteristics of stretched vulcanized rubber. This document does not cover thermoplastic rubbers, as many thermoplastic elastomers have a yield point in the range of 5 % to 20 % elongation.

This document specifies two procedures for determining the decrease in counterforce exerted by a test piece of vulcanized or thermoplastic rubber which has been compressed to a constant deformation and maintained thus at a predetermined test temperature. The counterforce can be determined either by means of a continuous-measurement system or by a discontinuous-measurement one. Two test methods are specified, method A and method B. In method A the compression and all measurements of counterforce ...view more

This document specifies two methods for determining the decrease in counterforce exerted by a test piece of vulcanized or thermoplastic rubber which has been compressed to a constant deformation and then undergoes temperature cycling. Method A: The temperature is cycled at intervals between a high temperature for ageing and a low temperature for checking the sealing force at this low temperature. Method B: The temperature is cycled continuously between a high temperature and a low temperature to...view more

This document specifies requirements for tensile-testing systems operating at constant rate of traverse and suitable for testing rubbers, plastics and adhesives, although any one system might only be applicable to a narrower range of materials. It also covers such systems when used for flexural, shear and compression tests.

This document specifies a method for the determination of creep in vulcanized rubber continuously subjected to compressive or to shear forces. The standard cannot be used for intermittent deformation of rubber.

This document specifies a number of methods of determining the dimensional changes in test pieces of vulcanized or thermoplastic rubber during and after tensile loading for relatively short periods under constant elongation or constant loading. The constant-elongation test is intended to measure the ability of rubbers to retain their elastic properties after extension, at a standard laboratory temperature, to a specified strain which is maintained for a specified time at the same or at a specifi...view more

This document specifies chromatographic methods for the determination of the inorganic free sulfur (Sx) not consumed during the vulcanization of the rubber. This method is used primarily to compare the free sulfur content in different samples. NOTE 1 In this document, "free sulfur" is used instead of "inorganic free sulfur". NOTE 2 The residual curing agent containing sulfur is not concerned by this measure.

This document specifies a method for the determination of the adhesive strength of a vulcanized or thermoplastic rubber bonded to a rigid substrate, using a test piece comprising a strip of rubber bonded to a single plate of rigid material. The test is carried out at a peel angle of 90°. The method is applicable primarily to test pieces prepared in the laboratory under standard conditions, such as can be used to provide data for the choice of rubber compounds or adhesive systems, the development...view more

This document specifies a method for the determination of the volume and the surface resistivity of vulcanized or thermoplastic rubbers. The method can be applied to materials with a resistivity from 101 Ω⋅m to 1017 Ω⋅m.

This document specifies a method for the determination of the insulation resistance of vulcanized and thermoplastic rubbers without discrimination between the volume and surface resistances involved. This method is applicable only to the test pieces with a resistance greater than 108 Ω. NOTE Methods of test for test pieces with a lower resistance are described in ISO 1853 and ISO 2878. Because the test pieces are simply and easily prepared, this method is particularly useful for rapidly determin...view more

This document specifies a method for the determination of the gas transmission rate and gas permeability coefficient of vulcanized or thermoplastic rubber under conditions in which the overall pressure on each side of the rubber test piece is the same, using gas chromatography to determine the quantity of gas that permeates through the rubber. The method applies to vulcanized and thermoplastic rubbers of hardness not less than 35 IRHD (international rubber hardness degrees) and to both single ga...view more

This document specifies a method of preparing samples from vulcanized rubber for use in chemical tests.

This document specifies an atomic absorption spectrometric method for the determination of the magnesium content of natural rubber latex concentrate, raw natural rubber and products made from natural rubber.

This document specifies a constant-stress flexometer test for the determination of the temperature rise and resistance to fatigue of vulcanized rubbers. Many rubber products, such as tyres and belts, are tested by subjecting them to an oscillating load with a constant peak stress amplitude. In order to obtain good correlation between accelerated tests and in-service exposure of these products, this document gives instructions for carrying out measurements under such conditions. This method is no...view more

This document specifies a method for the determination of the apparent hardness of vulcanized- or thermoplastic-rubber roller covers, expressed in Shore hardness, for measurement where only medium precision is required. The method and apparatus used are essentially those described in ISO 48-4, the measurements in this case being made on the curved surface of the conditioned rubber-covered roller rather than on a flat test piece. Shore type A and type D instruments are specified, the latter being...view more

This document specifies a method for the determination of the apparent hardness of vulcanized- or thermoplastic-rubber roller covers, expressed as the Pusey and Jones indentation value. The Pusey and Jones plastometer apparatus is used to measure the depth of indentation of an indentor under a specified force into the surface of the rubber. The indentation value is not the same as that measured by the international rubber hardness test method ISO 48-2, since in this method the rubber immediately...view more

This document specifies a method for the determination of the apparent hardness, expressed in International Rubber Hardness Degrees (IRHD), of vulcanized- or thermoplastic-rubber roller covers. The method is similar in principle to the methods used for the determination of the hardness of rubber in ISO 48-2 in that it consists essentially of measuring the depth of penetration of a spherical indentor operating under a specified force. The apparatus used is similar to that described in ISO 48-2, h...view more

This document specifies a method for determining the indentation hardness (Shore hardness) of vulcanized or thermoplastic rubber using durometers with the following scales: — the A scale for rubbers in the normal-hardness range; — the D scale for rubbers in the high-hardness range; — the AO scale for rubbers in the low-hardness range and for cellular rubbers; — the AM scale for thin rubber test pieces in the normal-hardness range.

This document specifies a method for determining the indentation hardness of vulcanized or thermoplastic rubber by means of a pocket hardness meter calibrated in IRHD. The use of such meters is primarily intended for control, not specification, purposes (for specification, see ISO 48-2). It is possible to increase precision by fixing the pocket hardness meter on a support.

This document provides guidance on the determination of the hardness of vulcanized and thermoplastic rubbers. It is intended to provide an understanding of the significance of hardness as a material property and to assist in the selection of an appropriate test method.

This document specifies four methods for the determination of the hardness of vulcanized or thermoplastic rubbers on flat surfaces (standard-hardness methods) and four methods for the determination of the apparent hardness of curved surfaces (apparent-hardness methods). The hardness is expressed in international rubber hardness degrees (IRHD). The methods cover the hardness range from 10 IRHD to 100 IRHD. These methods differ primarily in the diameter of the indenting ball and the magnitude of t...view more

This document specifies a dead-load method for the determination of the hardness of very soft vulcanized or thermoplastic rubbers using the very low rubber hardness (VLRH) scale. The relation between the depth of penetration and the VLRH scale is linear.

This document specifies procedures for the calibration and verification of durometers of types A, D, AO and AM (see ISO 48-4), IRHD pocket meters (see ISO 48-5), IRHD dead-load instruments (see ISO 48-2) and dead-load instruments using the very low rubber hardness scale (see ISO 48-3).

This document specifies an atomic absorption spectrometric method for the determination of the iron content of rubbers. The method is applicable to raw rubber, rubber products and latex having iron contents of 5 mg/kg to 1 000 mg/kg. Higher concentrations can be determined, provided that suitable adjustments are made to the mass of the test portion and/or the concentrations of the solution used.

This document specifies three methods for the determination of ash from raw rubbers, compounded rubbers and vulcanizates. The methods are applicable to raw, compounded or vulcanized rubbers of the M, N, O, R and U families described in ISO 1629, except that: — Method A is not used for the determination of ash from compounded or vulcanized rubbers containing chlorine, bromine or iodine; — Method B is used for compounded or vulcanized rubbers containing chlorine, bromine or iodine. It shall not be...view more

This document specifies two methods for the determination of ash from raw rubbers, compounded rubbers and vulcanizates using a thermogravimetric analyser (TGA). The methods are applicable to raw, compounded or vulcanized rubbers of the M, O, R and U families described in ISO 1629: — Method A is applicable for the determination of the ash from raw rubbers. — Method B is applicable for the determination of the ash from compounded or vulcanized rubbers. The methods are not applicable for the determ...view more

This document specifies a method for determining selected vulcanization characteristics of a rubber compound by means of a rotorless curemeter. The introduction to the use of curemeters is given in ISO 6502‑1.

This document specifies a method for determining selected vulcanization characteristics of a rubber compound by means of an oscillating disc curemeter. The introduction to the use of curemeters is described in ISO 6502‑1.

This document provides an introduction to the determination of vulcanization characteristics of rubber compounds by means of curemeters.

This document specifies a method for the rapid determination of the plasticity of raw rubber and unvulcanized compounded rubber. It is applicable to the determination of the plasticity retention index (PRI) as specified in ISO 2930.

This document specifies the requirements for the laboratory testing of the volume resistivity of specially prepared test pieces of vulcanized or thermoplastic rubber compounds rendered conducting or dissipative by the inclusion of carbon black or ionizable materials. The tests are suitable for materials with a resistivity of less than about 108 Ω⋅m. Method 1 is the preferred method when test pieces with bonded electrodes are not available. Method 2 is the preferred method when test pieces are mo...view more

This document specifies two methods of test for the determination of the density of solid vulcanized and thermoplastic rubbers. Such determinations are of importance in the control of the quality of a rubber compound and in the calculation of the mass of rubber required to produce a given volume of material. This document does not cover the determination of the relative density of rubber, which is the ratio of the mass of a given volume of rubber to the mass of an equal volume of pure water at a...view more

This document specifies requirements for vulcanized rubbers in sheet form for use as standards in characterizing the effect of test liquids and service fluids. This document is not designed to provide formulations of elastomeric-product compositions for actual service.

ISO 20463:2018 specifies the measuring methods of the combustion energy (i.e. gross calorific value) and the carbon dioxide emission amount from biobased and non-biobased materials in rubber or rubber products. ISO 20463:2018 applies to rubber and rubber products (including polyurethane) such as raw materials, materials and final products.

ISO 37:2017 specifies a method for the determination of the tensile stress-strain properties of vulcanized and thermoplastic rubbers. The properties which can be determined are tensile strength, elongation at break, stress at a given elongation, elongation at a given stress, stress at yield and elongation at yield. The measurement of stress and strain at yield applies only to some thermoplastic rubbers and certain other compounds.

ISO 7743:2017 specifies methods for the determination of the compression stress-strain properties of vulcanized or thermoplastic rubber using a standard test piece, a product or a part of a product. Four procedures are given: - using standard test piece A with the metal plates lubricated (method A); - using standard test piece A with the metal plates bonded to the test piece (method B); - using standard test piece B (method C); - using a product or a part of a product with the metal plates lubri...view more

ISO/TS 289-4 specifies a method of use of a shearing-disc viscometer for measuring the Mooney stress-relaxation rate (MSR) of uncompounded or compounded, unvulcanized rubbers, characterizing the elastic response of those materials next to the viscous response as measured by the Mooney viscosity. The intended use of this document is on quality control measurements.

ISO 4649:2017 specifies two methods for the determination of the resistance of rubber to abrasion by means of a rotating cylindrical drum device. The methods involve determination of the volume loss due to the abrasive action of rubbing a test piece over a specified grade of abrasive sheet. Method A is for a non-rotating test piece and method B is for a rotating test piece. For each method, the result can be reported as a relative volume loss or an abrasion resistance index. These test methods a...view more