EN 16165:2021

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-december-2021
Nadomešča:
SIST-TS CEN/TS 16165:2016
Ugotavljanje odpornosti talnih površin proti zdrsu - Metoda vrednotenja
Determination of slip resistance of pedestrian surfaces - Methods of evaluation
Bestimmung des Gleitwiderstandes von Fußgängerbereichen - Ermittlungsverfahren
Détermination de la résistance à la glissance des surfaces piétonnières - Méthodes
d'évaluation
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 16165:2021
ICS:
17.040.20 Lastnosti površin Properties of surfaces
93.080.10 Gradnja cest Road construction
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EN 16165
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
October 2021
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 17.040.20; 91.060.30; 93.080.10 Supersedes CEN/TS 16165:2016
English Version
Determination of slip resistance of pedestrian surfaces -
Methods of evaluation
Détermination de la résistance à la glissance des Bestimmung der Rutschhemmung von Fußböden -
surfaces piétonnières - Méthodes d'évaluation Ermittlungsverfahren
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 25 July 2021.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2021 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 16165:2021 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
European foreword . 3
Introduction . 4
1 Scope . 5
2 Normative references . 5
3 Terms and definitions . 5
3.1 General terms . 5
3.2 Terms related to ramp tests . 6
3.3 Terms related to pendulum tests . 6
3.4 Terms related to tribometer tests . 6
4 Test methods . 7
Annex A (normative) Barefoot ramp test . 8
Annex B (normative) Shod ramp test . 14
Annex C (normative) Pendulum test . 21
Annex D (normative) Tribometer test . 46
Bibliography . 53
European foreword
This document (EN 16165:2021) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 339 “Slip
resistance of pedestrian surfaces - Methods of evaluation”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by April 2022, and conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by April 2022.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes CEN/TS 16165:2016.
The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
a) description of test surface used in the barefoot ramp test and the shod ramp test changed;
b) calibration procedure of the test device used in the barefoot ramp test changed;
c) angles of slip for the three standard surfaces used in the barefoot ramp test changed;
d) procedure for verification and correction in the barefoot ramp test changed;
e) description of the test procedure used in the barefoot ramp test changed;
f) description of test footwear used in the shod ramp test changed;
g) angles of slip for the three standard surfaces used in the shod ramp test changed;
h) information when slider pads and slider assemblies shall be re-prepared or discarded added to the
pendulum test;
i) description of the verification procedure used in the pendulum test and the tribometer test
changed;
j) Reference surfaces for pendulum test and tribometer tests were removed;
k) procedure for the preparation of sliders used in the tribometer test changed.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards body.
A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of
North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the
United Kingdom.
Introduction
This document describes four test methods commonly used in Europe for the determination of the slip
resistance of floorings.
The method in Annex A describes the test method based on the ramp using water as the test liquid and
with the operator barefoot. This method cannot be used in situ. It is referred to as the “Barefoot ramp
method”.
The method in Annex B describes the test method based on the ramp using oil as the test liquid and
with the operator wearing specified shoes. This method cannot be used in situ. It is referred to as the
“Shod ramp test”.
NOTE Oil is used as the test liquid to make the test more sensitive.
The method in Annex C describes the test method based on the pendulum in dry and wet conditions
using specified rubber sliders. This method can be used in situ. It is referred to as the “Pendulum test”.
The method in Annex D describes the test method based on the tribometer in dry and wet conditions
using specified rubber sliders. This method can be used in situ. It is referred to as the “Tribometer test”.
The purpose of this document is to harmonize the procedures used when using any of the above test
methods. It is not intended to promote any particular test method to Product Group Technical
Committees or to limit their choice.
The test methods given in this document cannot be compared with each other. The results can only be
compared with results that are obtained with the same test method.
1 Scope
This document specifies test methods for determining the slip resistance of surfaces used by
pedestrians.
NOTE It is also possible to use this document for measurements where persons might walk on trafficked
areas.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN ISO 868, Plastics and ebonite — Determination of indentation hardness by means of a durometer
(Shore hardness) (ISO 868)
ISO 48-2, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Determination of hardness — Part 2: Hardness between
10 IRHD and 100 IRHD
ISO 48-4, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Determination of hardness — Part 4: Indentation
hardness by durometer method (Shore hardness)
ISO 5725-2, Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results — Part 2: Basic
method for the determination of repeatability and reproducibility of a standard measurement method
ISO 5725-5, Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results — Part 5: Alternative
methods for the determination of the precision of a standard measurement method
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
3.1 General terms
3.1.1
pedestrian surface
surface which is designed for people to walk upon
3.1.2
test liquid
standardized liquid applied on the surface for the purpose of the test
3.1.3
friction
resistance to relative motion between two bodies in contact, e.g. the test slider or the footwear sole and
the pedestrian surface
Note 1 to entry: The frictional force is the force acting tangentially in the contact area.
3.1.4
slip
loss of traction which can cause the test persons to lose their footing
3.1.5
slip resistance
measure of dynamic friction between two surfaces in contact with or without the presence of a specified
test liquid
Note 1 to entry: The frictional force opposing movement of an object across a surface, usually with reference to
the sole (including the heel) of a shoe or to the barefoot contact area on a floor. Slip resistance of a pedestrian
surface is the property of the surface which counteracts the relative sliding movement.
3.2 Terms related to ramp tests
3.2.1
angle of slip
lowest angle of the inclined ramp at which the test person reaches the limit of safe walking when
slipping occurs
3.2.2
test person
person who walks on the test surface or standard surface
3.2.3
test walk
walk to determine a single angle of slip
3.3 Terms related to pendulum tests
3.3.1
pendulum test value
PTV
standardized value of the slip resistance as measure of the friction between the slider and the test
surface obtained with the pendulum friction tester which incorporates a slider manufactured of rubber
3.4 Terms related to tribometer tests
3.4.1
dynamic coefficient of friction
μ
quotient of the horizontal frictional force and the vertically acting force between the slider and the
horizontal surface during movement at a constant speed
3.4.2
sliding distance
distance over which the body is pulled during a single measurement
3.4.3
measuring distance
distance over which the sliding friction coefficient is determined
3.4.4
measurement series
series consisting of five single measurements on one measuring distance
4 Test methods
Carry out a test according to Annex A to Annex D. If tests are performed in the laboratory, the room
temperature should be (20 ± 5) °C unless otherwise stated.
Annex A
(normative)
Barefoot ramp test
A.1 Principle
Two bare-foot test persons are used to determine the angle of slip, while the pedestrian surface
material being tested is continuously coated with water containing a wetting agent. The test persons,
each in turn, facing down the ramp and with an upright posture, move forwards and backwards over
the test surface, as they increase their angle of inclination, until the safe limit of walking is reached and
a slip occurs. The mean angle of slip obtained is used to express the degree of slip resistance. Subjective
influences on the angle of slip are limited by means of a correction procedure.
A.2 Test equipment
A.2.1 Test apparatus with safety devices
The test device (Figure A.1) is a level and torsion-free platform of approximately 600 mm width and
2 000 mm length which can be adjusted longitudinally as a continuous movement to gradients from 0°
to approximately 45°. The lifting stroke is controlled by the test person. An angle indicator on the test
device shall show the platform tilt away from the horizontal plane at an accuracy of ± 0,2°. The test
apparatus shall be rigid such that the angle does not vary by more than ± 0,5° during the walking. The
display of the angle measurement system shall be fixed in such a way that the test person cannot read it
during the test. The test person is safeguarded by railings along the sides and protected from falling by
a safety harness, which shall not cause a hindrance to the test person when walking on the pedestrian
surface material under test.
Dimensions in millimetres
Key
1 safety harness and fall arrest system
2 drive unit
3 inclinable walkway area on which the test surface or standard surface is fixed
4 angle indicator
Figure A.1 — Example of a typical test apparatus
A.2.2 Standard surfaces
Three standard surfaces, St-A, St-B and St-C, are used for the training and verification of test persons
and the correction of the test results. The angle of slip (α) of these surfaces are given in Table A.1 and
are specified as angles of slip α , α and α of the three standard surfaces. The critical
S,St-A S,St-B S,St-C
differences of CrD are determined for the three standard surfaces for a significance level of 95 % from
the comparison and repetition limits according to ISO 5725-2 or ISO 5725-5. [7]
NOTE The critical difference of CrD95 indicates the spreading of measured values during measurements on
the same object at various test locations, or coincidental deviations during repeated measurements at the same
test location.
Table A.1 — Angle of slip and critical difference values of the three standard surfaces
Standard surface (n) Angle of slip α [°] Critical difference
S,n
CrD [°]
St-A 12,4 3,9
St-B 20,9 4,3
St-C 26,7 4,4
When testing barefoot, the standard surfaces can become contaminated with body fats/oils. This may
affect the performance of the surface. It is important to know, when verifying or correcting, that any
changes in the surface are due to wear or the operator and not contamination. It is recommended to
thoroughly clean the surfaces regularly.
A.2.3 Test liquid
Aqueous solution of a low foaming non-ionic surfactant such as LS45 (CAS-No. 68439-51-0) in a
concentration of 1 g/l (aqueous solution: 0,1 % LS45 in water) shall be used as the test liquid. Prior to
and during testing the aqueous solution shall be applied at (6,0 ± 1,0) l/min using appropriate means so
as to form a largely uniform distribution of test liquid across the test surface. The temperature range of
the solution shall be in between (29,0 ± 2,0) °C.
The test liquid may only be used once and shall not be re-circulated.
A.2.4 Test surface
The test surface shall have a minimum length of 1 000 mm and a minimum width of 400 mm. The test
surface shall be either self-supporting, or securely mounted on a suitable flat surface.
The test surface shall be clean.
NOTE The floor manufacturer's instructions can be useful for cleaning.
If the slip resistance differs depending on the direction of walking, then it will be necessary to
determine the direction of lowest slip resistance. It is recommended that tests are carried out in at least
two directions (longitudinally and laterally) to establish whether there is directionality of the slip
resistance of the sample. Once a lack of directionality has been established, it is acceptable to test in a
single direction. If the test surface is produced by the customer, they are responsible that the direction
of the lowest slip resistance is mounted in the longitudinal direction of the test surface.
Materials designed to be used in one direction should be tested in the intended direction of use.
A.3 Calibration of the test device
The inclination of the inclinable walkway surface shall be calibrated annually and checked periodically.
A.4 Training of test persons
The test persons shall be trained for the test (e.g. gait, walking speed, skin condition). The training
procedure of the test person shall be carried out as follows:
Each test person j shall walk according to A.5, a) to n) on each standard surface (A.2.2) four times and
the average training values are determined out of the last three values:
α ; αα;
T,St−A,j T,St−B,j T,St−C,j
For each test-person the individual differences according to Formula (A.1):
∆αα= −α (n = St-A, St-B and St-C) (A.1)
nj, S,n T,nj,
are calculated and result in:
∆α ; ∆∆αα;
St−A,j St−B,j St−C,j
If each of the individual differences ∆α ; ∆∆αα; are inside of the critical differences,
St−A,j St−B,j St−C,j
the test person is trained for the test.
(see Table A.1) (A.2)
∆≤α CrD
nj; 95
A.5 Test procedure
a) The test surface shall be mounted on the test device so that the direction of the lowest slip
resistance is in the direction of walking movement. For determining the slip resistance
characteristics of surfaces with directional surface profiles or texture, see A.2.4.
b) The test surface (see A.2.4) shall be clean.
c) The test person j shall soak their feet in water containing the test liquid (see A.2.3) for ten minutes
before starting the test.
d) The test person shall put on the harness (see A.2.1). The test person shall then attach to the fall
arrest system (see A.2.1).
e) The test person shall mount the ramp (which shall be set to the horizontal position) so as to stand
on the test surface.
f) Application of the test liquid (see A.2.3).
g) Facing down the ramp and looking at their feet, the test person, using a half-step gait and using the
flat of the foot, shall take a minimum of four steps down the test surface (walking forwards), and
then take half-steps up the test surface (walking backwards) to return to their starting position.
The test person shall walk up and down the test surface twice before raising the ramp by a small
amount. This continues until a slip occurs. When high angles are achieved, the steps for raising the
ramp may be higher in the lower angle area.
h) It is essential to maintain a rhythm of about 144 half steps per minute. A metronome or similar
should be used to keep pace. Above a ramp angle of 20°, the pace is less important.
i) Once a slip occurs the walk shall be repeated at the angle of slip and if a further slip occurs then this
angle is recorded.
j) If there is no second slip the test is continued, raising the angle by a small amount until two slips
occur at the same angle.
k) It is important that around the point of slip the angle is not raised too much in one step.
Incremental rises shall therefore be small at this point.
l) If it is suspected that the angle has been raised by too great an amount around the point of slip then
the angle shall be lowered to below the angle of slip and the run repeated using smaller increments.
m) If the test person is still able to walk on the test sample at an angle of 30° then the test shall be
stopped unless there is agreement between parties to go to higher angles.
n) Record the angle, α with i = 1;2;3;4 rounded to the nearest 0,1°.
0,i,j
o) Repeat the procedure (steps d) to n)) from the horizontal or from an angle approximately 10°
below the angle of slip three more times. Discard the first angle of slip with i = 1 and calculate the
mean value α , from the last three angles of slip with i = 2;3;4.
0 j
p) Depending on the mean value α , one of the three standard surfaces shall be selected and mounted
0 j
on the test device for a verification and correction procedure (see Table A.2).
Table A.2 —Selection of a standard surface for correction
Case Standard surface
St-A
α <°16,7
0,j
St-B
16,7° ≤α <23,8°
0,j
St-C
23,8° ≤α
0,j
q) The test steps a) to l) shall be carried out four times on the selected standard surface and given the
angles of slip for correction α with n = St-A, St-B or St-C and i = 1;2;3;4. Discard the first angle
C,ni, ,j
of slip with i = 1 and calculate the mean value from the last three angles of slip with
α α
Cn,,j C,ni,,j
i = 2;3;4.
The test [test steps a) to q)] shall be repeated by a second test person.
A.6 Verification and correction
A.6.1 General
For every single test surface and test person the verification and correction procedure shall be carried
out.
A.6.2 Verification
For each test-person the individual difference between the angle of slip of the standard surface
(Table A.1) and the angle of slip for correction (see A.5 q)) according to Formula (A.3) is calculated:
. (n = St-A, St-B or St-C) (A.3)
∆αα= −α
nj, S,n C,nj,
If the individual difference is inside of the critical difference (see Formula (A.4)) the test person is
verified. The correction according to A.6.3 can be made and the result can be used.
∆≤α CrD (see Table A.1) (A.4)
nj; 95
If the individual difference is higher than the critical difference, the result for that test surface from this
test person has to be discarded and the test person has to be replaced by another test person.
The results of other tested surfaces on that test day, that was verified correctly, are still valid.
A.6.3 Correction
For two test persons a correction value, D (D and D ) is calculated for each tested surface from the
j 1 2
value obtained from the selected standard surface. The calculated correction value, D , is added to the
j
mean value of each test surface α giving the corrected value for one test person α (α or α ).
j 1 2
0,j
The calculation of D shall be carried out in accordance with one of the three cases given in Table A.3.
j
Table A.3 — Correction value depending on the size of the mean angle of slip
Case Correction value D for test surface
j
α <°16,7 1
0,j

D 12,4°−α ×
j C,St−A, j

16,7° ≤α <23,8° 1
0,j
D 20,9°−α ×
j C,St−B, j

23,8° ≤α
0,j

D 26,7°−α ×
j C,St−C, j

where
α is the mean angle of slip for test person j;
0,j
D is the correction value for test person j for the current test surface;
j
α is the average correction value for test person j walking on standard surface St-A;
C,St-A,j
α is the average correction value for test person j walking on standard surface St-B;
C,St-B,j
α is the average correction value for test person j walking on standard surface St-C.
C,St-C,j
The corrected mean angle of slip of test person 1 (α ) and test person 2 (α ) shall be added together and
1 2
divided by 2 creating the test result α rounded to the nearest 1°.
barefoot
A.7 Test report
The following information shall be given in the test report:
a) reference to this European Standard (including its year of publication);
b) method used (i.e. Annex A);
c) test organization and name of the person responsible for the test;
d) date of test;
e) identity of test surfaces or designation, manufacturer, product, where applicable quality class,
colour and dimensions of products used for the surface (if this information is known);
f) surface structure (e.g. smooth, profiled, structured);
g) ramp test value, α , rounded to the nearest 1 degree.
barefoot
h) any further remarks when appropriate such as, surface conditions tested and cleaning method,
regular maintenance procedures, surface treatments and/or the sampling method.
=
=
=
Annex B
(normative)
Shod ramp test
B.1 Principle
Two test persons wearing shoes are used to determine the angle of slip, after the pedestrian surface
material being tested has been evenly coated with oil. The test persons, each in turn, facing down the
ramp and with an upright posture, move forwards and backwards over the test surface, as they increase
their angle of inclination, until the safe limit of walking is reached and a slip occurs. The mean angle of
slip obtained is used to express the degree of slip resistance. Subjective influences on the angle of slip
are limited by means of a correction procedure.
B.2 Test equipment
B.2.1 Test apparatus with safety devices
The test device (Figure B.1) is a level and torsion-free platform of approximately 600 mm width and
2 000 mm length which can be adjusted longitudinally as a continuous movement to gradients from 0°
to approximately 45°. The lifting stroke is controlled by the test person. An angle indicator on the test
device shall show the platform tilt away from the horizontal plane at an accuracy of ± 0,2°. The test
apparatus shall be rigid such that the angle does not vary by more than ± 0,5° during the walking. The
display of the angle measurement system shall be fixed in such a way that the test person cannot read it
during the test.
The test person is safeguarded by railings along the sides and protected from falling by a safety harness
which shall not cause a hindrance to the test person when walking on the pedestrian surface material
under test.
Dimensions in millimetres
Key
1 safety harness and fall arrest system
2 drive unit
3 inclinable walkway area on which the test surface or standard surface is fixed
4 angle indicator
Figure B.1 — Example of typical test apparatus
B.2.2 Test surface
The test surface shall have a minimum length of 1 000 mm and a minimum width of 400 mm. The test
surface shall be either self-supporting, or securely mounted on a suitable flat surface.
The test surface shall be clean.
NOTE The floor manufacturer's instructions can be useful for cleaning.
If the slip resistance differs depending on the direction of walking, then it will be necessary to
determine the direction of lowest slip resistance. It is recommended that tests are carried out in at least
two directions (longitudinally and laterally) to establish whether there is directionality of the slip
resistance of the sample. Once a lack of directionality has been established, it is acceptable to test in a
single direction. If the test surface is produced by the customer, they are responsible that the direction
of the lowest slip resistance is mounted in the longitudinal direction of the test surface.
Materials designed to be used in one direction should be tested in the intended direction of use.
B.2.3 Test Liquid
Engine oil of SAE viscosity grade 10 W 30 according to SAE J300 [5] shall be used as the test liquid
(200 ± 20) ml/m oil shall be evenly brushed onto the test surface prior to test walk of the first test
person and then re-distributed using a brush prior to the test walk of the second test person.
Some surfaces may have an open structure (e.g. grids and gratings) which makes it impossible to
determine how much oil to use. In these cases thoroughly brush the contact area with oil.
The oil should be stored in a tightly sealed vessel in order to prevent changes to its viscosity.
B.2.4 Test footwear
The test persons shall wear a test shoe with an outsole which is rubber-based, Shore A hardness 73 ± 5
determined according to EN ISO 868 with a profile according to Figure B.2 [7]. Check the Shore A
hardness of the sole before first use and periodically during the boot’s lifetime of use to monitor any
change over time.
Before first use, the surface of the test shoe soling shall be thoroughly abraded using an orbital sander
fitted with P400 grade silicon carbide abrasive paper in order to achieve a consistent, even,
reproducible finish over the entire surface. The abrasive paper shall be discarded when noticeable wear
or tearing occurs. Freshly abraded soling shall be dusted before testing using a clean, soft brush. After
the test, the test shoes soling shall be wiped clean using a paper towel before storing. No solvent or gas
oil should be used while cleaning.
A profiled sole is needed to determine the physical-interlock-slip-resistance which is provided by the
profile of the test surface.
Figure B.2 — Profiled sole of test shoe
Longer exposure to engine oil and walking on floor coverings with sharp-edged surfaces can lead to
changes in the outsole of the test shoes. These changes can be detected optically or during validation.
Grinding the outsole with unused P400 grade silicon carbide abrasive paper eliminates this change.
After grinding the grinding dust shall be removed from the sole surface and the validation procedure
shall be repeated as in B.3.2.
B.3 Verification
B.3.1 General
The inclination of the inclinable walkway surface shall be calibrated annually and checked periodically.
Verification of the data produced by test persons shall be undertaken daily prior to testing. The latter
shall be achieved by use of standardized test footwear and an appropriate set of standardized surfaces.
The verification processes as specified below shall be used to select and familiarise the test persons.
B.3.2 Verification of the test person
Three standard surfaces, n = St-I, St-II and St-IIIA, are used for the verification process. The angle of slip
(α) of these surfaces are given in Table B.1 and are specified as angles of slip α , α and α of
S,St-I S,St-II S,St-IIIA
the three standard surfaces [7].
On the same day, but prior to testing the test surfaces, each test person j shall walk on each standard
surface (n = St-I, St-II and St-IIIA) three times (see B.4) and the mean verification (V) values
αα;  andα shall be determined.
V,,St−−I jjV,St II, V,St−IIIA, j
Each individual difference from the verification prior to testing shall be calculated according to
Formula (B.1):
∆α α−α (B.1)
nj, SV,n ,,nj
with n = St-I, St-II and St-IIIA
to give
∆α ; ∆α and∆α
St−−I,,jjSt II St−IIIA, j
.
Each of the individual difference shall be less than the corresponding critical differences CrD that are
given in Table B.1, i.e. Formula (B.2):
∆α ≤ CrD
(B.2)
nj; 95
If one of the absolute values is greater, the test person in question shall be excluded from the test and
replaced by another test person for that day.
Table B.1 —Angle of slip and critical difference values of the three standard surfaces
Standard surface (n) Angle of slip α [°] Critical difference
S,n
CrD [°]
St-I 8,0 3,0
St-II 19,9 3,0
St-IIIA 25,7 3,0
NOTE The critical difference of CrD95 indicates the spreading of measured values during measurements on
the same object at various test locations, or coincidental deviations during repeated measurements at the same
test location.
The critical differences of CrD are determined for the three standard surfaces for a significance level of
95 % from the comparison and repetition limits according to ISO 5725-2 or ISO 5725-5.
=
B.4 Test procedure
a) The test surface shall be mounted on the test device so that the direction of the lowest slip
resistance properties is in the direction of walking movement. For determining the slip resistance
characteristics of surfaces with directional surface profiles or texture, see B.2.2.
b) The test surface (see B.2.2) and shoe sole (see B.2.4) shall be clean.
c) The test person j wears the test shoes (see B2.4).
d) The test person shall put on the harness (see B.2.1). The test person shall then attach to the fall
arrest system (see B.2.1).
e) The test person shall mount the ramp (which shall be set to the horizontal position) so as to stand
on the test surface.
f) (200 ± 20) ml/m of the specified test liquid (see B.3.2) is brushed onto the surface of the sample
surface and the soles of the footwear.
g) Facing down the ramp and looking at their feet, the test person, using a half-step gait and using the
flat of the foot, shall take a minimum of four steps down the test surface (walking forwards), and
then take half-steps up the test surface (walking backwards) to return to their starting position.
The test person shall walk up and down the test surface twice before raising the ramp by a small
amount. This continues until a slip occurs. When high angles are achieved, the steps for raising the
ramp may be higher in the lower angle area.
h) It is essential to maintain a rhythm of about 144 half steps per minute. A metronome or similar
should be used to keep pace. Above a ramp angle of 20°, the pace is less important.
i) Once a slip occurs the walk shall be repeated at the angle of slip and if a further slip occurs then this
angle is recorded.
j) It is important that around the point of slip the angle is not raised too much in one step.
Incremental rises shall therefore be small at this point.
k) If it is suspected that the angle has been raised by too great an amount around the point of slip then
the angle shall be lowered to below the angle of slip and the run repeated using smaller increments.
l) If there is no second slip the test is continued, raising the angle by a small amount until two slips
occur at the same angle.
m) Record the angle, α with i = 1;2;3 rounded to the nearest 0,1°.
0,i,j
n) Repeat the procedure from the horizontal or from an angle approximately 10° below the slip angle
two more times and record all three angles.
o) The test shall be repeated by a second test person following the procedure from c) to e). The oil is
then re-distributed using the brush over the test surface and the soles of the shoes before
continuing the procedure from g) to n).
p) If the test person is still able to walk on the test sample at an angle of 38° then the test shall be
stopped unless there is agreement between parties to go to higher angles.
B.5 Evaluation
For a verified test person, j, determine the mean value from α with i = 1;2;3 giving the angle, α . For
0,i,j 0,j
two test persons a correction value, D (D and D ) is calculated for each tested surface from the values
j 1 2
obtained from the standard surfaces. The calculated correction value, D , is added to the mean value of
j
each test covering α , giving the corrected value for one test walker α (α or α ).
0,j j 1 2
The calculation of D shall be carried out in accordance with one of the four cases given in Table B.2.
j
Table B.2 — Correction value depending on the size of the mean angle of slip
Case Correction value D for test surface
j
αα< D=∆×α
0,jjV,St−I, j St−I,j
αα−
0,j V,St−I,j
α ≤<αα D= ∆α +∆αα−∆ × ×
( )
V,St−−I,jj0, V,St II,j
j St−I,j St−−II,jjSt I,
αα−

V,St−−II,j V,St I,j


αα−
0,jjVSt−II,
α ≤<αα
D= ∆α +∆α −∆α × ×
( )
V,St−−II,jj0, V,St IIIA,j
j St−−II,j St IIIA,j St−II,j
αα−
V,St−−IIIA,jjV,St II,

αα≤ D=∆×α
V,St−IIIA,jj0, jjSt−IIIA,
where
α is the mean angle of slip for test person j;
0,j
D is the correction value for test person j;
j
α is the mean verification value for test person j walking on standard surface St-I;
V,St-I,j
is the individual difference for test person j walking on standard surface St-I
Δα
St-I,j
(8,0° - α );
V,St-I,j
α is the mean verification value for test person j walking on standard surface St-II;
V,St-II,j
is the individual difference for test person j walking on standard surface St-II
Δα
St-II,j
(19,9° - α );
V,St-II,j
α is the mean verification value for test person j walking on standard surface St-IIIA;
V,St-IIIA,j
is the individual difference for test person j walking on standard surface St-IIIA
Δα
St-IIIA,j
(25,7° - α ).
V,St-IIIA,j
The corrected mean angle of slip of test person 1 (α ) and test person 2 (α ) shall be added together and
1 2
divided by 2 creating the ramp test value α rounded to the nearest 1 degree.
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B.6 Test report
The following information shall be given in the test report:
a) reference to this European Standard (including its year of publication);
b) method used (i.e. Annex B);
c) test organization and name of the person responsible for the test;
d) date of test;
e) identity of test surfaces or designation, manufacturer, product, where applicable quality class,
colour and dimensions of products used for the surface (if this information is known);
f) surface structure (e.g. smooth, profiled, structured);
g) ramp test value, α , rounded to the nearest 1 degree;
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h) any further remarks when appropriate such as, surface conditions tested and cleaning method,
regular maintenance procedures, surface treatments and/or the sampling method.
Annex C
(normative)
Pendulum test
C.1 Principle
The pendulum friction tester measures the loss of energy as the standard rubber coated slider assembly
slides across the test surface. The pendulum friction tester incorporates a spring loaded slider made of a
standard rubber attached to the end of the pendulum arm. On swinging the pendulum arm the frictional
force between slider and test surface is measured by the reduction of the circular movement of the
pendulum arm measured on a graduated scale.
The measuring method can be implemented by using soft or hard rubber (slider 57 or 96, respectively).
The measuring method can be implemented with a test surface in dry condition or a test surface
contaminated with water.
The measuring method can be used for measurements in laboratory conditions as well as for
measurements on site.
C.2 Apparatus
C.2.1 Pendulum friction tester
C.2.1.1 General
The pendulum friction tester shall be manufactured generally as shown in Figure C.1. All bearings and
working parts shall be enclosed as far as possible, and all materials used shall be treated to prevent
corrosion under wet conditions.
Key
1 pendulum arm 10 slider support rod 19 pointer
2 mark (in the centre of 11 vertical screw (for vertical 20 pointer counterbalance
rotation, indicating the axis of adjustment)
suspension)
3 release mechanism (knob) 12 slider lifting handle 21 scale (see C.8)
4 frame/base 13 pendulum head 22 release catch
5 rear support foot 14 clamp for vertical adjustment 23 pointer adjustment screw
6 screw for rear support foot 15 spirit level 24 handle
7 levelling screw 16 gauge (see Figure C.2) 25 lock nut
8 bottom plate (hinged) 17 pendulum foot
9 slider assembly 18 friction and locking ring
NOTE Individual testers might have a slightly different configuration or appearance.
Figure C.1 — Pendulum friction tester
Dimensions in millimetres
Key
l actual sliding length
1 measuring gauge
Figure C.2 — Sliding length gauge
C.2.1.2 Further features
C.2.1.2.1 Spring loaded rubber coated slider, as specified in C.2.1.2.10 to C.2.1.2.17.
This slider shall be mounted on the end of a pendulum arm with the slider not in contact with the
surface so that the sliding edge is (514 ± 3) mm from the axis of suspension.
C.2.1.2.2 Bubble spirit level, as a means of setting the support column of equipment vertical.
C.2.1.2.3 Frame/base of sufficient mass, to ensure that the equipment remains stable during the
test containing three levelling screws.
NOTE A mass of the frame/base (rear support foot included) of not less than 3,5 kg has been found suitable.
C.2.1.2.4 Vertical screw mechanism, as a means of raising and lowering the axis of suspension of
the pendulum arm, so that the slider can:
a) swing clear of the surface of the specimen;
b) be set to traverse a surface over a fixed length.
The sliding length shall be measured, aligning the marks with the aluminium backing as shown in
Figure C.2. A sliding length measured this way of (124 ± 1) mm gives an actual sliding length of about
126 mm. This actual sliding length is influenced by the worn width of the striking edge, and the
positioning points from where to where the actual sliding length is being measured. For this reason it is
necessary to measure at fixed points at the aluminium backing of the slider.
C.2.1.2.5 Release mechanism that holds the pendulum arm and can release it so that it falls freely
from a horizontal position.
C.2.1.2.6 Pointer, of nominal length of 300 mm, balanced about the axis of suspension, indicating the
position of the pendulum arm throughout its forward swing and moving over the circular scale.
The mass of the pointer shall be not more than 85 g.
C.2.1.2.7 Adjustable friction ring, so that, with the pendulum arm swinging freely from a horizontal
position, the outward tip of the pointer can be brought to rest on the forward swing of the arm at a
point (10 ± 1) mm below the horizontal. This is the zero reading.
C.2.1.2.8 Scale, marked from 0 to 150 at intervals of five or whole units, see C.8.
C.2.1.2.9 The mass of the pendulum arm, including the slider assembly, shall be (1,50 ± 0,03) kg. The
centre of gravity shall be on the axis of the arm at a distance of (410 ± 5) mm from the axis of
suspension.
C.2.1.2.10 The slider assembly shall consist of a rubber slider with a width of (76,2 ± 0,5) mm, a length
of (25,4 ± 1,0) mm (in the direction of swing) and a thickness of (6,4 ± 0,5) mm mounted to an
aluminium base; the combined mass of slider and aluminium base shall be (32 ± 5) g. The thickness of
the rubber slider including the aluminium base shall be in between
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