CISPR 16-2-3:2016

CISPR 16-2-3 ®
Edition 4.0 2016-09
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE

COMITÉ INTERNATIONAL SPÉCIAL DES PERTURBATIONS RADIOÉLECTRIQUES

BASIC EMC PUBLICATION
PUBLICATION FONDAMENTALE EN CEM
Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and
methods –
Part 2-3: Methods of measurement of disturbances and immunity – Radiated
disturbance measurements
Spécifications des méthodes et des appareils de mesure des perturbations
radioélectriques et de l’immunité aux perturbations radioélectriques –
Partie 2-3: Méthodes de mesure des perturbations et de l'immunité – Mesurages
des perturbations rayonnées
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CISPR 16-2-3 ®
Edition 4.0 2016-09
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE

COMITÉ INTERNATIONAL SPÉCIAL DES PERTURBATIONS RADIOÉLECTRIQUES

BASIC EMC PUBLICATION
PUBLICATION FONDAMENTALE EN CEM

Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and

methods –
Part 2-3: Methods of measurement of disturbances and immunity – Radiated

disturbance measurements
Spécifications des méthodes et des appareils de mesure des perturbations

radioélectriques et de l’immunité aux perturbations radioélectriques –

Partie 2-3: Méthodes de mesure des perturbations et de l'immunité – Mesurages

des perturbations rayonnées
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
INTERNATIONALE
ICS 33.100.10; 33.100.20 ISBN 978-2-8322-3590-4

– 2 – CISPR 16-2-3:2016 © IEC 2016
CONTENTS
FOREWORD. 7
1 Scope . 9
2 Normative references . 9
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviations . 10
3.1 Terms and definitions . 10
3.2 Abbreviated terms . 15
4 Types of disturbance to be measured . 16
4.1 General . 16
4.2 Types of disturbance . 16
4.3 Detector functions . 16
5 Connection of measuring equipment . 16
6 General measurement requirements and conditions. 17
6.1 General . 17
6.2 Disturbance not produced by the equipment under test . 17
6.2.1 General . 17
6.2.2 Compliance (conformity assessment) testing . 17
6.3 Measurement of continuous disturbance . 17
6.3.1 Narrowband continuous disturbance . 17
6.3.2 Broadband continuous disturbance . 17
6.3.3 Use of spectrum analyzers and scanning receivers . 17
6.4 EUT arrangement and measurement conditions . 18
6.4.1 General arrangement of the EUT . 18
6.4.2 Operation of the EUT . 20
6.4.3 EUT time of operation . 20
6.4.4 EUT running-in time . 21
6.4.5 EUT supply . 21
6.4.6 EUT mode of operation . 21
6.4.7 Operation of multifunction equipment . 21
6.4.8 Determination of arrangement(s) causing maximum emissions . 21
6.4.9 Recording of measurements . 21
6.5 Interpretation of measuring results . 22
6.5.1 Continuous disturbance . 22
6.5.2 Discontinuous disturbance . 22
6.5.3 Measurement of the duration of disturbance . 22
6.6 Measurement times and scan rates for continuous disturbance . 22
6.6.1 General . 22
6.6.2 Minimum measurement times . 23
6.6.3 Scan rates for scanning receivers and spectrum analyzers . 23
6.6.4 Scan times for stepping receivers . 24
6.6.5 Strategies for obtaining a spectrum overview using the peak detector . 25
6.6.6 Timing considerations using FFT-based instruments . 29
7 Measurement of radiated disturbances . 32
7.1 Introductory remarks . 32
7.2 Loop-antenna system measurements (9 kHz to 30 MHz) . 33
7.2.1 General . 33
7.2.2 General measurement method . 33

7.2.3 Test environment . 34
7.2.4 Configuration of the equipment under test . 35
7.2.5 Measurement uncertainty for LAS . 35
7.3 Open-area test site or semi-anechoic chamber measurements (30 MHz to
1 GHz) . 35
7.3.1 Measurand . 35
7.3.2 Test site requirements . 38
7.3.3 General measurement method . 38
7.3.4 Measurement distance . 39
7.3.5 Antenna height variation . 40
7.3.6 Product specification details . 40
7.3.7 Measurement instrumentation . 42
7.3.8 Field-strength measurements on other outdoor sites . 42
7.3.9 Measurement uncertainty for OATS and SAC . 42
7.4 Fully-anechoic room measurements (30 MHz to 1 GHz) . 42
7.4.1 Test set-up and site geometry . 42
7.4.2 EUT position . 45
7.4.3 Cable layout and termination . 46
7.4.4 Measurement uncertainty for FAR . 47
7.5 Radiated emission measurement method (30 MHz to 1 GHz) and radiated
immunity test method (80 MHz to 1 GHz) with common test set-up in semi-
anechoic chamber . 47
7.5.1 Applicability . 47
7.5.2 EUT perimeter definition and antenna-to-EUT separation distance . 47
7.5.3 Uniform test volume . 48
7.5.4 Specifications for EUT set-up in common emissions/immunity test set-
up . 49
7.5.5 Measurement uncertainty for common emission/immunity set-up and
method . 55
7.6 Fully-anechoic room and absorber-lined OATS/SAC measurements (1 GHz
to 18 GHz) . 55
7.6.1 Quantity to measure . 55
7.6.2 Measurement distance . 55
7.6.3 Set-up and operating conditions of the equipment under test (EUT) . 56
7.6.4 Measurement site . 56
7.6.5 Measurement instrumentation . 56
7.6.6 Measurement procedure . 57
7.6.7 Measurement uncertainty for FAR . 63
7.7 In situ measurements (9 kHz to 18 GHz) . 64
7.7.1 Applicability of and preparation for in situ measurements . 64
7.7.2 Field-strength measurements in situ in the frequency range 9 kHz to
30 MHz . 65
7.7.3 Field-strength measurements in situ in the frequency range above
30 MHz . 65
7.7.4 In situ measurement of the disturbance effective radiated power using
the substitution method . 66
7.7.5 Documentation of the measurement results . 70
7.7.6 Measurement uncertainty for in situ method . 70
7.8 Substitution measurements (30 MHz to 18 GHz) . 70
7.8.1 General . 70
7.8.2 Test site . 71

– 4 – CISPR 16-2-3:2016 © IEC 2016
7.8.3 Test antennas . 71
7.8.4 EUT configuration . 72
7.8.5 Test procedure . 72
7.8.6 Measurement uncertainty for substitution method . 72
7.9 Reverberation chamber measurements (80 MHz to 18 GHz) . 72
7.10 TEM waveguide measurements (30 MHz to 18 GHz) . 72
8 Automated measurement of emissions . 72
8.1 Introduction – Precautions for automated measurements . 72
8.2 Generic measurement procedure . 73
8.3 Pre-scan measurements . 73
8.3.1 General . 73
8.3.2 Determination of the required measurement time . 74
8.3.3 Pre-scan requirements for different types of measurements . 74
8.4 Data reduction . 75
8.5 Emission maximization and final measurement . 76
8.6 Post-processing and reporting . 77
8.7 Emission measurement strategies with FFT-based measuring instruments . 77
Annex A (informative) Measurement of disturbances in the presence of ambient
emissions . 78
A.1 General . 78
A.2 Terms and definitions . 78
A.3 Problem description . 78
A.4 Proposed solution . 78
A.4.1 Overview . 78
A.4.2 Pre-testing the EUT in a shielded room . 81
A.4.3 Method of measurement of EUT disturbances in the presence of
narrowband ambient emissions . 82
A.4.4 Method of measurement of EUT disturbance in the presence of
broadband ambient emissions . 85
A.5 Determination of the EUT disturbance in case of superposition . 87
Annex B (informative) Use of spectrum analyzers and scanning receivers . 92
B.1 General . 92
B.2 Overload . 92
B.3 Linearity test . 92
B.4 Selectivity . 92
B.5 Normal response to pulses . 92
B.6 Peak detection . 92
B.7 Frequency scan rate . 93
B.8 Signal interception . 93
B.9 Average detection . 93
B.10 Sensitivity . 93
B.11 Amplitude accuracy . 94
Annex C (informative) Scan rates and measurement times for use with the average
detector . 95
C.1 Purpose . 95
C.2 Suppression of disturbances . 95
C.2.1 Suppression of impulsive disturbance . 95
C.2.2 Suppression of impulsive disturbance by digital averaging . 96
C.2.3 Suppression of amplitude modulation . 96

C.3 Measurement of slowly intermittent, unsteady or drifting narrowband
disturbances . 96
C.4 Recommended procedure for automated or semi-automated measurements . 98
Annex D (informative) Explanation of the APD measurement method applying to the
compliance test . 99
Annex E (normative) Determination of suitability of spectrum analyzers for compliance
tests . 101
Bibliography . 102

Figure 1 – Measurement of a combination of a CW signal (NB) and an impulsive signal
(BB) using multiple sweeps with maximum hold . 26
Figure 2 – Example of a timing analysis . 27
Figure 3 – A broadband spectrum measured with a stepped receiver . 28
Figure 4 – Intermittent narrowband disturbances measured using fast short repetitive
sweeps with maximum hold function to obtain an overview of the emission spectrum . 29
Figure 5 – FFT scan in segments . 31
Figure 6 – Frequency resolution enhanced by FFT-based measuring instrument . 32
Figure 7 – Concept of magnetic field induced current measurements made with the
loop antenna system . 34
Figure 8 – Measurement distance . 36
Figure 9 – Separation distance relative to the phase centre of an LPDA antenna . 38
Figure 10 – Concept of electric field strength measurements made on an open-area
test site (OATS) or semi-anechoic chamber (SAC) showing the direct and reflected
rays arriving at the receiving antenna . 39
Figure 11 – Position of CMAD for table-top equipment on OATS or in SAC . 42
Figure 12 – Typical FAR site geometry, where a, b, c, e depend upon the room
performance . 43
Figure 13 – Typical test set-up for table-top equipment within the test volume of a FAR . 44
Figure 14 – Typical test set-up for floor-standing equipment within the test volume of a
FAR . 45
Figure 15 – Positions of reference planes for uniform field calibration (top-view) . 48
Figure 16 – Test set-up for table-top equipment . 52
Figure 17 – Test set-up for table-top equipment – Top view . 53
Figure 18 – Test set-up for floor-standing equipment . 54
Figure 19 – Test set-up for floor-standing equipment – Top view . 55
Figure 20 – Measurement method above 1 GHz, receive antenna in vertical
polarization . 57
Figure 21 – Illustration of height scan requirements for two different categories of
EUTs . 59
Figure 22 – Determination of the transition distance . 69
Figure 23 – Substitution method set-up geometries for: a) measurement, b) calibration . 71
Figure 24 – Process to give reduction of measurement time . 73
Figure A.1 – Flow diagram for the selection of bandwidths and detectors and the
estimated measurement errors due to that selection . 80
Figure A.2 – Relative difference in adjacent emission amplitudes during preliminary
testing . 82
Figure A.3 – Disturbance by an unmodulated signal (dotted line) . 83

– 6 – CISPR 16-2-3:2016 © IEC 2016
Figure A.4 – Disturbance by an amplitude-modulated signal (dotted line) . 83
Figure A.5 – Indication of an amplitude-modulated signal as a function of modulation
frequency with the QP detector in CISPR bands B, C and D . 84
Figure A.6 – Indication of a pulse-modulated signal (pulse width 50 µs) as a function of
pulse repetition frequency with peak, QP and average detectors . 85
Figure A.7 – Disturbance by a broadband signal (dotted line) . 85
Figure A.8 – Unmodulated EUT disturbance (dotted line) . 86
Figure A.9 – Amplitude-modulated EUT disturbance (dotted line) . 87
Figure A.10 – Increase of peak value with superposition of two unmodulated signals . 88
Figure A.11 – Determination of the amplitude of the disturbance signal by means of the
amplitude ratio d and the factor i (see Equation (A.3) and Equation (A.6)) . 89
Figure A.12 – Increase of average indication measured with a real receiver and
calculated from Equation (A.8) . 90
Figure C.1 – Weighting function of a 10 ms pulse for peak (PK) and average detections
with (CISPR AV) and without (AV) peak reading: meter time constant 160 ms . 97
Figure C.2 – Weighting functions of a 10 ms pulse for peak (PK) and average
detections with (CISPR AV) and without (AV) peak reading: meter time constant
100 ms . 97
Figure C.3 – Example of weighting functions (of a 1 Hz pulse) for peak (PK) and
average detections as a function of pulse width: meter time constant 160 ms . 98
Figure C.4 – Example of weighting functions (of a 1 Hz pulse) for peak (PK) and
average detections as a function of pulse width: meter time constant 100 ms . 98
Figure D.1 – Example of APD measurement Method 1 for fluctuating disturbances . 99
Figure D.2 – Example of APD measurement Method 2 for fluctuating disturbances . 100

Table 1 – Minimum measurement times for the four CISPR bands . 23
Table 2 – Minimum scan times for the three CISPR bands with peak and quasi-peak
detectors . 23
Table 3 – Applicable frequency ranges and document references for CISPR radiated
emission test sites and test methods . 33
Table 4 – Minimum dimension of w (w ) . 58
min
Table 5 – Example values of w for three antenna types . 59
Table 6 – Horizontal polarization correction factors as a function of frequency . 69
Table 7 – Recommended antenna heights to guarantee signal interception (for pre-
scan) in the frequency range 30 MHz to 1 000 MHz . 75
Table A.1 – Combinations of EUT disturbance and ambient emissions . 79
Table A.2 – Measurement error depending on the detector type and on the combination
of ambient and disturbing signal spectra . 91
Table C.1 – Pulse suppression factors and scan rates for a 100 Hz video bandwidth . 96
Table C.2 – Meter time constants and the corresponding video bandwidths and
minimum scan times . 96
Table E.1 – Maximum amplitude difference between peak and quasi-peak detected
signals . 101

INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE
____________
SPECIFICATION FOR RADIO DISTURBANCE AND IMMUNITY
MEASURING APPARATUS AND METHODS –

Part 2-3: Methods of measurement of disturbances and immunity –
Radiated disturbance measurements

FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
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5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity
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6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
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8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of
patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard CISPR 16-2-3 has been prepared by CISPR subcommittee A: Radio-
interference measurements and statistical methods.
This fourth edition edition cancels and replaces the third edition published in 2010, its
Amendment 1:2010 and its Amendment 2:2014. This edition constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical change with respect to the previous
edition: addition of content on correction of the electric field strength to account for phase
centre of log-periodic dipole array antennas.

– 8 – CISPR 16-2-3:2016 © IEC 2016
It has the status of a basic EMC publication in accordance with IEC Guide 107,
Electromagnetic compatibility – Guide to the drafting of electromagnetic compatibility
publications.
The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
FDIS Report on voting
CISPR/A/1176A/FDIS CISPR/A/1182/RVD

Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
voting indicated in the above table.
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
A list of all parts of the CISPR 16 series, published under the general title Specification for
radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods, can be found on the IEC
website.
The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until
the stability date indicated on the IEC website under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data
related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
IMPORTANT – The 'colour inside' logo on the cover page of this publication indicates
that it contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct
understanding of its contents. Users should therefore print this document using a
colour printer.
SPECIFICATION FOR RADIO DISTURBANCE AND IMMUNITY
MEASURING APPARATUS AND METHODS –

Part 2-3: Methods of measurement of disturbances and immunity –
Radiated disturbance measurements

1 Scope
This part of CISPR 16 specifies the methods of measurement of radiated disturbance
phenomena in the frequency range of 9 kHz to 18 GHz. The aspects of measurement
uncertainty are specified in CISPR 16-4-1 and CISPR 16-4-2.
NOTE In accordance with IEC Guide 107 [13] , CISPR 16-2-3 is a basic EMC publication for use by product
committees of the IEC. As stated in Guide 107, product committees are responsible for determining the
applicability of the EMC standard. CISPR and its subcommittees are prepared to co-operate with product
committees in the evaluation of the value of particular EMC tests for specific products.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and
are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
amendments) applies.
CISPR 14-1:2016, Electromagnetic compatibility – Requirements for household appliances,
electric tools and similar apparatus – Part 1: Emission
CISPR 16-1-1, Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and
methods – Part 1-1: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus – Measuring
apparatus
CISPR 16-1-2:2014, Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus
and methods – Part 1-2: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus – Coupling
devices for conducted disturbance measurements
CISPR 16-1-4:2010, Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus
and methods – Part 1-4: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus – Antennas
and test sites for radiated disturbance measurements
CISPR 16-1-4:2010/AMD1:2012
CISPR 16-2-1:2014, Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus
and methods – Part 2-1: Methods of measurement of disturbances and immunity – Conducted
disturbance measurements
CISPR TR 16-4-1, Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus
and methods – Part 4-1: Uncertainties, statistics and limit modelling – Uncertainties in
standardized EMC tests
CISPR 16-4-2, Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and
methods – Part 4-2: Uncertainties, statistics and limit modelling – Measurement
instrumentation uncertainty
________________
Numbers in square brackets refer to the Bibliography.

– 10 – CISPR 16-2-3:2016 © IEC 2016
CISPR TR 16-4-5, Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus
and methods – Part 4-5: Uncertainties, statistics and limit modelling – Conditions for the use
of alternative test methods
IEC 60050-161, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary – Chapter 161: Electromagnetic
compatibility
IEC 61000-4-3:2006, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 4-3: Testing and
measurement techniques – Radiated, radio-frequency, electromagnetic field immunity test
IEC 61000-4-3:2006/AMD1:2007
IEC 61000-4-3:2006/AMD2:2010
IEC 61000-4-20, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 4-20: Testing and measurement
techniques – Emission and immunity testing in transverse electromagnetic (TEM) waveguides
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviations
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in IEC 60050-161, as well
as the following apply.
3.1.1
absorber-lined OATS/SAC
OATS or SAC with ground plane partially covered by RF-energy absorbing material
3.1.2
ancillary equipment
transducers (e.g. current and voltage probes and artificial networks) connected to a
measuring receiver or (test) signal generator and used in the disturbance signal transfer
between the EUT and the measuring or test equipment
3.1.3
antenna beam
main lobe of the antenna pattern (gain pattern) of the receive antenna (usually the direction
with maximum sensitivity or lowest antenna factor) that is directed towards the EUT
3.1.4
antenna beamwidth
angle between the half-power (3 dB) points of the main lobe of the antenna beam, when
referenced to the maximum power of the main lobe
Note 1 to entry: It may be expressed for the H plane or for the E plane of the antenna.
Note 2 to entry: Antenna beamwidth is expressed in degrees.
3.1.5
associated equipment
AE
apparatus, that is not part of the system under test, but needed to help exercise the EUT
Note 1 to entry: This note applies to the French language only.
3.1.6
auxiliary equipment
AuxEq
peripheral equipment that is part of the system under test

Note 1 to entry: This note applies to the French language only.
3.1.7
basic standard
standard that has a wide-ranging coverage or contains general provisions for one particular
field
Note 1 to entry: A basic standard may function as a standard for direct application or as a basis for other
standards.
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 2:1991, definition 5.1 [6]]
3.1.8
coaxial cable
cable containing one or more coaxial lines, typically used for a matched connection of
ancillary equipment to the measuring equipment or (test-) signal generator providing a
specified characteristic impedance and a specified maximum allowable cable transfer
impedance
3.1.9
common-mode absorption device
CMAD
device that may be applied on cables leaving the test volume in radiated emission
measurements to reduce the compliance uncertainty
Note 1 to entry: This note applies to the French language only.
[SOURCE: CISPR 16-1-4:2010, 3.1.4]
3.1.10
conformity assessment
demonstration that specified requirements relating to a product, process, system, person or
body are fulfilled
Note 1 to entry: The subject field of conformity assessment includes activities defined elsewhere in
ISO/IEC 17000:2004 [7], such as testing
...

CISPR 16-2-3 ®
Edition 4.1 2019-06
CONSOLIDATED VERSION
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE
COMITÉ INTERNATIONAL SPÉCIAL DES PERTURBATIONS RADIOÉLECTRIQUES
BASIC EMC PUBLICATION
PUBLICATION FONDAMENTALE EN CEM
Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and
methods –
Part 2-3: Methods of measurement of disturbances and immunity – Radiated
disturbance measurements
Spécifications des méthodes et des appareils de mesure des perturbations
radioélectriques et de l’immunité aux perturbations radioélectriques –
Partie 2-3: Méthodes de mesure des perturbations et de l'immunité – Mesurages
des perturbations rayonnées
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CISPR 16-2-3 ®
Edition 4.1 2019-06
CONSOLIDATED VERSION
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE

COMITÉ INTERNATIONAL SPÉCIAL DES PERTURBATIONS RADIOÉLECTRIQUES

BASIC EMC PUBLICATION
PUBLICATION FONDAMENTALE EN CEM

Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and

methods –
Part 2-3: Methods of measurement of disturbances and immunity – Radiated

disturbance measurements
Spécifications des méthodes et des appareils de mesure des perturbations

radioélectriques et de l’immunité aux perturbations radioélectriques –

Partie 2-3: Méthodes de mesure des perturbations et de l'immunité – Mesurages

des perturbations rayonnées
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
INTERNATIONALE
ICS 33.100.10; 33.100.20 ISBN 978-2-8322-7115-5

CISPR 16-2-3 ®
Edition 4.1 2019-06
CONSOLIDATED VERSION
REDLINE VERSION
VERSION REDLINE
colour
inside
INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE
COMITÉ INTERNATIONAL SPÉCIAL DES PERTURBATIONS RADIOÉLECTRIQUES
BASIC EMC PUBLICATION
PUBLICATION FONDAMENTALE EN CEM
Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and
methods –
Part 2-3: Methods of measurement of disturbances and immunity – Radiated
disturbance measurements
Spécifications des méthodes et des appareils de mesure des perturbations
radioélectriques et de l’immunité aux perturbations radioélectriques –
Partie 2-3: Méthodes de mesure des perturbations et de l'immunité – Mesurages
des perturbations rayonnées
– 2 – CISPR 16-2-3:2016+AMD1:2019 CSV
© IEC 2019
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 9
INTRODUCTION . 11
1 Scope . 12
2 Normative references . 12
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviations . 13
3.1 Terms and definitions. 13
3.2 Abbreviated terms . 19
4 Types of disturbance to be measured . 20
4.1 General . 20
4.2 Types of disturbance . 20
4.3 Detector functions . 21
5 Connection of measuring equipment . 21
6 General measurement requirements and conditions . 21
6.1 General . 21
6.2 Disturbance not produced by the equipment under test . 21
6.2.1 General . 21
6.2.2 Compliance (conformity assessment) testing . 22
6.3 Measurement of continuous disturbance . 22
6.3.1 Narrowband continuous disturbance . 22
6.3.2 Broadband continuous disturbance . 22
6.3.3 Use of spectrum analyzers and scanning receivers . 22
6.4 EUT arrangement and measurement conditions . 22
6.4.1 General arrangement of the EUT . 22
6.4.2 Operation of the EUT . 25
6.4.3 EUT time of operation . 25
6.4.4 EUT running-in time . 25
6.4.5 EUT supply . 25
6.4.6 EUT mode of operation . 25
6.4.7 Operation of multifunction equipment . 25
6.4.8 Determination of arrangement(s) causing maximum emissions . 26
6.4.9 Recording of measurements . 26
6.5 Interpretation of measuring results . 26
6.5.1 Continuous disturbance . 26
6.5.2 Discontinuous disturbance . 26
6.5.3 Measurement of the duration of disturbance . 27
6.6 Measurement times and scan rates for continuous disturbance . 27
6.6.1 General . 27
6.6.2 Minimum measurement times . 27
6.6.3 Scan rates for scanning receivers and spectrum analyzers . 28
6.6.4 Scan times for stepping receivers . 29
6.6.5 Strategies for obtaining a spectrum overview using the peak detector . 29
6.6.6 Timing considerations using FFT-based instruments . 33
7 Measurement of radiated disturbances . 36
7.1 Introductory remarks General . 36
7.1.1 General remarks and overview of test methods . 37

© IEC 2019
7.1.2 Overview of maximum EUT volumes depending on measurement
method, frequency range, and measurement distance . 38
7.2 Loop-antenna system measurements (9 kHz to 30 MHz) . 40
7.2.1 General . 40
7.2.2 General measurement method . 41
7.2.3 Test environment . 42
7.2.4 Configuration of the equipment under test . 42
7.2.5 Measurement uncertainty for LLAS . 43
7.3 Open-area test site or semi-anechoic chamber measurements (30 MHz to
1 GHz) . 43
7.3.1 Measurand . 43
7.3.2 Test site requirements . 46
7.3.3 General measurement method . 46
7.3.4 Measurement distance . 47
7.3.5 Antenna height variation . 48
7.3.6 Product specification details . 48
7.3.7 Measurement instrumentation . 50
7.3.8 Field-strength measurements on other outdoor sites . 50
7.3.9 Measurement uncertainty for OATS and SAC. 50
7.4 Fully-anechoic room measurements (30 MHz to 1 GHz) . 50
7.4.1 Test set-up and site geometry . 50
7.4.2 EUT position . 53
7.4.3 Cable layout and termination . 54
7.4.4 Measurement uncertainty for FAR . 55
7.5 Radiated emission measurement method (30 MHz to 1 GHz) and radiated
immunity test method (80 MHz to 1 GHz) with common test set-up in semi-
anechoic chamber . 55
7.5.1 Applicability . 55
7.5.2 EUT perimeter definition and antenna-to-EUT separation distance. 55
7.5.3 Uniform test volume . 56
7.5.4 Specifications for EUT set-up in common emissions/immunity test set-
up . 57
7.5.5 Measurement uncertainty for common emission/immunity set-up and
method . 63
7.6 Fully-anechoic room and absorber-lined OATS/SAC measurements (1 GHz
to 18 GHz) . 63
7.6.1 Quantity to measure Measurand . 63
7.6.2 Measurement distance . 64
7.6.3 Set-up and operating conditions of the equipment under test (EUT) . 64
7.6.4 Measurement site . 65
7.6.5 Measurement instrumentation . 65
7.6.6 Measurement procedure . 66
7.6.7 Measurement uncertainty for FAR . 74
7.7 In situ measurements (9 kHz to 18 GHz) . 74
7.7.1 Applicability of and preparation for in situ measurements . 74
7.7.2 Field-strength measurements in situ in the frequency range 9 kHz to
30 MHz . 75
7.7.3 Field-strength measurements in situ in the frequency range above
30 MHz . 76
7.7.4 In situ measurement of the disturbance effective radiated power using
the substitution method. 77

– 4 – CISPR 16-2-3:2016+AMD1:2019 CSV
© IEC 2019
7.7.5 Documentation of the measurement results . 81
7.7.6 Measurement uncertainty for in situ method . 81
7.8 Substitution measurements (30 MHz to 18 GHz) . 81
7.8.1 General . 81
7.8.2 Test site. 81
7.8.3 Test antennas . 82
7.8.4 EUT configuration . 82
7.8.5 Test procedure . 83
7.8.6 Measurement uncertainty for substitution method . 83
7.9 Reverberation chamber measurements (80 MHz to 18 GHz) . 83
7.10 TEM waveguide measurements (30 MHz to 18 GHz) . 83
8 Automated measurement of emissions . 83
8.1 Introduction – Precautions for automated measurements . 83
8.2 Generic measurement procedure . 84
8.3 Pre-scan measurements . 84
8.3.1 General . 84
8.3.2 Determination of the required measurement time . 85
8.3.3 Pre-scan requirements for different types of measurements . 85
8.4 Data reduction . 86
8.5 Emission maximization and final measurement . 87
8.6 Post-processing and reporting . 88
8.7 Emission measurement strategies with FFT-based measuring instruments . 88
Annex A (informative) Measurement of disturbances in the presence of ambient
emissions . 89
A.1 General . 89
A.2 Terms and definitions. 89
A.3 Problem description . 89
A.4 Proposed solution . 89
A.4.1 Overview . 89
A.4.2 Pre-testing the EUT in a shielded room . 92
A.4.3 Method of measurement of EUT disturbances in the presence of
narrowband ambient emissions . 93
A.4.4 Method of measurement of EUT disturbance in the presence of
broadband ambient emissions . 96
A.5 Determination of the EUT disturbance in case of superposition . 98
Annex B (informative) Use of spectrum analyzers and scanning receivers . 103
B.1 General . 103
B.2 Overload . 103
B.3 Linearity test . 103
B.4 Selectivity . 103
B.5 Normal response to pulses. 103
B.6 Peak detection . 103
B.7 Frequency scan rate . 104
B.8 Signal interception . 104
B.9 Average detection . 104
B.10 Sensitivity . 104
B.11 Amplitude accuracy . 105
Annex C (informative) Scan rates and measurement times for use with the average
detector . 106

© IEC 2019
C.1 Purpose . 106
C.2 Suppression of disturbances . 106
C.2.1 Suppression of impulsive disturbance . 106
C.2.2 Suppression of impulsive disturbance by digital averaging . 107
C.2.3 Suppression of amplitude modulation . 107
C.3 Measurement of slowly intermittent, unsteady or drifting narrowband
disturbances . 107
C.4 Recommended procedure for automated or semi-automated measurements . 109
Annex D (informative) Explanation of the APD measurement method applying to the
compliance test . 110
Annex E (normative) Determination of suitability of spectrum analyzers for compliance
tests . 112
Annex F (informative) Background for EUT-volume specifications depending on
measurement distance and frequency range . 113
F.1 General . 113
F.2 Criterion 1 – Limitation of field-strength underestimations due to a large ratio
of EUT volume diameter-to-measurement distance for short-distance
measurements . 113
F.2.1 General . 113
F.2.2 9 kHz to 30 MHz . 113
F.2.3 30 MHz to 1 000 MHz . 114
F.2.4 1 GHz to 18 GHz . 114
F.3 Criterion 2 – Limitation due to near-field effects . 115
F.3.1 General . 115
F.3.2 9 kHz to 30 MHz . 115
F.3.3 30 MHz to 1 000 MHz . 115
F.3.4 1 GHz to 18 GHz . 117
F.4 Criterion 3 – Limitation due to receive antenna beamwidth . 118
F.4.1 General . 118
F.4.2 9 kHz to 30 MHz . 118
F.4.3 30 MHz to 1 000 MHz . 118
F.4.4 1 GHz to 18 GHz . 120
F.5 Criterion 4 – Limitation due to the results of test site validation . 123
F.5.1 General . 123
F.5.2 9 kHz to 30 MHz . 123
F.5.3 30 MHz to 1 000 MHz . 123
F.5.4 1 GHz to 6 GHz or to 18 GHz . 123
Bibliography . 124

Figure 1 – Measurement of a combination of a CW signal (NB) and an impulsive signal
(BB) using multiple sweeps with maximum hold . 30
Figure 2 – Example of a timing analysis . 31
Figure 3 – A broadband spectrum measured with a stepped receiver . 32
Figure 4 – Intermittent narrowband disturbances measured using fast short repetitive
sweeps with maximum hold function to obtain an overview of the emission spectrum. 33
Figure 5 – FFT scan in segments . 35
Figure 6 – Frequency resolution enhanced by FFT-based measuring instrument. 36
Figure 7 – Concept of magnetic field induced current measurements made with the
loop antenna system . 42

– 6 – CISPR 16-2-3:2016+AMD1:2019 CSV
© IEC 2019
Figure 8 – Measurement distance . 44
Figure 9 – Separation distance relative to the phase centre of an LPDA antenna . 46
Figure 10 – Concept of electric field strength measurements made on an open-area
test site (OATS) or semi-anechoic chamber (SAC) showing the direct and reflected
rays arriving at the receiving antenna . 47
Figure 11 – Position of CMAD for table-top equipment on OATS or in SAC . 50
Figure 12 – Typical FAR site geometry, where a, b, c, e depend upon the room
performance . 51
Figure 13 – Typical test set-up for table-top equipment within the test volume of a FAR . 52
Figure 14 – Typical test set-up for floor-standing equipment within the test volume of a
FAR . 53
Figure 15 – Positions of reference planes for uniform field calibration (top-view) . 56
Figure 16 – Test set-up for table-top equipment . 60
Figure 17 – Test set-up for table-top equipment – Top view . 61
Figure 18 – Test set-up for floor-standing equipment . 62
Figure 19 – Test set-up for floor-standing equipment – Top view . 63
Figure 20 – Measurement method above 1 GHz, receive antenna in vertical
polarization . 67
Figure 21 – Illustration of height scan requirements for two different categories of
EUTs .
Figure 22 – Determination of the transition distance . 80
Figure 23 – Substitution method set-up geometries for: a) measurement, b) calibration . 82
Figure 24 – Process to give reduction of measurement time . 84
Figure A.1 – Flow diagram for the selection of bandwidths and detectors and the
estimated measurement errors due to that selection . 91
Figure A.2 – Relative difference in adjacent emission amplitudes during preliminary
testing . 93
Figure A.3 – Disturbance by an unmodulated signal (dotted line) . 94
Figure A.4 – Disturbance by an amplitude-modulated signal (dotted line) . 94
Figure A.5 – Indication of an amplitude-modulated signal as a function of modulation
frequency with the QP detector in CISPR bands B, C and D . 95
Figure A.6 – Indication of a pulse-modulated signal (pulse width 50 µs) as a function of
pulse repetition frequency with peak, QP and average detectors. 96
Figure A.7 – Disturbance by a broadband signal (dotted line) . 96
Figure A.8 – Unmodulated EUT disturbance (dotted line) . 97
Figure A.9 – Amplitude-modulated EUT disturbance (dotted line) . 98
Figure A.10 – Increase of peak value with superposition of two unmodulated signals . 99
Figure A.11 – Determination of the amplitude of the disturbance signal by means of the
amplitude ratio d and the factor i (see Equation (A.3) and Equation (A.6)) . 100
Figure A.12 – Increase of average indication measured with a real receiver and
calculated from Equation (A.8) . 101
Figure C.1 – Weighting function of a 10 ms pulse for peak (PK) and average detections
with (CISPR AV) and without (AV) peak reading: meter time constant 160 ms . 108
Figure C.2 – Weighting functions of a 10 ms pulse for peak (PK) and average
detections with (CISPR AV) and without (AV) peak reading: meter time constant
100 ms. 108
Figure C.3 – Example of weighting functions (of a 1 Hz pulse) for peak (PK) and
average detections as a function of pulse width: meter time constant 160 ms . 109

© IEC 2019
Figure C.4 – Example of weighting functions (of a 1 Hz pulse) for peak (PK) and
average detections as a function of pulse width: meter time constant 100 ms . 109
Figure D.1 – Example of APD measurement Method 1 for fluctuating disturbances . 110
Figure D.2 – Example of APD measurement Method 2 for fluctuating disturbances . 111
Figure F.1 – Comparison of field strength given by Equation (C.17) of CISPR 16-1-
6:2014 versus near-field region given by Equation (C.31) of CISPR 16-1-6:2014 . 117
Figure F.2 – Deviation of near-field AFs from free space AFs of a biconical antenna
(from Figure C.5.b) of CISPR 16-1-6:2014) . 117
Figure F.3 – Radius r of the test volume for a given distance d and antenna
beamwidth of 60° . 119
Figure F.4 – Effect of antenna directivity . 120
Figure F.5 – HPBWs (E-plane/H-plane) of a V-type LPDA antenna . 120
Figure F.6 – Measuring receiver with external preamplifier . 121
Figure F.7 – Noise level E (example for 10lgF = 4 dB) compared with the
Nlinav tot
disturbance limit E for the linear average detector for 3 m, 5 m, and 10 m
Lav
distances in the frequency range 1 GHz to 6 GHz . 122
Figure F.8 – Noise level E (example for 10lgF = 4 dB) compared with the
Nlogav tot
disturbance limit E for the logarithmic average detector for 3 m, 5 m, and 10 m
Lav
distances in the frequency range 1 GHz to 18 GHz . 123

Table 1 – Minimum measurement times for the four CISPR bands . 27
Table 2 – Minimum scan times for the three CISPR bands with peak and quasi-peak
detectors . 27
Table 3 – Applicable frequency ranges and document references for CISPR radiated
emission test sites and test methods .
Table 4 – Illustration of height scan requirements for two different categories of EUTs .
Table 5 – Example values of w for three antenna types . 69
Table 6 – Horizontal polarization correction factors as a function of frequency . 80
Table 7 – Recommended antenna heights to guarantee signal interception (for pre-
scan) in the frequency range 30 MHz to 1 000 MHz . 86
Table 8 – Applicable frequency ranges and document references for CISPR radiated
disturbance test sites and measurement methods . 38
Table 9 – Maximum EUT dimensions for different LLAS diameters, 9 kHz to 30 MHz . 39
Table 10 – Recommended maximum EUT-volume diameter D (in m) and height h (in
m), OATS/SAC and outdoor site, 9 kHz to 30 MHz . 39
Table 11 – Maximum EUT-volume diameter D (in m) and height h (in m), OATS/SAC
and FAR, 30 MHz to 1 000 MHz . 40
Table 12 – Recommended maximum EUT-volume diameter D (in m) and height h (in m)
– for reduced near-field uncertainty; absorber-lined OATS/SAC and FAR, 1 GHz to 18
GHz . 40
Table A.1 – Combinations of EUT disturbance and ambient emissions . 90
Table A.2 – Measurement error depending on the detector type and on the combination
of ambient and disturbing signal spectra . 102
Table C.1 – Pulse suppression factors and scan rates for a 100 Hz video bandwidth . 107
Table C.2 – Meter time constants and the corresponding video bandwidths and
minimum scan times . 107
Table E.1 – Maximum amplitude difference between peak and quasi-peak detected
signals . 112

– 8 – CISPR 16-2-3:2016+AMD1:2019 CSV
© IEC 2019
Table F.1 – Maximum EUT volume diameters (D ) and heights (h ) per Formula
max max
(F.1) for various measurement distances (d) . 116

© IEC 2019
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE
____________
SPECIFICATION FOR RADIO DISTURBANCE AND IMMUNITY
MEASURING APPARATUS AND METHODS –
Part 2-3: Methods of measurement of disturbances and immunity –
Radiated disturbance measurements
FOREWORD
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8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
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9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of
patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This consolidated version of the official IEC Standard and its amendment has been
prepared for user convenience.
CISPR 16-2-3 edition 4.1 contains the fourth edition (2016-09) [documents CISPR/
A/1176A/FDIS and CISPR/A/1182/RVD] and its amendment 1 (2019-06) [documents
CISPR/A/1278/FDIS and CISPR/A/1283/RVD].
In this Redline version, a vertical line in the margin shows where the technical content
is modified by amendment 1. Additions are in green text, deletions are in strikethrough
red text. A separate Final version with all changes accepted is available in this
publication.
– 10 – CISPR 16-2-3:2016+AMD1:2019 CSV
© IEC 2019
International Standard CISPR 16-2-3 has been prepared by CISPR subcommittee A:
Radio-interference measurements and statistical methods.
This fourth edition constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical change with respect to the
previous edition: addition of content on correction of the electric field strength to account
for phase centre of log-periodic dipole array antennas.
It has the status of a basic EMC publication in accordance with IEC Guide 107,
Electromagnetic compatibility – Guide to the drafting of electromagnetic
compatibility publications.
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
A list of all parts of the CISPR 16 series, published under the general title Specification for
radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and meth
...

CISPR 16-2-3 ®
Edition 4.2 2023-06
CONSOLIDATED VERSION
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE

COMITÉ INTERNATIONAL SPÉCIAL DES PERTURBATIONS RADIOÉLECTRIQUES

BASIC EMC PUBLICATION
PUBLICATION FONDAMENTALE EN CEM
Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and
methods –
Part 2-3: Methods of measurement of disturbances and immunity – Radiated
disturbance measurements
Spécifications des méthodes et des appareils de mesure des perturbations
radioélectriques et de l’immunité aux perturbations radioélectriques –
Partie 2-3: Méthodes de mesure des perturbations et de l'immunité – Mesurages
des perturbations rayonnées
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CISPR 16-2-3 ®
Edition 4.2 2023-06
CONSOLIDATED VERSION
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE

COMITÉ INTERNATIONAL SPÉCIAL DES PERTURBATIONS RADIOÉLECTRIQUES

BASIC EMC PUBLICATION
PUBLICATION FONDAMENTALE EN CEM
Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and
methods –
Part 2-3: Methods of measurement of disturbances and immunity – Radiated
disturbance measurements
Spécifications des méthodes et des appareils de mesure des perturbations
radioélectriques et de l’immunité aux perturbations radioélectriques –
Partie 2-3: Méthodes de mesure des perturbations et de l'immunité – Mesurages
des perturbations rayonnées
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
INTERNATIONALE
ICS 33.100.10; 33.100.20 ISBN 978-2-8322-7143-8

CISPR 16-2-3 ®
Edition 4.2 2023-06
CONSOLIDATED VERSION
REDLINE VERSION
VERSION REDLINE
colour
inside
INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE

COMITÉ INTERNATIONAL SPÉCIAL DES PERTURBATIONS RADIOÉLECTRIQUES

BASIC EMC PUBLICATION
PUBLICATION FONDAMENTALE EN CEM
Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and
methods –
Part 2-3: Methods of measurement of disturbances and immunity – Radiated
disturbance measurements
Spécifications des méthodes et des appareils de mesure des perturbations
radioélectriques et de l’immunité aux perturbations radioélectriques –
Partie 2-3: Méthodes de mesure des perturbations et de l'immunité – Mesurages
des perturbations rayonnées
– 2 – CISPR 16-2-3:2016+AMD1:2019
+AMD2:2023 CSV © IEC 2023
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 9
INTRODUCTION to Amendment 1 . 11
1 Scope . 12
2 Normative references . 12
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviations . 13
3.1 Terms and definitions. 13
3.2 Abbreviated terms . 19
4 Types of disturbance to be measured . 20
4.1 General . 20
4.2 Types of disturbance . 20
4.3 Detector functions . 21
5 Connection of measuring equipment . 21
6 General measurement requirements and conditions . 21
6.1 General . 21
6.2 Disturbance not produced by the equipment under test . 22
6.2.1 General . 22
6.2.2 Compliance (conformity assessment) testing . 22
6.3 Measurement of continuous disturbance . 22
6.3.1 Narrowband continuous disturbance . 22
6.3.2 Broadband continuous disturbance . 22
6.3.3 Use of spectrum analyzers and scanning receivers . 22
6.4 EUT arrangement and measurement conditions . 22
6.4.1 General arrangement of the EUT . 22
6.4.2 Operation of the EUT . 25
6.4.3 EUT time of operation . 25
6.4.4 EUT running-in time . 25
6.4.5 EUT supply . 25
6.4.6 EUT mode of operation . 25
6.4.7 Operation of multifunction equipment . 25
6.4.8 Determination of arrangement(s) causing maximum emissions . 26
6.4.9 Recording of measurements . 26
6.5 Interpretation of measuring results . 26
6.5.1 Continuous disturbance . 26
6.5.2 Discontinuous disturbance . 27
6.5.3 Measurement of the duration of disturbance . 27
6.6 Measurement times and scan rates for continuous disturbance . 27
6.6.1 General . 27
6.6.2 Minimum measurement times . 27
6.6.3 Scan rates for scanning receivers and spectrum analyzers . 28
6.6.4 Scan times for stepping receivers . 29
6.6.5 Strategies for obtaining a spectrum overview using the peak detector . 30
6.6.6 Timing considerations using FFT-based instruments . 33
7 Measurement of radiated disturbances . 36
7.1 Introductory remarks General . 36
7.1.1 General remarks and overview of test methods. 37

+AMD2:2023 CSV © IEC 2023
7.1.2 Overview of maximum EUT volumes depending on measurement
method, frequency range, and measurement distance . 38
7.2 Loop-antenna system measurements (9 kHz to 30 MHz) . 40
7.2.1 General . 40
7.2.2 General measurement method . 41
7.2.3 Test environment . 42
7.2.4 Configuration of the equipment under test . 42
7.2.5 Measurement uncertainty for LLAS . 43
7.3 Open-area test site or semi-anechoic chamber measurements (30 MHz to
1 GHz) . 43
7.3.1 Measurand . 43
7.3.2 Test site requirements . 46
7.3.3 General measurement method . 46
7.3.4 Measurement distance . 47
7.3.5 Antenna height variation . 48
7.3.6 Product specification details . 48
7.3.7 Measurement instrumentation . 50
7.3.8 Field-strength measurements on other outdoor sites . 50
7.3.9 Measurement uncertainty for OATS and SAC . 50
7.4 Fully-anechoic room measurements (30 MHz to 1 GHz) . 50
7.4.1 Test set-up and site geometry . 50
7.4.2 EUT position . 53
7.4.3 Cable layout and termination . 54
7.4.4 Measurement uncertainty for FAR. 55
7.5 Radiated emission measurement method (30 MHz to 1 GHz) and radiated
immunity test method (80 MHz to 1 GHz) with common test set-up in semi-
anechoic chamber . 55
7.5.1 Applicability . 55
7.5.2 EUT perimeter definition and antenna-to-EUT separation distance . 55
7.5.3 Uniform test volume . 56
7.5.4 Specifications for EUT set-up in common emissions/immunity test set-
up . 57
7.5.5 Measurement uncertainty for common emission/immunity set-up and
method . 63
7.6 Fully-anechoic room and absorber-lined OATS/SAC measurements (1 GHz
to 18 GHz) . 63
7.6.1 Quantity to measure Measurand . 63
7.6.2 Measurement distance . 64
7.6.3 Set-up and operating conditions of the equipment under test (EUT) . 64
7.6.4 Measurement site . 65
7.6.5 Measurement instrumentation . 65
7.6.6 Measurement procedure . 66
7.6.7 Measurement uncertainty for FAR. 74
7.7 In situ measurements (9 kHz to 18 GHz) . 74
7.7.1 Applicability of and preparation for in situ measurements . 74
7.7.2 Field-strength measurements in situ in the frequency range 9 kHz to
30 MHz . 75
7.7.3 Field-strength measurements in situ in the frequency range above
30 MHz . 76
7.7.4 In situ measurement of the disturbance effective radiated power using
the substitution method. 77

– 4 – CISPR 16-2-3:2016+AMD1:2019
+AMD2:2023 CSV © IEC 2023
7.7.5 Documentation of the measurement results . 81
7.7.6 Measurement uncertainty for in situ method . 81
7.8 Substitution measurements (30 MHz to 18 GHz) . 81
7.8.1 General . 81
7.8.2 Test site . 81
7.8.3 Test antennas . 82
7.8.4 EUT configuration . 82
7.8.5 Test procedure . 83
7.8.6 Measurement uncertainty for substitution method . 83
7.9 Reverberation chamber measurements (80 MHz to 18 GHz) . 83
7.10 TEM waveguide measurements (30 MHz to 18 GHz) . 83
7.11 Open-area test site or semi-anechoic chamber measurements (9 kHz to
30 MHz) . 83
7.11.1 Measurand . 83
7.11.2 Test site requirements . 84
7.11.3 General measurement method . 84
7.11.4 Measurement distance and EUT dimensions. 86
7.11.5 Antenna height . 86
7.11.6 Product standard specification details . 87
7.11.7 Measurement uncertainty for OATS and SAC . 87
7.11.8 Field strength measurements at other sites . 87
8 Automated measurement of emissions . 88
8.1 Introduction – Precautions for automated measurements . 88
8.2 Generic measurement procedure . 88
8.3 Pre-scan measurements . 89
8.3.1 General . 89
8.3.2 Determination of the required measurement time . 89
8.3.3 Pre-scan requirements for different types of measurements . 89
8.4 Data reduction . 90
8.5 Emission maximization and final measurement . 91
8.6 Post-processing and reporting . 92
8.7 Emission measurement strategies with FFT-based measuring instruments . 92
Annex A (informative) Measurement of disturbances in the presence of ambient
emissions . 93
A.1 General . 93
A.2 Terms and definitions. 93
A.3 Problem description . 93
A.4 Proposed solution . 93
A.4.1 Overview . 93
A.4.2 Pre-testing the EUT in a shielded room . 96
A.4.3 Method of measurement of EUT disturbances in the presence of
narrowband ambient emissions . 97
A.4.4 Method of measurement of EUT disturbance in the presence of
broadband ambient emissions . 100
A.5 Determination of the EUT disturbance in case of superposition . 102
Annex B (informative) Use of spectrum analyzers and scanning receivers . 107
B.1 General . 107
B.2 Overload . 107
B.3 Linearity test . 107

+AMD2:2023 CSV © IEC 2023
B.4 Selectivity . 107
B.5 Normal response to pulses. 107
B.6 Peak detection . 107
B.7 Frequency scan rate . 108
B.8 Signal interception . 108
B.9 Average detection . 108
B.10 Sensitivity . 108
B.11 Amplitude accuracy . 109
Annex C (informative) Scan rates and measurement times for use with the average
detector . 110
C.1 Purpose . 110
C.2 Suppression of disturbances . 110
C.2.1 Suppression of impulsive disturbance . 110
C.2.2 Suppression of impulsive disturbance by digital averaging . 111
C.2.3 Suppression of amplitude modulation . 111
C.3 Measurement of slowly intermittent, unsteady or drifting narrowband
disturbances . 111
C.4 Recommended procedure for automated or semi-automated measurements . 113
Annex D (informative) Explanation of the APD measurement method applying to the
compliance test . 114
Annex E (normative) Determination of suitability of spectrum analyzers for compliance
tests . 116
Annex F (informative) Background for EUT-volume specifications depending on
measurement distance and frequency range . 117
F.1 General . 117
F.2 Criterion 1 – Limitation of field-strength underestimations due to a large ratio
of EUT volume diameter-to-measurement distance for short-distance
measurements . 117
F.2.1 General . 117
F.2.2 9 kHz to 30 MHz . 117
F.2.3 30 MHz to 1 000 MHz . 118
F.2.4 1 GHz to 18 GHz . 118
F.3 Criterion 2 – Limitation due to near-field effects . 119
F.3.1 General . 119
F.3.2 9 kHz to 30 MHz . 119
F.3.3 30 MHz to 1 000 MHz . 119
F.3.4 1 GHz to 18 GHz . 121
F.4 Criterion 3 – Limitation due to receive antenna beamwidth . 122
F.4.1 General . 122
F.4.2 9 kHz to 30 MHz . 122
F.4.3 30 MHz to 1 000 MHz . 122
F.4.4 1 GHz to 18 GHz . 124
F.5 Criterion 4 – Limitation due to the results of test site validation . 127
F.5.1 General . 127
F.5.2 9 kHz to 30 MHz . 127
F.5.3 30 MHz to 1 000 MHz . 127
F.5.4 1 GHz to 6 GHz or to 18 GHz . 127
Bibliography . 128

– 6 – CISPR 16-2-3:2016+AMD1:2019
+AMD2:2023 CSV © IEC 2023
Figure 1 – Measurement of a combination of a CW signal (NB) and an impulsive signal
(BB) using multiple sweeps with maximum hold . 30
Figure 2 – Example of a timing analysis . 31
Figure 3 – A broadband spectrum measured with a stepped receiver . 32
Figure 4 – Intermittent narrowband disturbances measured using fast short repetitive
sweeps with maximum hold function to obtain an overview of the emission spectrum. 33
Figure 5 – FFT scan in segments . 35
Figure 6 – Frequency resolution enhanced by FFT-based measuring instrument . 36
Figure 7 – Concept of magnetic field induced current measurements made with the
loop antenna system . 42
Figure 8 – Measurement distance . 44
Figure 9 – Separation distance relative to the phase centre of an LPDA antenna . 46
Figure 10 – Concept of electric field strength measurements made on an open-area
test site (OATS) or semi-anechoic chamber (SAC) showing the direct and reflected
rays arriving at the receiving antenna . 47
Figure 11 – Position of CMAD for table-top equipment on OATS or in SAC . 50
Figure 12 – Typical FAR site geometry, where a, b, c, e depend upon the room
performance . 51
Figure 13 – Typical test set-up for table-top equipment within the test volume of a FAR . 52
Figure 14 – Typical test set-up for floor-standing equipment within the test volume
of a FAR . 53
Figure 15 – Positions of reference planes for uniform field calibration (top-view) . 56
Figure 16 – Test set-up for table-top equipment . 60
Figure 17 – Test set-up for table-top equipment – Top view . 61
Figure 18 – Test set-up for floor-standing equipment . 62
Figure 19 – Test set-up for floor-standing equipment – Top view . 63
Figure 20 – Measurement method above 1 GHz, receive antenna in vertical
polarization . 67
Figure 21 – Illustration of height scan requirements for two different categories of
EUTs .
Figure 22 – Determination of the transition distance . 80
Figure 23 – Substitution method set-up geometries for: a) measurement, b) calibration . 82
Figure 25 – Concept of magnetic field strength measurement set-up at an OATS or in a
SAC for table-top EUT . 85
Figure 26 – Concept of magnetic field strength measurement set-up at an OATS or in a
SAC for floor-standing EUT . 85
Figure 27 – Feed point location . 86
Figure 24 – Process to give reduction of measurement time . 88
Figure A.1 – Flow diagram for the selection of bandwidths and detectors and the
estimated measurement errors due to that selection . 95
Figure A.2 – Relative difference in adjacent emission amplitudes during preliminary
testing . 97
Figure A.3 – Disturbance by an unmodulated signal (dotted line) . 98
Figure A.4 – Disturbance by an amplitude-modulated signal (dotted line) . 98
Figure A.5 – Indication of an amplitude-modulated signal as a function of modulation
frequency with the QP detector in CISPR bands B, C and D . 99

+AMD2:2023 CSV © IEC 2023
Figure A.6 – Indication of a pulse-modulated signal (pulse width 50 µs) as a function of
pulse repetition frequency with peak, QP and average detectors. 100
Figure A.7 – Disturbance by a broadband signal (dotted line) . 100
Figure A.8 – Unmodulated EUT disturbance (dotted line) . 101
Figure A.9 – Amplitude-modulated EUT disturbance (dotted line) . 102
Figure A.10 – Increase of peak value with superposition of two unmodulated signals . 103
Figure A.11 – Determination of the amplitude of the disturbance signal by means of the
amplitude ratio d and the factor i (see Equation (A.3) and Equation (A.6)) . 104
Figure A.12 – Increase of average indication measured with a real receiver and
calculated from Equation (A.8) . 105
Figure C.1 – Weighting function of a 10 ms pulse for peak (PK) and average detections
with (CISPR AV) and without (AV) peak reading: meter time constant 160 ms . 112
Figure C.2 – Weighting functions of a 10 ms pulse for peak (PK) and average
detections with (CISPR AV) and without (AV) peak reading: meter time constant
100 ms. 112
Figure C.3 – Example of weighting functions (of a 1 Hz pulse) for peak (PK) and
average detections as a function of pulse width: meter time constant 160 ms . 113
Figure C.4 – Example of weighting functions (of a 1 Hz pulse) for peak (PK) and
average detections as a function of pulse width: meter time constant 100 ms . 113
Figure D.1 – Example of APD measurement Method 1 for fluctuating disturbances . 114
Figure D.2 – Example of APD measurement Method 2 for fluctuating disturbances . 115
Figure F.1 – Comparison of field strength given by Equation (C.17) of CISPR 16-1-
6:2014 versus near-field region given by Equation (C.31) of CISPR 16-1-6:2014 . 121
Figure F.2 – Deviation of near-field AFs from free space AFs of a biconical antenna
(from Figure C.5.b) of CISPR 16-1-6:2014) . 121
Figure F.3 – Radius r of the test volume for a given distance d and antenna
beamwidth of 60° . 123
Figure F.4 – Effect of antenna directivity . 124
Figure F.5 – HPBWs (E-plane/H-plane) of a V-type LPDA antenna . 124
Figure F.6 – Measuring receiver with external preamplifier . 125
Figure F.7 – Noise level E (example for 10lgF = 4 dB) compared with the
Nlinav tot
disturbance limit E for the linear average detector for 3 m, 5 m, and 10 m
Lav
distances in the frequency range 1 GHz to 6 GHz . 126
Figure F.8 – Noise level E (example for 10lgF = 4 dB) compared with the
Nlogav tot
disturbance limit E for the logarithmic average detector for 3 m, 5 m, and 10 m
Lav
distances in the frequency range 1 GHz to 18 GHz . 127

Table 1 – Minimum measurement times for the four CISPR bands . 27
Table 2 – Minimum scan times for the three CISPR bands with peak and quasi-peak
detectors . 28
Table 3 – Applicable frequency ranges and document references for CISPR radiated
emission test sites and test methods.
Table 4 – Minimum dimension of w (w ) .
min
Table 8 – Applicable frequency ranges and document references for CISPR radiated
disturbance test sites and measurement methods . 38
Table 9 – Maximum EUT dimensions for different LLAS diameters, 9 kHz to 30 MHz . 39
Table 10 – Recommended maximum EUT-volume diameter D (in m) and height h (in
m), OATS/SAC and outdoor site, 9 kHz to 30 MHz . 39

– 8 – CISPR 16-2-3:2016+AMD1:2019
+AMD2:2023 CSV © IEC 2023
Table 11 – Maximum EUT-volume diameter D (in m) and height h (in m), OATS/SAC
and FAR, 30 MHz to 1 000 MHz . 40
Table 12 – Recommended maximum EUT-volume diameter D (in m) and height h (in m)
– for reduced near-field uncertainty; absorber-lined OATS/SAC and FAR,
1 GHz to 18 GHz . 40
Table 5 – Example values of w for three antenna types . 69
Table 6 – Horizontal polarization correction factors as a function of frequency . 80
Table 7 – Recommended antenna heights to guarantee signal interception (for pre-
scan) in the frequency range 30 MHz to 1 000 MHz . 90
Table A.1 – Combinations of EUT disturbance and ambient emissions . 94
Table A.2 – Measurement error depending on the detector type and on the combination

of ambient and disturbing signal spectra . 106
Table C.1 – Pulse suppression factors and scan rates for a 100 Hz video bandwidth . 111
Table C.2 – Meter time constants and the corresponding video bandwidths and
minimum scan times . 112
Table E.1 – Maximum amplitude difference between peak and quasi-peak detected
signals . 116
Table F.1 – Maximum EUT volume diameters (D ) and heights (h ) per Formula
max max
(F.1) for various measurement distances (d) . 120

+AMD2:2023 CSV © IEC 2023
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE
____________
SPECIFICATION FOR RADIO DISTURBANCE AND IMMUNITY
MEASURING APPARATUS AND METHODS –

Part 2-3: Methods of measurement of disturbances and immunity –
Radiated disturbance measurements

FOREWORD
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