87 - PAINT AND COLOUR INDUSTRIES
ICS 87 Details
PAINT AND COLOUR INDUSTRIES
BESCHICHTUNGSSTOFFINDUSTRIE. FARBENINDUSTRIE
INDUSTRIES DES PEINTURES ET DES COULEURS
INDUSTRIJA BARV IN BARVIL
General Information
e-Library Subscription
Create subscription and get permanent access to documents within 87 - PAINT AND COLOUR INDUSTRIES
Currently subscription includes documents marked with .We are working on making all documents available within the subscription.
This document specifies the heat flow measurement method of the solar irradiation penetration ratio of paint films used for roofs and outer walls of buildings, structures, equipment or facilities situated outdoors and exposed to solar irradiation.
- Technical specification24 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a test method to determine the resistance of coatings to a specified cycle of wet (salt fog)/dry/humidity/UV light conditions using a specified solution.
- Draft13 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a test method to determine the resistance of coatings to a specified cycle of wet (salt fog)/dry/humidity/UV light conditions using a specified solution.
- Standard8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard8 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document provides general test methods for polyisocyanate resins and solutions of polyisocyanate resins intended for use as binders in paints, varnishes and related products.
- Draft10 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document provides requirements to identify visible imperfections and defines three preparation grades for welds, edges and surfaces of steel to assist in achieving efficient corrosion protection. Such imperfections can be visible before or can become visible after an abrasive blast cleaning process.
NOTE Although this document has been developed specifically for preparation of steel, the defined preparation grades will generally be appropriate for use when preparing other metal surfaces e.g. aluminium, castings, if agreed.
- Standard21 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document provides general test methods for polyisocyanate resins and solutions of polyisocyanate resins intended for use as binders in paints, varnishes and related products.
- Standard5 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard5 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document describes a classification of non-metallic blast-cleaning abrasives for the preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products.
It specifies the characteristics which are required for the complete designation of such abrasives.
This document applies to abrasives supplied in the new or unused condition only. It does not apply to abrasives either during or after use.
NOTE Although this document has been developed specifically to meet requirements for preparation of steelwork, the properties specified will generally be appropriate for use when preparing other material surfaces, or components, using blast-cleaning techniques. These techniques are described in ISO 8504-2.
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies test methods for the determination of the percentage of defective particles and of the microstructure of metallic blast-cleaning abrasives.
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for measuring the pH value of dispersions and coating materials using pH sensors with ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET) technology.
- Standard19 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document describes a field test for the measurement of chloride ions using special detection tubes.
With suitable surface sampling techniques, this document is applicable to steel surfaces before and after cleaning, as well as to painted surfaces between applications of coats.
- Standard11 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies an instrumental method for determining the turbidity of clear liquids. It is applicable to resins and resin solutions, solvents, clear coating materials, monomers and any other liquids where clarity is specified.
- Standard15 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for laboratory measurement of the pH value of polymer dispersions and coating materials using pH sensors with a glass membrane.
- Standard22 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the general conditions and procedures observed when testing coated test specimens by exposing them to constant condensation-water atmospheres or alternating condensation-water atmospheres, in a cabinet with a heated water reservoir. These conditions and procedures ensure that the results of tests carried out in different laboratories are reproducible.
This document does not cover the shape and preparation of the test specimens, the duration of the test and the assessment of the test results.
- Standard18 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies requirements and corresponding test methods for nanoscale diamond as a functional additive in polymer composites.
- Standard8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a method for laboratory measurement of the pH value of polymer dispersions and coating materials using pH sensors with a glass membrane.
- Standard22 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the general conditions and procedures observed when testing coated test specimens by exposing them to constant condensation-water atmospheres or alternating condensation-water atmospheres, in a cabinet with a heated water reservoir. These conditions and procedures ensure that the results of tests carried out in different laboratories are reproducible.
This document does not cover the shape and preparation of the test specimens, the duration of the test and the assessment of the test results.
- Standard18 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for measuring the pH value of dispersions and coating materials using pH sensors with ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET) technology.
- Standard19 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the general conditions and procedures observed when testing coated test specimens by exposing them to constant condensation-water atmospheres or alternating condensation-water atmospheres, in a cabinet with a heated water reservoir. These conditions and procedures ensure that the results of tests carried out in different laboratories are reproducible. This document does not cover the shape and preparation of the test specimens, the duration of the test and the assessment of the test results.
- Standard10 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard10 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
IEC 62899-203-2:2025 specifies a method to measure the values of effective charge carrier mobility in printed semiconductive layers using space charge limited current (SCLC) mobility technique. The method described is intended to be used as a benchmark test to allow reproducible measurements at a given temperature of the apparent charge carrier mobility for comparison with devices that use different materials, material formulations and fabrication processes for a planar configuration. This document specifies the sample and equipment requirements, and describes the measurement technique, the data analysis procedure and the reporting protocol.
This document is suitable to test unipolar devices (i.e. hole-only or electron-only), where charge injection is efficient and where series resistance does not dominate the current-voltage curve. Therefore, it cannot be used for testing high-electron mobility devices where electron injection can be problematic, for testing highly doped materials where space charge limited current does not exist, or to evaluate mobility in applications that require lateral charge transport, such as in transistors.
- Standard18 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies an instrumental method for determining the turbidity of clear liquids. It is applicable to resins and resin solutions, solvents, clear coating materials, monomers and any other liquids where clarity is specified.
- Standard15 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies procedures for assessing the fracture strength of a protective paint coating of any thickness on a steel substrate of thickness not less than 3 mm. The procedures given in document are based on methods used with different types of pull-off test equipment. The results obtained using such different types of equipment are not comparable.
This document is only applicable if a fracture strength value is specified, together with the type of test equipment and the manufacturer of the equipment. Usually, this information is included in contract documentation.
This document also specifies suitable equipment and defines inspection areas, sampling plans and acceptance/rejection criteria.
It does not give any values of the fracture strength of different protective paint coatings.
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies procedures for assessing the resistance of paint systems when a cut in the form of a right-angle lattice pattern (cross-cut) or in the form of an X (X-cut) is made into the paint, penetrating through to the substrate. This document is only applicable if the cross-cut or X-cut test method is specified, together with the rating from the appropriate rating scale.
This document also specifies suitable equipment and defines inspection areas, sampling plans and acceptance/rejection criteria.
It does not specify ratings for particular coating systems.
- Standard16 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for laboratory measurement of the pH value of polymer dispersions and coating materials using pH sensors with a glass membrane.
- Standard14 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard14 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a method for measuring the pH value of dispersions and coating materials using pH sensors with ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET) technology.
- Standard11 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard12 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies an instrumental method for determining the turbidity of clear liquids. It is applicable to resins and resin solutions, solvents, clear coating materials, monomers and any other liquids where clarity is specified.
- Standard7 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard7 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
- Standard7 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies procedures for assessing the fracture strength of a protective paint coating of any thickness on a steel substrate of thickness not less than 3 mm. The procedures given in document are based on methods used with different types of pull-off test equipment. The results obtained using such different types of equipment are not comparable.
This document is only applicable if a fracture strength value is specified, together with the type of test equipment and the manufacturer of the equipment. Usually, this information is included in contract documentation.
This document also specifies suitable equipment and defines inspection areas, sampling plans and acceptance/rejection criteria.
It does not give any values of the fracture strength of different protective paint coatings.
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document deals with all significant hazards, hazardous situations and events which are relevant to machinery for supply and circulation of liquid coating material, when used as intended and under the conditions foreseen by the manufacturer, including reasonably foreseeable misuse.
See Annex A for significant hazards.
Together with this document, EN 50050 1:2013, EN 50059:2025, EN 50176:2025 or EN 50348:2010 give requirements for electrostatic machinery for supply and circulation of liquid coating material.
The specific significant risks related to the use of machinery for supply and circulation of liquid coating material with foodstuffs and pharmaceutical products are not dealt with in this document.
Interfaces to connected machinery and systems are given in Figure 1, to specify the limit of the machinery for supply and circulation of liquid coating material.
[Figure 1]
Figure 1 - Limits of the machinery
This document does not apply to:
- pressure related hazards of equipment classified as higher than category 1 of Directive 2014/68/EU Article 13;
NOTE 1 For equipment of higher category than category 1 of Directive 2014/68/EU, see EN 13445 (all parts) and EN 13480 (all parts).
- machinery for the supply of powder coating material;
- machinery for coating material recycling;
- hand-held agitators;
- agitators of more than 3 kW electrical power supply;
- offline heating systems;
- supply systems for CO2 shot-blasting machinery;
- equipment used for manufacturing of coating material;
- coating material packaging units (drums, containers, etc.).
This document is not applicable to machinery for supply and circulation of liquid coating material manufactured before the date of its publication.
- Standard50 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document deals with all significant hazards, hazardous situations and hazardous events which are relevant to hand-held and automatic application equipment for coating material, when used as intended and under the conditions foreseen by the manufacturer, including reasonably foreseeable misuse.
See Annex A for significant hazards.
Together with this document, EN 50050 1:2013, EN 50050 2:2013, EN 50050 3:2013, EN 50059:2025, EN 50176:2025, EN 50177:20091, EN 50223:2015 or EN 50348:2010 give requirements for electrostatic application equipment.
The specific significant risks related to the use of application equipment with foodstuffs and pharmaceutical products are not dealt with in this document.
This document is not applicable to:
- application equipment designed for pneumatic working pressure above 15 bar;
- application equipment with rotating bell/disc designed for hydraulic working pressures above 25 bar;
- non-atomizing application equipment (e.g. extruding equipment, dispenser);
- fluidised bed powder coating machinery;
- application equipment covered by EN 50580:20125;
- supply hoses;
- airbrushes for graphic and artistic works;
- machinery for the supply and circulation of coating materials (see EN 12621:2025).
This document is not applicable to application equipment manufactured before the date of its publication.
- Standard31 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies procedures for assessing the fracture strength of a protective paint coating of any thickness on a steel substrate of thickness not less than 3 mm. The procedures given in document are based on methods used with different types of pull-off test equipment. The results obtained using such different types of equipment are not comparable. This document is only applicable if a fracture strength value is specified, together with the type of test equipment and the manufacturer of the equipment. Usually, this information is included in contract documentation. This document also specifies suitable equipment and defines inspection areas, sampling plans and acceptance/rejection criteria. It does not give any values of the fracture strength of different protective paint coatings.
- Standard9 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard9 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies procedures for assessing the resistance of paint systems when a cut in the form of a right-angle lattice pattern (cross-cut) or in the form of an X (X-cut) is made into the paint, penetrating through to the substrate. This document is only applicable if the cross-cut or X-cut test method is specified, together with the rating from the appropriate rating scale.
This document also specifies suitable equipment and defines inspection areas, sampling plans and acceptance/rejection criteria.
It does not specify ratings for particular coating systems.
- Standard16 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the apparatus and the analytical methods for determining the content of in-can isothiazolinone preservatives in water-dilutable coating materials or related products.
This document is also applicable to polymer dispersions.
- Standard30 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the apparatus and the analytical methods for determining the in-can total formaldehyde content in water-dilutable coating materials, where the main sources of formaldehyde are in-can preservatives.
This document is also applicable to polymer dispersions.
- Standard19 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
The method describes the quantitative determination of the concentration of in-can free formaldehyde in water-dilutable coating materials.
Note: The standard can also be applied for polymer dispersions.
The determination method for in-can free formaldehyde can be only of limited suitability for pigmented systems, as the inherent coloration of the material may have an influence on the detection method.
- Standard29 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies procedures for assessing the resistance of paint systems when a cut in the form of a right-angle lattice pattern (cross-cut) or in the form of an X (X-cut) is made into the paint, penetrating through to the substrate. This document is only applicable if the cross-cut or X-cut test method is specified, together with the rating from the appropriate rating scale. This document also specifies suitable equipment and defines inspection areas, sampling plans and acceptance/rejection criteria. It does not specify ratings for particular coating systems.
- Standard8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard10 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
IEC 62899-202-11:2025 specifies a measurement method of electrical resistance uniformity for large area printed conductive layers. The purpose of this method is to measure resistance uniformity of planar large area printed layers. This method cannot measure sheet resistance. The methods measure electrical resistance or electrical potential drop and use direct contact.
- Standard13 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
The method describes the quantitative determination of the concentration of in-can free formaldehyde in water-dilutable coating materials.
Note: The standard can also be applied for polymer dispersions.
The determination method for in-can free formaldehyde can be only of limited suitability for pigmented systems, as the inherent coloration of the material may have an influence on the detection method.
- Standard29 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the apparatus and the analytical methods for determining the content of in-can isothiazolinone preservatives in water-dilutable coating materials or related products.
This document is also applicable to polymer dispersions.
- Standard30 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the apparatus and the analytical methods for determining the in-can total formaldehyde content in water-dilutable coating materials, where the main sources of formaldehyde are in-can preservatives.
This document is also applicable to polymer dispersions.
- Standard19 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
1.1 This document specifies the electrical requirements for the design of automatic electrostatic application systems for liquid coating materials which can be ignited in an atomised state, used within a temperature range from 5 °C to 40 °C.
This document considers automatic electrostatic application systems for processing ignitable liquid coating materials, where the conductivity of the complete system is limited up to 50 nS/cm. Together with additional measures like e.g. potential separation systems, these requirements can also be applied to ignitable liquid coating materials, where the conductivity of the complete system is limited up to 2 000 μS/cm.
Ignition hazards related to the generated explosive atmosphere and the protection of persons against electric shock are considered.
1.2 This document specifies
- requirements for an interface to machinery according to EN 16985:2018,
- additional requirements for machinery covered by EN 1953:2025 and EN 12621:2025.
1.3 This document also specifies requirements for a safe operation of electrostatic application systems, including the electrical installation. The requirements consider both the processing of coating materials and the cleaning and purge processes.
1.4 This document applies to three types of spraying systems; see 5.1.1.
Spraying systems are classified as equipment of group II, category 2G (for intended use in zone 1 or zone 2) or category 3G (for intended use in zone 2).
Only electrostatic spraying systems operating with a d.c. sinusoidal ripple of not more than 10 % of the r.m.s. value are considered.
1.5 For electrostatic application systems used in food and pharmaceutical industry, additional requirements may apply.
1.6 This document does not apply to
- potential separation systems;
- selection, installation and application of other electrical and non-electrical equipment in areas with explosion hazard, see EN 60079-14:2014 and EN 16985:2018;
- quality assurance systems for electrostatic spraying equipment (see EN ISO/IEC 80079-34:2020, ZB.11).
- Standard55 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a procedure, at temperatures up to 100 °C, to determine whether a liquid product, that would be classified as “flammable” by virtue of its flash point, sustains combustion at the temperature(s) specified, for example, in regulations.
NOTE Many national and international regulations classify liquids as presenting a flammable hazard based on their flash point, as determined by a recognized method. Some of these regulations allow a derogation if the substance cannot “sustain combustion” at some specified temperature(s).
The procedure is applicable to paints (including water-borne paints), varnishes, paint binders, solvents, petroleum or related products and adhesives, that have a flash point. It is not applicable to painted surfaces in respect of assessing their potential fire hazards.
This test method is applicable, in addition to test methods for flash point, for assessing the fire hazard of a product.
- Standard19 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies general test methods for amino resins and solutions of amino resins intended for use as binders in paints, varnishes and related products.
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Standard21 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard22 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the apparatus and the analytical methods for determining the content of in-can isothiazolinone preservatives in water-dilutable coating materials or related products. This document is also applicable to polymer dispersions.
- Standard23 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard23 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the apparatus and the analytical methods for determining the in-can total formaldehyde content in water-dilutable coating materials, where the main sources of formaldehyde are in-can preservatives. This document is also applicable to polymer dispersions.
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard12 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
1.1 This document specifies the electrical requirements for hand-held or hand-operated electrostatic application equipment for non-ignitable liquid coating materials which
— do not generate an explosive atmosphere inside the spraying area,
— are used to process coating materials with a conductivity of the complete system up to 2 000 µS/cm,
— operate with direct current having a d.c. sinusoidal ripple of not more than 10 % of the r.m.s. value and
— are used within a temperature range from 5 °C to 40 °C.
1.2 This document specifies
— requirements for an interface to machinery according to EN 16985:2018,
— additional requirements for machinery according to EN 1953:— and EN 12621:— .
1.3 This document also specifies requirements for a safe operation of electrostatic application equipment, including the electrical installation. The requirements consider both the processing of coating materials and the cleaning and purge processes.
1.4 For electrostatic application equipment used in food and pharmaceutical industry, additional requirements can apply.
1.5 This document does not apply to
— electrostatic hand-held spraying equipment for ignitable materials, see EN 50050:2013, Parts 1 to 3;
— cleaning systems for spraying devices;
— quality assurance systems for electrostatic spraying equipment (see EN ISO/IEC 80079-34:2020, Annex ZB 11).
- Standard32 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a procedure, at temperatures up to 100 °C, to determine whether a liquid product, that would be classified as “flammable” by virtue of its flash point, sustains combustion at the temperature(s) specified, for example, in regulations.
NOTE Many national and international regulations classify liquids as presenting a flammable hazard based on their flash point, as determined by a recognized method. Some of these regulations allow a derogation if the substance cannot “sustain combustion” at some specified temperature(s).
The procedure is applicable to paints (including water-borne paints), varnishes, paint binders, solvents, petroleum or related products and adhesives, that have a flash point. It is not applicable to painted surfaces in respect of assessing their potential fire hazards.
This test method is applicable, in addition to test methods for flash point, for assessing the fire hazard of a product.
- Standard19 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a procedure, at temperatures up to 100 °C, to determine whether a liquid product, that would be classified as “flammable” by virtue of its flash point, sustains combustion at the temperature(s) specified, for example, in regulations. NOTE Many national and international regulations classify liquids as presenting a flammable hazard based on their flash point, as determined by a recognized method. Some of these regulations allow a derogation if the substance cannot “sustain combustion” at some specified temperature(s). The procedure is applicable to paints (including water-borne paints), varnishes, paint binders, solvents, petroleum or related products and adhesives, that have a flash point. It is not applicable to painted surfaces in respect of assessing their potential fire hazards. This test method is applicable, in addition to test methods for flash point, for assessing the fire hazard of a product.
- Standard11 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard14 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
- Standard14 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
1.1 This document specifies the electrical requirements for hand-held or hand-operated electrostatic application equipment for non-ignitable liquid coating materials which — do not generate an explosive atmosphere inside the spraying area, — are used to process coating materials with a conductivity of the complete system up to 2 000 µS/cm, — operate with direct current having a d.c. sinusoidal ripple of not more than 10 % of the r.m.s. value and — are used within a temperature range from 5 °C to 40 °C. 1.2 This document specifies — requirements for an interface to machinery according to EN 16985:2018, — additional requirements for machinery according to EN 1953:— and EN 12621:— . 1.3 This document also specifies requirements for a safe operation of electrostatic application equipment, including the electrical installation. The requirements consider both the processing of coating materials and the cleaning and purge processes. 1.4 For electrostatic application equipment used in food and pharmaceutical industry, additional requirements can apply. 1.5 This document does not apply to — electrostatic hand-held spraying equipment for ignitable materials, see EN 50050:2013, Parts 1 to 3; — cleaning systems for spraying devices; — quality assurance systems for electrostatic spraying equipment (see EN ISO/IEC 80079-34:2020, Annex ZB 11).
- Standard32 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
1.1 This document specifies the electrical requirements for the design of automatic electrostatic application systems for liquid coating materials which can be ignited in an atomised state, used within a temperature range from 5 °C to 40 °C. This document considers automatic electrostatic application systems for processing ignitable liquid coating materials, where the conductivity of the complete system is limited up to 50 nS/cm. Together with additional measures like e.g. potential separation systems, these requirements can also be applied to ignitable liquid coating materials, where the conductivity of the complete system is limited up to 2 000 μS/cm. Ignition hazards related to the generated explosive atmosphere and the protection of persons against electric shock are considered. 1.2 This document specifies - requirements for an interface to machinery according to EN 16985:2018, - additional requirements for machinery covered by EN 1953:2025 and EN 12621:2025. 1.3 This document also specifies requirements for a safe operation of electrostatic application systems, including the electrical installation. The requirements consider both the processing of coating materials and the cleaning and purge processes. 1.4 This document applies to three types of spraying systems; see 5.1.1. Spraying systems are classified as equipment of group II, category 2G (for intended use in zone 1 or zone 2) or category 3G (for intended use in zone 2). Only electrostatic spraying systems operating with a d.c. sinusoidal ripple of not more than 10 % of the r.m.s. value are considered. 1.5 For electrostatic application systems used in food and pharmaceutical industry, additional requirements may apply. 1.6 This document does not apply to - potential separation systems; - selection, installation and application of other electrical and non-electrical equipment in areas with explosion hazard, see EN 60079-14:2014 and EN 16985:2018; - quality assurance systems for electrostatic spraying equipment (see EN ISO/IEC 80079-34:2020, ZB.11).
- Standard55 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document establishes the performance requirements and acceptance criteria for coating material used for passenger rolling stock, locomotives and components.
This document also provides guidance on the coating application processes, product selection, surface preparation, coating application, verification and inspection methods, repairs, refurbishment (refresh, etc.), and tests to measure the minimum performance for the final product.
This document applies to all types of coating materials (liquid, powder, etc.) used on
— railway vehicle bodies, and
— on-board equipment and constituent parts.
- Standard49 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day





