ISO/TC 35/SC 9 - General test methods for paints and varnishes

This document specifies the heat flow measurement method of the solar irradiation penetration ratio of paint films used for roofs and outer walls of buildings, structures, equipment or facilities situated outdoors and exposed to solar irradiation.

This document specifies a test method to determine the resistance of coatings to a specified cycle of wet (salt fog)/dry/humidity/UV light conditions using a specified solution.

This document specifies the general conditions and procedures observed when testing coated test specimens by exposing them to constant condensation-water atmospheres or alternating condensation-water atmospheres, in a cabinet with a heated water reservoir. These conditions and procedures ensure that the results of tests carried out in different laboratories are reproducible. This document does not cover the shape and preparation of the test specimens, the duration of the test and the assessment of the test results.

This document specifies a method for measuring the pH value of dispersions and coating materials using pH sensors with ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET) technology.

This document specifies a method for laboratory measurement of the pH value of polymer dispersions and coating materials using pH sensors with a glass membrane.

This document specifies a method for determining the film thickness of coatings on metallic and non-metallic substrates using an ultrasonic gauge.

This document specifies methods for assessing the degree of rusting of surfaces coated with paints and varnishes (organic coatings), and metallic coating plus an organic coating (duplex system), by comparison with pictorial standards. The pictorial standards provided in this document show surfaces which have deteriorated to different degrees by a combination of rust broken through the coating and visible under-rusting. The assessment of the degree of rusting in this document is only an estimation of the affected area on specimen. Edges are not included.

This document specifies a test method to determine the polar and dispersive fractions of the surface tension of liquids by optical methods. The method can be applied for the characterization of liquid coating materials. If applied to liquids with non-Newtonian flow behaviour (see ISO 3219-1:2021, 3.22), restrictions can apply.

This document specifies a test method to determine the polar and dispersive fractions of the surface tension of liquids from an interfacial tension with optical methods. The method can be applied for the characterization of liquid coating materials, especially if drying effects occur during alternative measurement. If applied to liquids with non-Newtonian flow behaviour (see ISO 3219-1:2021, 3.22), restrictions can apply.

This document specifies a method to measure the dynamic contact angle with an optical method. The dynamic advancing and the dynamic receding contact angles are determined. By using the measurement specified in this document, the wetting and dewetting properties can be characterized. The morphological and chemical homogeneity of interfaces can also be determined.

This document specifies a method for the dynamic measurement of the roll-off angle on a tilt stage of a liquid drop on a solid surface. This document also specifies how the dynamic advancing and receding contact angles of the drop rolling off can be determined. The roll-off angle determined through this method can be applied when evaluating easy-to-clean or anti-adherent surfaces.

This document specifies the general procedure to be followed in determining the dynamic viscosity of unpigmented coating materials, such as paints, varnishes and related products, as well as binders at a shear rate range between 9 000 s−1 and 12 000 s−1. It describes an absolute viscosity measurement with cone-plate measuring geometry at high shear rates. The measured value gives information about the resistance offered by the material to brushing, spraying and roller coating during application. The method specified in this document is suitable for all paints and varnishes whether they are Newtonian in behaviour or not. For materials containing dispersions of large particles, the measuring geometry is expected to be adapted.

This document specifies a test method to measure the contact angle for the determination of the surface free energy of a solid surface. The method can be applied for the characterization of substrates and coatings. NOTE 1 For the determination of the surface free energy of polymers and coatings, it is preferred to use either the method according to Owens, Wendt, Rabel and Kaelble or the method according to Wu. NOTE 2 The morphological and chemical homogeneity have an influence on the measuring results. The procedures indicated in this document are based on the state-of-the-art employing the drop projection method in penumbral shadow. Other methods are not excluded. Measuring the contact angle on powders is not part of this document.

This document specifies a test method to measure the surface tension of liquids with an optical method using the pendant drop. The method can be applied for the characterization of liquid coating materials. If applied to liquids with non-Newtonian flow behaviour (as defined in ISO 3219-1:2021, 3.22), restrictions can apply. NOTE For other methods to determine the surface tension, see e.g. EN 14370 and ISO 1409.

This document specifies several types of standard panels and provides guidance and requirements on the procedures for their preparation prior to painting. The standard panels described in this document are intended for use in general methods of test for paints, varnishes and related products.

This document specifies a method for determining the resistance of wood coatings to artificial weathering performed in an apparatus equipped with fluorescent UV lamps, condensation and water spray devices.

This document specifies a method for assessing the amount of filiform corrosion developed from a scribed mark by measuring the length of the longest filament L and the most frequent length M of filaments. Pictorial examples provided in Annex A of this document illustrate different ratings for the degree of filiform corrosion. A comparison of the test panels with the 12 pictures in Annex A does not supersede the obligatory numerical assessment (method 1 or 2). ISO 4628-1 defines a system used for designating the quantity and size of defects and the intensity of uniform changes in appearance of coatings and outlines the general principles of the system. This system is intended to be used, in particular, for defects caused by ageing and weathering, and for uniform changes such as colour changes, for example yellowing.

This document gives information on an interlaboratory comparison for the determination of the time-dependent structural change (thixotropy) using rheological test methods. Thixotropy is the reversible, time-dependent decrease of shear viscosity η at a constant shear rate γ or shear stress τ. This document provides examples of fields of application, in which important material properties can be characterized by the thixotropy. These fields of application include: — effectiveness of rheological additives and thixotropic agents, respectively; — stability of the structure at rest (e.g. behaviour when starting to pump); — wet film thickness after processing; — levelling and sagging behaviour (e.g. without brushmarks or sag formation); — orientation of effect pigments.

This document gives information on an interlaboratory comparison for the determination of the yield point, using rheological test methods. The yield point is the shear stress τ below which a material does not flow. This document provides examples of fields of applications, in which important material properties are characterized with the aid of the yield point. These fields of application include: — effectiveness of rheological additives; — shelf life (e.g. with regard to sedimentation, separation and flocculation); — stability of the structure at rest; — behaviour when starting to pump; — use in scraper systems; — wet-film thickness; — levelling and sagging behaviour (e.g. without brushmarks or sag formation); — orientation of effect pigments.

This document describes the principle of electrochemical noise measurement (EN), specifically focusing on the application of the technique to indicate the level of protection provided by an organic coating to the underlying metal. It discusses the principles behind the measurement method but also the type of electrochemical apparatus, the experimental set-up and electrodes configurations, the presentation of measured data, and analysis of results that have been used in the work done so far and reported in the references. This work has mainly been done in the laboratory, and there are some examples of work conducted in the field. NOTE At the time of publication of this document, electrochemical noise measurement for coatings is mainly used by a number of academic groups. This document aims to encourage more general application of this method, particularly to field work.

This document specifies a method for determining the density of paints, varnishes and related products using an oscillator. The method is suitable for all materials, including paste-like coatings. If a pressure-resistant type of apparatus is used, the method is also applicable to aerosols.

This document provides pictorial reference standards for designating the degree of chalking of paint coatings. It also describes a method by which the degree of chalking is rated. In using this method, it is essential that care be taken to distinguish between true degradation products and adhering dirt, particularly when chalking is slight.

This document specifies a method to evaluate the resistance of automobile finishes and other coatings to the impact of a wedge-shaped body which is projected onto the surface under test to simulate the impact of stones.

This document specifies three methods for determining the adhesion by carrying out a pull-off test on a single coating or a multi-coat system of paint, varnish or related product. These methods include: — method A: using two dollies, suitable for testing both rigid and deformable substrates; — method B: testing from one side only, using a single dolly, suitable for rigid substrates only; — method C: using dollies, one as a painted substrate. These test methods have been found useful in comparing the adhesion behaviour of different coatings. It is most useful in providing relative ratings for a series of coated panels exhibiting significant differences in adhesion. The test can be applied using a wide range of substrates. Different procedures are given according to whether the substrate is deformable, e.g. thin metal, plastics and wood, or rigid, e.g. thick concrete and metal plates. To avoid distortion of the substrate during the tensile test, it is common to use a sandwich construction. For example, for special purposes, the coating can be applied directly to the face of a test dolly.

This document specifies a mobile method for evaluating the resistance of automotive finishes to chilled-iron grit projected onto the surface under test to simulate the effect of stone chipping. Results from the test specified in this document are not comparable with results specified in ISO 20567-1.

This document specifies a test method to measure the ultraviolet (UV) and visible (VIS) spectral transmittance in the wavelength range from 280 nm to 700 nm of coatings for wind turbine rotor blades. Single and multilayer coatings or coating systems can be tested. From the spectral transmittance the transmittance of UV, VIS and the combined UV and VIS wavelength range can be calculated. It is applicable to free coatings films or coatings applied on a UV-transparent quartz substrate.

This document describes a method to measure ice adhesion from artificial ice on test substrates by using a centrifuge. Basic ice types are defined and test parameters for the ice removal are described to achieve reproducibility of test results for ice adhesion measurements for rotor blade coatings. This document does not intend to provide fixed test parameter to account for the diversity of relevant icing scenarios in this field of application.

This document specifies a method for determining the resistance to abrasion of coatings, for which two loaded, freely rotatable but eccentrically arranged abrasive-paper covered wheels affect the coating of the rotating test specimen.

This document specifies a method for determining the resistance to abrasion of coatings, for which two loaded, freely rotatable but eccentrically arranged abrasive rubber wheels affect the coating of the rotating test specimen.

This document specifies a test method for determining, under defined conditions, the resistance of a single coating or a multi-coat system of paint, varnish or related product to penetration, by scratching with a scratch stylus loaded with a specified load. The stylus penetrates to the substrate, except in the case of a multi-coat system, in which case the stylus can penetrate either to the substrate or to an intermediate coat. The method specified can be carried out: a) either as a “pass/fail” test, by testing with a single specified load applied to the stylus to assess conformity with a particular specification; or b) as an assessment test by applying increasing loads to the stylus to determine the minimum load at which the coating is penetrated. NOTE Neither this document nor ISO 1518-2 specifies a method using a curved stylus, which is specified in ISO 12137. The choice between the three methods depends on the particular practical problem.

This document specifies methods for the determination of the rheological behaviour of a coating powder both in particulate and molten form.

This document specifies a method for determining the density of paints, varnishes and related products using a metal or Gay-Lussac pycnometer. The method is limited to materials of low or medium viscosity at the temperature of test. The Hubbard pycnometer (see ISO 3507) can be used for highly viscous materials.

This document specifies a natural weathering test for exterior wood coating systems mainly intended for decoration and protection of planed and sawn wood. The test provides a means of evaluating the performance of a wood coating system during outdoor exposure. It forms the basis for the performance specification according to EN 927-2. It also facilitates the comparison of coating systems performance on different substrates including the wood species, or other wood modifications. For further information, see Annex E.

This document specifies a method for assessing the degree of flaking of coatings by comparison with pictorial standards. ISO 4628-1 specifies the system used for designating the quantity and size of defects and the intensity of changes in appearance of coatings. It also outlines the general principles of the system. This system is intended to be used, in particular, for defects caused by ageing and weathering, and for uniform changes such as colour changes, for example yellowing.

This document specifies two methods of carrying out a pendulum damping test on a coating of paint, varnish or other related products. It is applicable to single coatings and to multicoat systems.

This document specifies a test method for determining the pigment-binder ratio. It applies to electro-deposition coatings for automotive industries and other general industrial applications, e.g. chiller units, consumer products, radiators, aerospace, agriculture.

This document specifies a method for determining the density of coating powders by liquid displacement in a measuring cylinder. The method is based on a determination of the mass and the volume of a test portion. It can be used for all types of coating powders. NOTE If the powder does not swell in contact with the displacement liquid used and if the displacement liquid replaces the air between the powder particles, it can then be used and compared with the method described in ISO 8130-3.

This document specifies a method for determining the resistance to abrasion of coatings, for which a loaded, rigid abrasive-paper covered wheel affects the coating of the linearly reciprocating test specimen.

This document specifies a test method for estimating the influence of jetting liquids from the rinsing process after electro-deposition coating (permeate residues) on a coating. It applies to electro-deposition coatings for automotive industries and other general industrial applications, e.g. chiller units, consumer products, radiators, aerospace, agriculture.

This document specifies a method based on a cyclic corrosion test for testing the corrosion protection of automobiles using coating systems on aluminium, steel or galvanized steel. The test method uses corrosive conditions (temperature and humidity ramps and salt spray) to create realistic corrosion patterns. These corrosion patterns are typical for automobiles, and they are comparable in the case of sufficiently similar protective coating systems. In particular, the accelerated test investigates the delamination/corrosion creep that results from defined artificial damage to a coating. Investigations of surface and edge corrosion or investigations of adhesive specimens or components are also covered. This cyclic corrosion test is also suitable for testing corrosion in flanged areas or near gaps. This document was developed for the assessment of coated substrates (test specimens, bodywork and mounted parts) in the automotive industry. Other applications, such as components with unpainted metallic coatings, were not part of the scope of the standardization work. This document was originally developed for coating systems on aluminium, steel or galvanized steel but it can also be used for the assessment of the corrosion resistance of coating systems on other metals and their alloys.

This document specifies general terms and definitions for wettability. Some general principles are described in Annex A. This document is intended to be used in conjunction with ISO 4618.

This document gives technical descriptions of X-Y measuring tables together with sample applications, sample evaluations and practical recommendations for visual and metrological evaluation as a supplement to the ISO 28199 series. This document intends to provide further information on this subject to interested parties.

This document specifies a test method for the evaluation of protection against corrosion of edges and stamping burrs by electro-deposition coatings. It applies to electro-deposition coatings for automotive industries and other general industrial applications, e.g. chiller units, consumer products, radiators, aerospace, agriculture.

This document gives guidelines on how to perform accelerated cyclic electrochemical technique (ACET) with organic protective coatings on metals. This document specifies the execution of an ACET test and the considerations relative to the samples and electrochemical cell, test parameters and procedure. This document also provides guidelines for the presentation of experimental results such as Bode plots and relaxation curves and other types of information obtained. Some typical examples are shown in Annex A.

This document specifies a method for the calculation of the lower explosion limit of a coating powder, i.e. the minimum concentration of the coating powder in air which will form an explosive mixture. It is based on the measurement of the gross calorific value of the product, as determined by the method described in ISO 1928.

This document specifies a test method for the evaluation of the resistance of coatings to pressure water-jetting. The test method simulates the effects pressure water-jetting has on a coating.

This document describes the main sources of error in the use of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for the investigation of coatings and other materials. The sources of error listed here include all process steps from the set-up of the sample with the measuring cell right through to evaluation. NOTE The sources of error discussed here do not represent a complete list.

This document specifies a method for determining the time for a thermosetting coating powder to gel at a specified temperature. A method is described for checking batch to batch variation and for the quality control of a given coating powder. The method is not applicable to coating powders with ultra-short gel times (less than 15 s).

This document specifies a method for determining the mass fraction in per cent (%) of a sprayed coating powder which is deposited on a test item under known spray gun and environmental conditions. The method is applicable to powders applied by corona or tribo charging and can be used to compare the deposition efficiency of different powders with the same or different gun with the same powder. This method is only used for comparison when powders or guns are evaluated consecutively, as the influence of the environment and the equipment can vary significantly with time and location.