77.040 - Testing of metals
ICS 77.040 Details
Testing of metals
Prufung metallischer Werkstoffe
Essais des metaux
Preskušanje kovin
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This document specifies a gravimetric method for the determination of rare earth content in 11 kinds of individual rare earth metals (lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium and yttrium) and their compounds, such as oxides, carbonates, hydroxides, oxalates, chlorides and fluorides. The determination ranges for the rare earth content in mass fraction are as follows: — rare earth metal: 98,0 % (mass fraction) to 99,5 % (mass fraction); — rare earth oxide: 95,0 % (mass fraction) to 99,8 % (mass fraction); — rare earth oxalate: 95,0 % (mass fraction) to 99,8 % (mass fraction); — rare earth fluoride: 75,0 % (mass fraction) to 90,0 % (mass fraction); — other compounds (i.e. rare earth hydroxide, rare earth chloride and rare earth carbonate): 40,0 % (mass fraction) to 70,0 % (mass fraction). It does not apply to individual rare earth metals and their compounds when: a) the matrixes of the sample are erbium, thulium, ytterbium and lutetium; b) the content of thorium or lead in the sample is greater than 0,1 % in mass fraction.
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a titration method for the determination of rare earth content in 15 kinds of individual rare earth metals (lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium and yttrium) and their oxides. The determination ranges for the rare earth content in mass fraction are as follows: — rare earth metal: 98,0 % (mass fraction) to 99,5 % (mass fraction); — rare earth oxide: 95,0 % (mass fraction) to 99,5 % (mass fraction). It does not apply to individual rare earth metals and their oxides when: a) the relative rare earth purity is less than 99,5 % in mass fraction; b) the total content of various (non-rare earth) metallic elements is greater than 0,5 % in mass fraction; c) the content of thorium, scandium or zinc is greater than 0,1 % in mass fraction.
- Standard10 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This guide will include post-process non-destructive testing of additive manufacturing (AM) of metallic parts with a comprehensive approach. It will cover several sectors and a similar framework can be applied to other materials (e.g. ceramics, polymers, etc.). In-process NDT and metrology standards will be referenced as they are being developed. This guide will present current standards capability to detect which of the Additive Manufacturing (AM) flaw types and which flaws require new standards, using a standard selection tool. NDT methods potential to detect AM flaws not covered by current standards will be recommended, and as new standards for flaws not covered by current standards are developed, they will be referenced in this standard via document updates.
This part of the International Standard:
⎯ Categorises AM defects
⎯ A review of relevant current standards
⎯ Enables suitable current standard NDT method/s to be used;
⎯ Details method specific to additive manufacturing and complex 3D geometries;
⎯ Outlines existing non-destructive testing techniques applicable to some AM types of defects;
This part of the International Standard is aimed at users and producers of additive
manufacturing processes. It applies wherever additive processes are used, and to the following fields in particular:
⎯ Safety critical applications;
⎯ Assured confidence in additive manufacturing;
⎯ Reverse engineered products manufactured by additively manufactured;
⎯ Test bodies wishing to compare requested and actual geometries.
NOTE Most metal inspection methods in NDT use ultrasound or X-rays, but these techniques cannot always cope with the complicated shapes typically produced by AM. In most circumstances X-ray computed tomography (CT) is a more suitable method, but it also has limitations and room for improvement or adaptation to AM, on top of being a costly method both in time and money.
- Technical report168 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft164 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF) has been used for several decades as an important analytical tool for production analysis. XRF is characterised by its speed and high precision over a wide concentration range and since the technique in most cases is used as an relative method the limitations are often connected to the quality of the calibration samples. The technique is well established and most of its physical properties are well known.
- Technical report23 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (i. e. ISO 3995:1977). The method subjects a compact pressed form metallic powder to a uniformly increasing transverse force under controlled conditions until fracture occurs. the green strength is determined on compacts either having a particular density or after compaction at a specific compacting pressure.
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This document specifies the methods for: a) uninterrupted creep tests with continuous monitoring of extension; b) interrupted creep tests with periodic measurement of elongation; c) stress rupture tests where normally only the time to fracture is measured; d) a test to verify that a predetermined time can be exceeded under a given force, with the elongation or extension not necessarily being reported. NOTE A creep test can be continued until fracture has occurred or it can be stopped before fracture.
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X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF) has been used for several decades as an important analytical tool for production analysis. XRF is characterised by its speed and high precision over a wide concentration range and since the technique in most cases is used as an relative method the limitations are often connected to the quality of the calibration samples. The technique is well established and most of its physical properties are well known.
- Technical report23 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document categorises additive manufacturing (AM) defects in DED and PBF laser and electron beam category of processes, provides a review of relevant current NDT standards, details NDT methods that are specific to AM and complex 3D geometries and outlines existing non‑destructive testing techniques that are applicable to some AM types of defects.
This document is aimed at users and producers of AM processes and it applies, in particular, to the following:
— safety critical AM applications;
— assured confidence in AM;
— reverse engineered products manufactured by AM;
— test bodies wishing to compare requested and actual geometries.
- Technical report168 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft164 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for the determination of green strength by measuring the transverse rupture strength of compacts of rectangular cross-section.
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This document categorises additive manufacturing (AM) defects in DED and PBF laser and electron beam category of processes, provides a review of relevant current NDT standards, details NDT methods that are specific to AM and complex 3D geometries and outlines existing non‑destructive testing techniques that are applicable to some AM types of defects. This document is aimed at users and producers of AM processes and it applies, in particular, to the following: — safety critical AM applications; — assured confidence in AM; — reverse engineered products manufactured by AM; — test bodies wishing to compare requested and actual geometries.
- Technical report159 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
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- Draft158 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a method for the determination of green strength by measuring the transverse rupture strength of compacts of rectangular cross-section.
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- Draft8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a method for designating test specimen axes in relation to product texture by means of an X-Y-Z orthogonal coordinate system.
This document applies equally to unnotched and notched (or precracked) test specimens.
This document is intended only for metallic materials with uniform texture that can be unambiguously determined.
Test specimen orientation is decided before specimen machining, identified in accordance with the designation system specified in this document, and recorded.
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This document specifies a method of instrumented Charpy V-notch pendulum impact testing on metallic materials and the requirements concerning the measurement and recording equipment.
With respect to the Charpy pendulum impact test described in ISO 148-1, this test provides further information on the fracture behaviour of the product under impact testing conditions.
The results of instrumented Charpy test analyses are not directly transferable to structures or components and shall not be directly used in design calculations or safety assessments.
NOTE General information about instrumented impact testing can be found in References [1] to [5].
- Draft21 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method of instrumented Charpy V-notch pendulum impact testing on metallic materials and the requirements concerning the measurement and recording equipment. With respect to the Charpy pendulum impact test described in ISO 148-1, this test provides further information on the fracture behaviour of the product under impact testing conditions. The results of instrumented Charpy test analyses are not directly transferable to structures or components and shall not be directly used in design calculations or safety assessments. NOTE General information about instrumented impact testing can be found in References [1] to [5].
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This document specifies a method for designating test specimen axes in relation to product texture by means of an X-Y-Z orthogonal coordinate system. This document applies equally to unnotched and notched (or precracked) test specimens. This document is intended only for metallic materials with uniform texture that can be unambiguously determined. Test specimen orientation is decided before specimen machining, identified in accordance with the designation system specified in this document, and recorded.
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This document specifies a method for determining the ability of metallic wire, of diameter dimension from 0,3 mm to 10,0 mm inclusive, to undergo plastic deformation during reverse torsion. This test is used to detect surface defects, as well as to assess ductility.
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This document lists, under Clause 4, the European Standards which are currently available for the determination of the chemical composition of steels and cast irons.
In Clause 5, this document provides details on the range of application and gives the principle of the method described in each standard.
Items which are under preparation as European Standards or as CEN Technical Reports by ECISS/TC 102 are available on the webpage of CEN, through the following link: https://standards.cen.eu/dyn/www/f?p=204:22:0::::FSP_ORG_ID:733643&cs=123E58BF77E3DE921F548B80C5FF2E5D4.
Annex A gives a list of other European Standards and CEN Technical Reports applicable for the determination of the chemical composition of steels and cast irons.
Annex B gives a list of withdrawn Euronorms, together with the corresponding replacement European Standards, if any.
Annex C shows graphical representations of the content ranges of the methods listed in this document. Figure C.1 gives the content ranges of the referee methods, Figure C.2 gives the content ranges of the routine methods and Figure C.3 represents the fields of application of all the methods described.
Annex D provides a trilingual key of the abbreviations used in the Figures given in Annex C.
NOTE Three methods applicable for the analysis of some ferro-alloys are listed in Annex A.
- Technical report37 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document lists, under Clause 4, the European Standards which are currently available for the determination of the chemical composition of steels and cast irons.
In Clause 5, this document provides details on the range of application and gives the principle of the method described in each standard.
Items which are under preparation as European Standards or as CEN Technical Reports by ECISS/TC 102 are available on the webpage of CEN, through the following link: https://standards.cen.eu/dyn/www/f?p=204:22:0::::FSP_ORG_ID:733643&cs=123E58BF77E3DE921F548B80C5FF2E5D4.
Annex A gives a list of other European Standards and CEN Technical Reports applicable for the determination of the chemical composition of steels and cast irons.
Annex B gives a list of withdrawn Euronorms, together with the corresponding replacement European Standards, if any.
Annex C shows graphical representations of the content ranges of the methods listed in this document. Figure C.1 gives the content ranges of the referee methods, Figure C.2 gives the content ranges of the routine methods and Figure C.3 represents the fields of application of all the methods described.
Annex D provides a trilingual key of the abbreviations used in the Figures given in Annex C.
NOTE Three methods applicable for the analysis of some ferro-alloys are listed in Annex A.
- Technical report37 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This European Standard describes detailed steps for dissolution and preparation of calibration solutions. The pre-ferred use is for certification and referee analysis. All instrumentation, including software used in the testing labo-ratories, are different an subject to change. Therefore, general criteria for calibration and measurement are speci-fied.
This method has to be used with primary reference materials whose mass of substance have a significant smaller uncertainty as required of the repeatability of the testing procedure.
- Standard21 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
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This document specifies an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometric method
(ICP-OES) for the analysis of aluminium and aluminium alloys.
This method is applicable to the determination of silicon, iron, copper, manganese, magnesium, chromium, nickel, zinc, titanium, gallium, vanadium, beryllium, bismuth, calcium, cadmium, cobalt, lithium, sodium, lead, antimony, tin, strontium and zirconium in aluminium and aluminium alloys.
The content of the elements to be determined should be at least 10 times higher than the corresponding detection limits.
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This document specifies a method for determination of the biaxial stress-strain curve of metallic sheets having a thickness below 3 mm in pure stretch forming without significant friction influence. In comparison with tensile test results, higher strain values can be achieved.
NOTE In this document, the term "biaxial stress-strain curve" is used for simplification. In principle, in the test the "biaxial true stress-true strain curve" is determined.
- Standard31 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the method of linear elastic dynamic instrumented indentation test for determination of indentation hardness and indentation modulus of materials showing elastic-plastic behaviour when oscillatory force or displacement is applied to the indenter while the load or displacement is held constant at a prescribed target value or while the indenter is continuously loaded to a prescribed target load or target depth.
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This document specifies a flame atomic absorption spectrometric method for the determination of
copper in steel and cast iron.
The method is applicable to copper contents in the range of 0,003 % (mass fraction) to 3,0 % (mass
fraction).
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This document specifies a method for determination of the biaxial stress-strain curve of metallic
sheets having a thickness below 3 mm in pure stretch forming without significant friction influence. In
comparison with tensile test results, higher strain values can be achieved.
NOTE In this document, the term "biaxial stress-strain curve" is used for simplification. In principle, in the
test the "biaxial true stress-true strain curve" is determined.
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This document specifies a method for determining the ear height of metal sheet and strip of nominal thickness from 0,1 mm to 3 mm after deep drawing.
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ISO 18203:2016 specifies a method of measuring the case hardening depth, surface hardening depth, nitriding hardness depth and total thickness of surface hardening depth obtained, e.g. thermal (flame and induction hardening, electron beam hardening, laser beam hardening, etc.) or thermochemical (carbonitriding, carburizing and hardening, hardening and nitriding, etc.) treatment.
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This document specifies the chemical composition limits of wrought aluminium and wrought aluminium alloys and form of products.
NOTE The chemical composition limits of aluminium and aluminium alloys specified herein are completely identical with those registered with the Aluminium Association, 1525, Wilson Boulevard, Suite 600, Arlington, VA 22209, USA, for the corresponding alloys.
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This document specifies a method of converting room temperature percentage elongations after fracture obtained on various proportional and non-proportional gauge lengths to other gauge lengths.
Formula (1), on which conversions are based, is considered to be reliable when applied to austenitic stainless steels within the tensile strength range 450 to 750 N/mm2 and in the solution treated condition.
These conversions are not applicable to:
a) cold reduced steels;
b) quenched and tempered steels;
c) non-austenitic steels.
These conversions are not applicable when the gauge length exceeds 25√S0 or where the width to thickness ratio of the test piece exceeds 20.
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This document specifies a method of converting room temperature percentage elongations after fracture obtained on various proportional and non-proportional gauge lengths to other gauge lengths.
Formula (1), on which conversions are based, is considered to be reliable when applied to carbon, carbon manganese, molybdenum and chromium molybdenum steels within the tensile strength range 300 N/mm2 to 700 N/mm2 and in the hot-rolled, hot-rolled and normalized or annealed conditions, with or without tempering.
These conversions are not applicable to:
a) cold reduced steels;
b) quenched and tempered steels;
c) austenitic steels.
These conversions are not applicable when the gauge length exceeds or where the width to thickness ratio of the test piece exceeds 20.
- Standard41 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
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This document specifies terms and definitions, symbols and designations, principle, apparatus, test piece, procedure, data processing, evaluation of test result, test report and other contents for the torsion test at high strain rates for metallic materials by using torsional split Hopkinson bar (TSHB).
- Standard36 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document establishes verification procedures to determine the accuracy, speed of response, and stability of temperature measurement for materials testing equipment. These procedures are specified for the expected use in fatigue tests on metals where these characteristics are important to the fidelity of tests at high or varying temperature. The principles set out include sufficient provision for both contacting and non-contacting methods of temperature measurement. This document is for the end-to-end verification of registered value compared with “true” specimen temperature at the point of measurement. It cannot be used to specify the correct method or location of measurement. NOTE: The methodologies could be found applicable to test types beyond mechanical fatigue of metals, but that is outside the remit of this document.
- Technical specification13 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a method for determination of the biaxial stress-strain curve of metallic sheets having a thickness below 3 mm in pure stretch forming without significant friction influence. In comparison with tensile test results, higher strain values can be achieved. NOTE In this document, the term "biaxial stress-strain curve" is used for simplification. In principle, in the test the "biaxial true stress-true strain curve" is determined.
- Standard24 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
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- Draft24 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
ISO 18203:2016 specifies a method of measuring the case hardening depth, surface hardening depth, nitriding hardness depth and total thickness of surface hardening depth obtained, e.g. thermal (flame and induction hardening, electron beam hardening, laser beam hardening, etc.) or thermochemical (carbonitriding, carburizing and hardening, hardening and nitriding, etc.) treatment.
- Standard20 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft17 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method (Baumann) for the macrographic examination of steel by means of contact printing using silver salts and acid. The method is applicable to steels of which the sulphur content is less than 0,40 %. This method can also be applied to cast irons.
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This document specifies a method of converting room temperature percentage elongations after
fracture obtained on various proportional and non-proportional gauge lengths to other gauge lengths.
Formula (1), on which conversions are based, is considered to be reliable when applied to austenitic
stainless steels within the tensile strength range 450 to 750 N/mm2 and in the solution treated
condition.
These conversions are not applicable to:
a) cold reduced steels;
b) quenched and tempered steels;
c) non-austenitic steels.
These conversions are not applicable when the gauge length exceeds 25 0S or where the width to
thickness ratio of the test piece exceeds 20.
- Standard40 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Standard40 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft37 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method of converting room temperature percentage elongations after
fracture obtained on various proportional and non-proportional gauge lengths to other gauge lengths.
Formula (1), on which conversions are based, is considered to be reliable when applied to carbon,
carbon manganese, molybdenum and chromium molybdenum steels within the tensile strength range
300 N/mm2 to 700 N/mm2 and in the hot-rolled, hot-rolled and normalized or annealed conditions, with
or without tempering.
These conversions are not applicable to:
a) cold reduced steels;
b) quenched and tempered steels;
c) austenitic steels.
These conversions are not applicable when the gauge length exceeds 25 S0 or where the width to
thickness ratio of the test piece exceeds 20.
- Standard41 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Standard41 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
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This document provides an evaluation method of the resistance of high-strength steels to hydrogen embrittlement (i.e. hydrogen delayed fracture) using slow strain rate test with hydrogen pre-charged specimens. The amount of hydrogen absorbed in the specimens is analysed quantitatively by thermal desorption analysis such as gas chromatography, mass spectrometry and so on. This document includes testing methods for either smooth or notched specimens. It is applicable to ferritic base steels.
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This document specifies an infrared absorption method after combustion in an induction furnace for the determination of the low carbon content in unalloyed steel.
The method is applicable to carbon contents between 0,000 3 % (mass fraction) and 0,009 % (mass fraction).
- Standard20 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
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This document applies to stress and/or force-controlled thermo-mechanical fatigue (TMF) testing. Both forms of control, force or stress, can be applied according to this document. This document describes the equipment, specimen preparation, and presentation of the test results in order to determine TMF properties.
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This document specifies the conditions for performing torsional, constant-amplitude, nominally elastic stress fatigue tests on metallic specimens without deliberately introducing stress concentrations. The tests are typically carried out at ambient temperature or an elevated temperature in air by applying a pure couple to the specimen about its longitudinal axis. While the form, preparation and testing of specimens of circular cross-section and tubular cross-section are described in this document, component and other specialized types of testing are not included. Similarly, low-cycle torsional fatigue tests carried out under constant-amplitude angular displacement control, which lead to failure in a few thousand cycles, are also excluded.
- Draft26 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a method of converting room temperature percentage elongations after fracture obtained on various proportional and non-proportional gauge lengths to other gauge lengths. Formula (1), on which conversions are based, is considered to be reliable when applied to carbon, carbon manganese, molybdenum and chromium molybdenum steels within the tensile strength range 300 N/mm2 to 700 N/mm2 and in the hot-rolled, hot-rolled and normalized or annealed conditions, with or without tempering. These conversions are not applicable to: a) cold reduced steels; b) quenched and tempered steels; c) austenitic steels. These conversions are not applicable when the gauge length exceeds or where the width to thickness ratio of the test piece exceeds 20.
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This document specifies a method of converting room temperature percentage elongations after fracture obtained on various proportional and non-proportional gauge lengths to other gauge lengths. Formula (1), on which conversions are based, is considered to be reliable when applied to austenitic stainless steels within the tensile strength range 450 to 750 N/mm2 and in the solution treated condition. These conversions are not applicable to: a) cold reduced steels; b) quenched and tempered steels; c) non-austenitic steels. These conversions are not applicable when the gauge length exceeds 25√S0 or where the width to thickness ratio of the test piece exceeds 20.
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This document specifies the small punch method of testing metallic materials and the estimation of tensile, creep and fracture mechanical material properties from cryogenic up to high temperatures.
- Standard60 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC 61788-25:2018 specifies the test method and procedures for testing tensile mechanical properties of REBCO superconductive composite tapes at room temperature. This test is used to measure the modulus of elasticity and 0,2 % proof strength. The values for elastic limit, fracture strength and percentage elongation after fracture serve only as a reference. This document applies to samples having a rectangular cross-section with an area of 0,12 mm2 to 6,0 mm2 (corresponding to the tapes with width of 2,0 mm to 12,0 mm and thickness of 0,06 mm to 0,5 mm)
- Standard30 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a generic test method to determine the abrasion wear characteristics of hardmetals.
The test is appropriate for use in situations where test laboratories have a need to simulate abrasive damage. The procedure includes information which enables the test to be used in a variety of different conditions:
a) with counterface wheels of different stiffness (for example steel and rubber);
b) wet and dry;
c) different abrasive sizes;
d) different chemical environments.
- Standard21 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
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This document specifies testing conditions for use when constructing a forming-limit curve (FLC) at ambient temperature and using linear strain paths. The material considered is flat, metallic and of thickness between 0,3 mm and 4 mm.
NOTE The limitation in thickness of up to 4 mm is proposed, giving a maximum allowable thickness to the punch diameter ratio.
- Standard36 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
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This document specifies the chemical composition limits for aluminium casting alloys and mechanical properties of separately cast test pieces for these alloys.
Annex C is included as a guide to the selection of alloys for a specific use or process.
This document is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 576, EN 1559-1, EN 1559-4, EN 1676 and EN ISO 8062-3.
- Standard35 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies an infrared absorption method after combustion in an induction furnace for
the determination of the low carbon content in unalloyed steel.
The method is applicable to carbon contents between 0,000 3 % (mass fraction) and 0,009 % (mass
fraction).
- Standard20 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft18 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the method for rotating bar bending fatigue testing of metallic materials. The tests are conducted at room temperature or elevated temperature in air, the specimen being rotated. Fatigue tests on notched specimens are not covered by this document, since the shape and size of notched specimens have not been standardized. However, fatigue test procedures described in this document can be applied to fatigue tests of notched specimens.
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This document specifies methods for determining fracture toughness in terms of K, δ, J and R-curves for homogeneous metallic materials subjected to quasistatic loading. Specimens are notched, precracked by fatigue and tested under slowly increasing displacement. The fracture toughness is determined for individual specimens at or after the onset of ductile crack extension or at the onset of ductile crack instability or unstable crack extension. In cases where cracks grow in a stable manner under ductile tearing conditions, a resistance curve describing fracture toughness as a function of crack extension is measured. In some cases in the testing of ferritic materials, unstable crack extension can occur by cleavage or ductile crack initiation and growth, interrupted by cleavage extension. The fracture toughness at crack arrest is not covered by this document. Special testing requirements and analysis procedures are necessary when testing weldments, and these are described in ISO 15653 which is complementary to this document. Statistical variability of the results strongly depends on the fracture type, for instance, fracture toughness associated with cleavage fracture in ferritic steels can show large variation. For applications that require high reliability, a statistical approach can be used to quantify the variability in fracture toughness in the ductile-to-brittle transition region, such as that given in ASTM E1921. However, it is not the purpose of this document to specify the number of tests to be carried out nor how the results of the tests are to be applied or interpreted.
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