21.160 - Springs
ICS 21.160 Details
Springs
Federn
Ressorts
Vzmeti
General Information
Frequently Asked Questions
ICS 21.160 is a classification code in the International Classification for Standards (ICS) system. It covers "Springs". The ICS is a hierarchical classification system used to organize international, regional, and national standards, facilitating the search and identification of standards across different fields.
There are 74 standards classified under ICS 21.160 (Springs). These standards are published by international and regional standardization bodies including ISO, IEC, CEN, CENELEC, and ETSI.
The International Classification for Standards (ICS) is a hierarchical classification system maintained by ISO to organize standards and related documents. It uses a three-level structure with field (2 digits), group (3 digits), and sub-group (2 digits) codes. The ICS helps users find standards by subject area and enables statistical analysis of standards development activities.
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This document specifies the measurement and test methods for general characteristics of cold formed helical extension springs made from round wire, excluding dynamic testing.
- Standard46 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the measurement and test methods for the general characteristics of cold formed helical compression springs made from round wire, excluding dynamic testing.
- Standard38 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the measurement and test methods for general characteristics of cold formed cylindrical helical torsion springs made from round wire, excluding dynamic testing.
- Standard38 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the measurement and test methods for the general characteristics of cold formed helical compression springs made from round wire, excluding dynamic testing.
- Standard38 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the measurement and test methods for general characteristics of cold formed helical extension springs made from round wire, excluding dynamic testing.
- Standard46 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the measurement and test methods for general characteristics of cold formed cylindrical helical torsion springs made from round wire, excluding dynamic testing.
- Standard38 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
- Standard1 pageEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the measurement and test methods for general characteristics of cold formed cylindrical helical torsion springs made from round wire, excluding dynamic testing.
- Standard30 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard30 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
- Standard30 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies general requirements for the shot peening process applied to springs in order to improve their resistance to fatigue and stress corrosion cracking, mainly by introducing compressive residual stresses into their surface layers.
- Standard14 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard17 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the measurement and test methods for general characteristics of cold formed helical extension springs made from round wire, excluding dynamic testing.
- Standard38 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard38 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
- Standard38 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers cold-drawn cobalt alloy spring wire intended especially for the manufacture of springs.
1.1.1 This specification requires capability properties after age hardening test samples of the cold worked spring wire to ensure final mechanical properties are satisfied. The spring is typically age hardened after fabrication to increase its strength. However, mechanical properties cannot be obtained from finished springs.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.3 Unless the order specifies an “M” designation, the material shall be furnished to inch-pound units.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Technical specification4 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Technical specification4 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the measurement and test methods for the general characteristics of cold formed helical compression springs made from round wire, excluding dynamic testing.
- Standard30 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard30 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
- Standard30 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Measurements of bending proof strength, offset yield strength in bending, and modulus of elasticity in bending should be made for materials whose principal stressing mode is bending. For many materials, the tensile and compressive moduli are somewhat different. Since the modulus of elasticity in bending is a combination of the tensile and compressive moduli, it is often different from each of them.
4.2 Precise measurements of the modulus of elasticity in bending offset yield strength in bending, and bending proof strength require due regard for numerous variables that can affect their determination. These include (1) material characteristics such as specimen orientation with respect to the rolling direction, grain size, residual stresses, previous strain history, dimensions and specimen preparation, orientation of deformed grains relative to the direction of the normal stress; and (2) test conditions, such as temperature, temperature variations, condition of the test equipment, and adherence to the test procedure.
4.3 Fundamental Assumptions:
4.3.1 The test section of the specimen is subjected to uniform bending moment, which produces a uniform strain at the outer fiber throughout the gauge length of the specimen (applies to Test Method C only).
4.3.2 The neutral axis is located at the centerline of the thickness of the test specimen.
4.3.3 Transverse cross sections of the beam remain plane and normal to the longitudinal fiber of the beam during bending.
4.3.4 The effect of shear stresses is negligible.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard describes three test methods2 for determining the modulus of elasticity in bending, the bending proof strength, and the offset yield strength in bending of metallic strips or sheets intended for the use in flat springs:
1.1.1 Test Method A—a cantilever beam test,
1.1.2 Test Method B—a three-point beam test (that is, a beam resting on two supports and centrally loaded), and
1.1.3 Test Method C—a four-point beam test (that is, a beam resting on two supports and loaded at two points equally spaced from each support).
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard9 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard9 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies two different grades of disc springs. Grade A defines basic requirements of disc springs for static applications with low and moderate performance. Springs manufactured according to Grade A are not used for dynamic applications. Grade B defines requirements on disc springs especially used for dynamic applications and high performance static applications. Disc springs according to Grade B ensure a better quality by higher demands on manufacturing processes and tolerance requirements. Grade B includes graphs showing the guaranteed fatigue life such as a function of stress.
- Standard29 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
ABSTRACT
This specification covers the standard for hot-coiled, heat-treated helical compression springs with tapered, closed, squared and ground ends made of hot-wrought round steel bars. Cross sections for hot-wrought round, square, and round-cornered square bars of steel of the bar diameter shall be taken into consideration when designing and calculating the solid height, spring rate, solid stress, and solid capacity. The spring shall undergo quenching and tempering to have sufficiently high hardness and withstand the stresses developed in testing. Springs with specific indentation diameter shall not exceed the specified Brinell hardness numbers. The spring shall meet the metallurgical requirement, end construction, physical requirements such as measurements, solid height, free height, loaded height, permanent set, uniformity of pitch, outside diameter and calculations of solid capacity and uncorrected solid stress.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers hot-coiled, heat-treated helical compression springs with tapered, closed, squared and ground ends made of hot-wrought round steel bars 3/8 in. (9.5 mm) and larger in diameter.
1.2 This specification also serves to inform the user of practical manufacturing limits, mechanical tests, and inspection requirements applicable to the type of spring described in 1.1.
1.3 Supplementary Requirements S1 to S8 inclusive of an optional nature are provided. They shall apply only when specified by the purchaser. Details of these supplementary requirements shall be agreed upon by the manufacturer and purchaser.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Technical specification6 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This standard specifies the set of requirements that ensure the correct functioning of disc spring. These include requirements relating to the materials and manufacturing process, tolerances on dimensions and spring forces, and also the permissible relaxation and fatigue life of such springs as a function of stress.
All requirements specified here are minimum requirements.
This standard covers three dimensional series of disc springs.
NOTE In this standard, disc springs are divided into three groups and three dimensional series. Classification into groups is based on the manufacturing process, which is a function of the material thickness. The assignment of disc springs to dimensional series is governed by the h0 /t ratio.
- Standard21 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This standard specifies design criteria and features of disc springs, whether as single disc springs or as stacks of disc springs. It includes the definition of relevant concepts as well as design formulae, and covers the fatigue life of such springs.
- Standard16 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
ISO 19690-1:2017 specifies design criteria and features of disc springs, whether as single disc springs or as stacks of disc springs. It includes the definition of relevant concepts, as well as design formulae, and covers the fatigue life of such springs.
- Standard13 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This standard specifies the set of requirements that ensure the correct functioning of disc spring. These include requirements relating to the materials and manufacturing process, tolerances on dimensions and spring forces, and also the permissible relaxation and fatigue life of such springs as a function of stress.
All requirements specified here are minimum requirements.
This standard covers three dimensional series of disc springs.
NOTE In this standard, disc springs are divided into three groups and three dimensional series. Classification into groups is based on the manufacturing process, which is a function of the material thickness. The assignment of disc springs to dimensional series is governed by the h0 /t ratio.
- Standard21 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This standard specifies design criteria and features of disc springs, whether as single disc springs or as stacks of disc springs. It includes the definition of relevant concepts as well as design formulae, and covers the fatigue life of such springs.
- Standard16 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
ISO 18137:2015 specifies the technical specifications for leaf springs. ISO 18137:2015 is applicable to leaf springs for road vehicle (hereinafter simply "springs"). The leaf springs for other vehicle may refer to this International Standard.
- Standard18 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This European Standard specifies the calculation and design of cold and hot coiled cylindrical helical torsion springs with a linear characteristic, made from round wire and bar of constant diameter with values according to Table 1.
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- Standard22 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies the calculation and design of cold and hot coiled cylindrical helical torsion springs with a linear characteristic, made from round wire and bar of constant diameter with values according to Table 1.
(...)
- Standard22 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies the calculation and design of cold and hot coiled cylindrical helical compression springs with a linear characteristic, made from round wire and bar of constant diameter with values according to Table 1, and in respect of which the principal loading is applied in the direction of the spring axis.
- Standard35 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies the calculation and design of cold and hot coiled helical extension springs made from round wire and bar with values according to Table 1, loaded in the direction of the spring axis and operating at normal ambient temperatures.
NOTE In cases of substantially higher or lower working temperature, it is advisable to seek the manufacturer’s advice.
- Standard18 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies the calculation and design of cold and hot coiled helical extension springs made from round wire and bar with values according to Table 1, loaded in the direction of the spring axis and operating at normal ambient temperatures.
NOTE In cases of substantially higher or lower working temperature, it is advisable to seek the manufacturer’s advice.
- Standard18 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies the calculation and design of cold and hot coiled cylindrical helical compression springs with a linear characteristic, made from round wire and bar of constant diameter with values according to Table 1, and in respect of which the principal loading is applied in the direction of the spring axis.
- Standard35 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
ISO 16249:2013 specifies specifies general principles for the creation of symbols of physical quantities, coefficients, and parameters for metal springs. It specifies the presentation of basic characters, subscripts, and application symbols for use in the field of helical compression springs, helical extension springs, helical torsion springs, flat springs, and leaf springs with attention to technical product documentation, especially for describing and ordering.
- Standard21 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This International Standard specifies the materials, shapes, spring characteristics, tolerances, manufacturing requirements and test methods for common helical compression springs, which are made from hot coiled round section steel bar, and then quenched and tempered (hereinafter simply "springs"). The following limit values apply to springs conforming to this International Standard: - free length: ≤ 900 mm; - spring index: 3 to 12; - slenderness ratio: 0,8 to 4; - active coils: ≥ 3; - spring pitch: D; - wire diameter: 8 mm to 60 mm; - mean diameter of coil: ≤ 460 mm. This International Standard is not applicable to coil springs with special performance requirements, such as railway and automotive suspensions.
- Standard9 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Technical specification5 pagesSlovenian languagee-Library read for1 day
ISO 26909:2009 specifies terms and definitions commonly used in the metal springs industry. Specifically, these terms appear in technical product documentation. Heat-treatment and surface-treatment terms pertinent to springs are included.
Terms in ISO 26909:2009 are grouped into the following seven categories:
a) general features of springs;
b) application of springs in machinery and engineering;
c) layouts and nomenclature of springs;
d) specification requirements;
e) design and calculation;
f) manufacturing and processing;
g) testing and inspection.
- Standard96 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
ISO 26909:2009 specifies terms and definitions commonly used in the metal springs industry. Specifically, these terms appear in technical product documentation. Heat-treatment and surface-treatment terms pertinent to springs are included.
Terms in ISO 26909:2009 are grouped into the following seven categories:
a) general features of springs;
b) application of springs in machinery and engineering;
c) layouts and nomenclature of springs;
d) specification requirements;
e) design and calculation;
f) manufacturing and processing;
g) testing and inspection.
- Standard96 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
ISO 26909:2009 specifies terms and definitions commonly used in the metal springs industry. Specifically, these terms appear in technical product documentation. Heat-treatment and surface-treatment terms pertinent to springs are included. Terms in ISO 26909:2009 are grouped into the following seven categories: a) general features of springs; b) application of springs in machinery and engineering; c) layouts and nomenclature of springs; d) specification requirements; e) design and calculation; f) manufacturing and processing; g) testing and inspection.
- Standard100 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This European Standard applies to cylindrical helical compression springs made of round spring wire. Cold coiled compression springs can be made with wire up to about 16 mm diameter. (See also EN 13906-1).
NOTE For springs with wire diameter upper 16 mm up to 20 mm see Annex A
Cylindrical helical springs made of round wire from European Standard materials are subject to the limiting values in Table 1 (see also Annex A):
Table 1
Characteristic Cold coiled compression springs
Wire diameter 0,07 mm ≤ d ≤ 16 mm
Mean coil diameter 0,63 mm ≤ D ≤ 200 mm
Length of unloaded spring Lo ≤ 630 mm
Number of active coils n 2
Spring index 4 ≤w ≤ 20
A specification for the parameters of cold formed helical compression springs is given in Annex B.
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard applies to cylindrical helical compression springs made of round spring wire. Cold coiled compression springs can be made with wire up to about 16 mm diameter. (See also EN 13906-1).
NOTE For springs with wire diameter upper 16 mm up to 20 mm see Annex A
Cylindrical helical springs made of round wire from European Standard materials are subject to the limiting values in Table 1 (see also Annex A):
Table 1
Characteristic Cold coiled compression springs
Wire diameter 0,07 mm ≤ d ≤ 16 mm
Mean coil diameter 0,63 mm ≤ D ≤ 200 mm
Length of unloaded spring Lo ≤ 630 mm
Number of active coils n 2
Spring index 4 ≤w ≤ 20
A specification for the parameters of cold formed helical compression springs is given in Annex B.
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard applies to torsion bars made of steel for anti-roll bar systems used on railway vehicles.
This European Standard includes straight and bended torsion bars, but does not detail the other components of the anti-roll bar systems such as levers, bearings, bushes etc.
This European Standard constitutes guidelines on the following topics:
- design;
- specification of technical requirements;
- production requirements;
- tests;
- supply conditions.
- Standard38 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This standard specifies:
- the characteristics the air brake control elements shall have and the tests to be carried out;
- the guidelines for drafting the approval procedure applied by the customer;
- the guidelines for drafting the qualification procedure for the product based on the requirements
specified;
- the guidelines for drafting the quality surveillance provisions for the manufacture of the air spring
control elements.
The requirements of this standard are applicable to air spring control elements having to equip rail vehicles
operating on a reserved track under permanent guidance without any distinction between the nature or the
route of the track.
It covers complete control elements. It is essential that the various components are defined by particular
specifications.
This standard specifies:
- the differential valves;
- the filters;
- the levelling valves;
- the non-return valves;
- the minimum pressure valves;
- the pressure-reducing valves;
- the end stop valves;
- the isolating valves.
This standard does not take into account the other air suspension control elements such as the installation of
pipes, pipework elements and air production elements.
- Standard28 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard applies to parabolic springs as spring elements for rail vehicles.
This European Standard is a guide to the following subjects:
- design;
- specification of technical and qualitative requirements;
- approval procedures and quality assurance of production methods;
- tests and inspections to be carried out;
delivery conditions.
- Standard54 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This standard defines: - characteristics that suspension diaphragms shall achieve, together with applicable inspection and test methods to be carried out for verification; - approval procedure to be implemented by the customer; - guidelines for qualification of the product with specified requirements; - quality monitoring of diaphragms in manufacture; - supply requirements. This standard applies to suspension diaphragms designed to be fitted on railway vehicles and similar vehicles running on dedicated tracks with permanent guide systems, whatever the type of rail and the running surface.
- Standard59 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This standard gives guidance for: - design, - specification of technical and quality requirements, - the approval procedure and quality surveillance of production methods, - the examinations and tests to be carried out, - the delivery conditions.
- Standard46 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This standard gives guidance for: - design, - specification of technical and quality requirements, - the approval procedure and quality surveillance of production methods, - the examinations and tests to be carried out, - the delivery conditions.
- Standard46 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This standard defines: - characteristics that suspension diaphragms shall achieve, together with applicable inspection and test methods to be carried out for verification; - approval procedure to be implemented by the customer; - guidelines for qualification of the product with specified requirements; - quality monitoring of diaphragms in manufacture; - supply requirements. This standard applies to suspension diaphragms designed to be fitted on railway vehicles and similar vehicles running on dedicated tracks with permanent guide systems, whatever the type of rail and the running surface.
- Standard59 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
Establishes a uniform system for the presentation of technical data and for the representation of cylindrical helical compression springs to be used in technical product documentation intended for e.g. tender and/or order drawings.
- Standard11 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
Gives rules for the simplified representation of compression, extension, torsion, disc, spiral and leaf springs on technical drawings.
- Standard9 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
Gives rules for the simplified representation of compression, extension, torsion, disc, spiral and leaf springs on technical drawings.
- Standard9 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
Establishes a uniform system for the presentation of technical data and for the representation of cylindrical helical compression springs to be used in technical product documentation intended for e.g. tender and/or order drawings.
- Standard11 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
Establishes a uniform system for the presentation of technical data and for the representation of cylindrical helical compression springs to be used in technical product documentation intended for e.g. tender and/or order drawings.
- Standard10 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
- Standard8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard8 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
Gives rules for the simplified representation of compression, extension, torsion, disc, spiral and leaf springs on technical drawings.
- Standard8 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
- Standard6 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard6 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
- Standard3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard3 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
- Standard3 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
- Standard3 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This standard specifies the calculation and design of cold coiled cylindrical helical torsion springs with a linear characteristic, made from round wire and bar of constant diameter with values according to table 1. NOTE Quality Standards for cold coiled torsion springs will be developed later.
- Standard20 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day