EN 13906-1:2013
(Main)Cylindrical helical springs made from round wire and bar - Calculation and design - Part 1 : Compression springs
Cylindrical helical springs made from round wire and bar - Calculation and design - Part 1 : Compression springs
This European Standard specifies the calculation and design of cold and hot coiled cylindrical helical compression springs with a linear characteristic, made from round wire and bar of constant diameter with values according to Table 1, and in respect of which the principal loading is applied in the direction of the spring axis.
Zylindrische Schraubenfedern aus runden Drähten und Stäben - Berechnung und Konstruktion - Teil 1: Druckfedern
Diese Europäische Norm gilt für die Berechnung und Konstruktion von kalt- und warmgeformten Schraubendruckfedern mit linearer Kenn¬linie aus runden Drähten und Stäben mit konstantem Durchmesser, mit Werten nach Tabelle 1, bei denen die Hauptbeanspruchung in Richtung der Federachse aufgebracht wird.
Ressorts hélicoïdaux cylindriques fabriqués à partir de fils ronds et de barres - Calcul et conception - Partie 1: Ressorts de compression
La présente Norme européenne spécifie le calcul et la conception des ressorts de compression hélicoïdaux cylindriques, enroulés à froid ou à chaud, de caractéristiques linéaires, fabriqués à partir de fils ronds et de barres, de diamètre constant ayant les valeurs du Tableau 1, pour lesquels la sollicitation majeure est appliquée dans la direction de l’axe du ressort.
Vijačne valjaste vzmeti iz okrogle žice in palic - Izračun in načrtovanje - 1. del: Tlačne vzmeti
Ta evropski standard določa izračun in načrtovanje hladno in toplo oblikovanih vijačnih valjastih tlačnih vzmeti z linearno karakteristiko, izdelanih iz okrogle žice in palic s konstantnim premerom vrednostmi, skladnimi s preglednico 1, in z glavno obremenitvijo v smeri osi vzmeti.
General Information
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Overview - EN 13906-1:2013 (Compression springs)
EN 13906-1:2013 is the CEN European Standard for the calculation and design of cylindrical helical compression springs made from round wire and bar. It covers both cold‑coiled and hot‑coiled springs with a linear characteristic where the principal loading is axial. The standard is Part 1 of the EN 13906 series (Parts 2 and 3 cover extension and torsion springs respectively).
Key scope limits (Table 1):
- Cold coiled: wire/bar diameter d ≤ 20 mm, active coils n ≥ 2, spring index 4 ≤ w ≤ 20
- Hot coiled: 8 mm ≤ d ≤ 100 mm, active coils n ≥ 3, spring index 3 ≤ w ≤ 12
Key topics and technical requirements
EN 13906-1 defines terminology, symbols and units and provides the theoretical spring diagram plus comprehensive design rules, including:
- Design principles - specifying required forces, deflections, stroke, spring rate and working space
- Loading classifications - static, quasi‑static and dynamic loading (dynamic > 10^4 cycles and torsional stress range > 0.1×fatigue strength)
- Fatigue life guidance - infinite life thresholds: N ≥ 10^7 (cold‑coiled) and N ≥ 2×10^6 (hot‑coiled); guidance for limited life fatigue and cumulative damage
- Stress correction factor (k) for torsional stress accounting for wire curvature
- Material property values references and permissible torsional stresses at ambient temperature
- Checks for transverse loading, buckling and impact - including buckling behaviour, resonance considerations and impact stress effects
- Calculation formulae and examples - spring rate, stresses, buckling and fatigue-related calculations (formulae and worked clauses are included)
- Normative references - e.g. EN 10270 series (spring wire), EN 10089, EN ISO 26909/26910
Applications and practical use
EN 13906-1 is used to ensure safe, reliable and optimised compression spring design in products and assemblies. Typical practical applications:
- Designing coil compression springs for automotive, industrial machinery, consumer products, valves, actuators and electromechanical assemblies
- Specifying spring dimensions, loads, and fatigue life for production and quality control
- Verifying buckling resistance, resonance avoidance and performance under transverse or impact loading
- Preparing technical documentation and test protocols for spring suppliers and manufacturers
Who should use this standard
- Spring designers and mechanical design engineers
- Spring manufacturers and quality engineers
- Product engineers specifying springs in assemblies
- Test laboratories and certification bodies assessing spring performance
Related standards
- EN 13906-2 (Extension springs) and EN 13906-3 (Torsion springs)
- EN 10270‑1/2/3 (steel wire for mechanical springs)
- EN 10089 (hot‑rolled steels for quenched and tempered springs)
- EN ISO 26909 / ISO 26910 (springs vocabulary and shot peening)
EN 13906-1:2013 provides the technical basis for robust, fatigue‑aware compression spring design and is essential for engineers and manufacturers working with cylindrical helical springs.
Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Zylindrische Schraubenfedern aus runden Drähten und Stäben - Berechnung und Konstruktion - Teil 1: DruckfedernRessorts hélicoïdaux cylindriques fabriqués à partir de fils ronds et de barres - Calcul et conception - Partie 1: Ressorts de compressionCylindrical helical springs made from round wire and bar - Calculation and design - Part 1 : Compression springs21.160VzmetiSpringsICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 13906-1:2013SIST EN 13906-1:2014en,fr,de01-januar-2014SIST EN 13906-1:2014SLOVENSKI
STANDARDSIST EN 13906-1:20091DGRPHãþD
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 13906-1
July 2013 ICS 21.160 Supersedes EN 13906-1:2002English Version
Cylindrical helical springs made from round wire and bar - Calculation and design - Part 1 : Compression springs
Ressorts hélicoïdaux cylindriques fabriqués à partir de fils ronds et de barres - Calcul et conception - Partie 1: Ressorts de compression
Zylindrische Schraubenfedern aus runden Drähten und Stäben - Berechnung und Konstruktion - Teil 1: Druckfedern This European Standard was approved by CEN on 30 May 2013.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre:
Avenue Marnix 17,
B-1000 Brussels © 2013 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 13906-1:2013: ESIST EN 13906-1:2014
Examples of relaxation for cold coiled springs . 29 Bibliography . 35
(ISO 2162-1:1993) EN ISO 26909:2010, Springs — Vocabulary (ISO 26909:2009) ISO 26910-1, Springs — Shot peening — Part 1: General procedures 3 Terms, definitions, symbols, units and abbreviated terms 3.1 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN ISO 26909:2010 and the following apply. 3.1.1 spring mechanical device designed to store energy when deflected and to return the equivalent amount of energy when released [SOURCE: EN ISO 26909:2010, 1.1] 3.1.2 compression spring spring (1.1) that offers resistance to a compressive force applied axially [SOURCE: EN ISO 26909:2010, 1.2] SIST EN 13906-1:2014
NOTE The actual spring force at the solid length is as a rule greater than the theoretical force FK N buckling force Fn N spring force for the minimum permissible spring length Ln FQ N spring force perpendicular to the spring axis (transverse spring force) fe s-1
(Hz) natural frequency of the first order of the spring (fundamental frequency) G N/mm² (MPa) modulus of rigidity
k - stress correction factor (depending on D/d ) L mm spring length L0 mm nominal free length of spring L1, L2. mm spring lengths for the spring forces
F1, F2. SIST EN 13906-1:2014
F1, F2 . sc mm spring deflection, for the solid length, Lc sh mm deflection of
spring (stroke ) between two positions sK mm spring deflection, for the buckling force FK (buckling spring deflection) sn mm spring deflection, for the spring force
Fn sQ mm transverse spring deflection, for the transverse force FQ vSt m/s impact speed W Nmm spring work, dDw= - spring index η
- spring rate ratio λ
- slenderness ratio υ - seating coefficient ξ
- relative spring deflection ρ kg/dm³ density τ N/mm² (MPa) uncorrected torsional stress (without the influence of the wire curvature being taken into account)
τ1, τ2 .
N/mm² (MPa) uncorrected torsional stress, for the
spring forces F1, F2 . τc N/mm² (MPa) uncorrected torsional stress, for the solid length Lc SIST EN 13906-1:2014
spring forces F1, F2 . τkH (.) N/mm² (MPa) corrected torsional stress range in fatigue, with the subscript specifying the number of cycles to rupture or the number of ultimate cycles τkn N/mm² (MPa) corrected torsional stress, for the
spring force Fn τkO (.) N/mm² (MPa) corrected maximum torsional stress in fatigue, with the subscript specifying the number of cycles to rupture or the number of ultimate cycles τkU (.) N/mm² (MPa) corrected minimum torsional stress in fatigue, with the subscript specifying the number of cycles to rupture or the number of ultimate cycles
τn N/mm² (MPa) uncorrected torsional stress, for the
spring force Fn τSt N/mm² (MPa) impact stress τzul N/mm² (MPa) permissible static torsional stress 4 Theoretical compression spring diagram The illustration of the compression spring corresponds to Figure 4.1 from EN ISO 2162-1:1996. The theoretical compression spring diagram is given in Figure 1. SIST EN 13906-1:2014
Figure 1 — Theoretical compression spring diagram 5 Design principles Before carrying out design calculations for a spring, the requirements to be met shall be considered, particularly taking into account and defining: a spring force and corresponding spring deflection or two spring forces and corresponding stroke or a spring force, the stroke and the spring rate, loading as a function of time: is static or dynamic, in the case of dynamic loading the total number of cycles, N, to rupture, operating temperature and permissible relaxation,
transverse loading, buckling, impact loading, other factors (e.g. resonance vibration, corrosion). SIST EN 13906-1:2014
6.1 General Before carrying out design calculations, it should be specified whether they will be subjected to static loading, quasi-static loading, or dynamic loading. 6.2 Static and/or quasi-static loading
A static loading is: a loading constant in time. A quasi-static loading is: a loading variable with time with a negligibly small torsional stress range (stroke stress) (e.g. torsional stress range up to 0,1 × fatigue strength); a variable loading with greater torsional stress range but only a number of cycles of up to 104. 6.3 Dynamic loading In the case of compression springs dynamic loading is: Loading variable with time with a number of loading cycles over 104 and torsional stress range greater than 0,1 × fatigue strength at: a) constant torsional stress range; b) variable torsional stress range. Depending on the required number of cycles N up to rupture it is necessary to differentiate the two cases as follows: c) infinite life fatigue in which the number of cycles N
≥ 107 for cold coiled springs; N
≥ 2 × 106 for hot coiled springs; In this case the torsional stress range is lower than the infinite life fatigue limit. d) limited life fatigue in which N
< 107 for cold coiled springs; N
< 2 × 106 for hot coiled springs. In this case the torsional stress range is greater than the infinite life fatigue limit but smaller than the low cycle fatigue limit. In the case of springs with a time- variable torsional stress range and mean torsional stress, (set of torsional stress combinations) the maximum values of which are situated above the infinite fatigue life limit, the service life can be calculated as a rough approximation with the aid of cumulative damage hypotheses. In such circumstances, the service life shall be verified by means of a fatigue test. SIST EN 13906-1:2014
When calculating springs, subject to high frequency forced vibration, care shall be taken to ensure that the frequency of the forced vibration oscillation (excitation frequency) does not come into resonance with one of the natural frequencies of the spring. In the case of mechanical excitations (e.g. via cams), resonance may also occur if a harmonic component of the excitation frequency coincides with one of the natural frequencies of the spring. In cases of resonance, an appreciable increase in torsional stress will arise at certain individual points of the spring, known as nodes. In order to avoid such increases in torsional stress due to resonance phenomena, the following measurers are advised: avoid integral ratios between excitation frequencies and natural frequencies; select the natural frequency of the first order of the spring as high as possible; avoid resonance with the low harmonics of the excitation; SIST EN 13906-1:2014
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Frequently Asked Questions
EN 13906-1:2013 is a standard published by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN). Its full title is "Cylindrical helical springs made from round wire and bar - Calculation and design - Part 1 : Compression springs". This standard covers: This European Standard specifies the calculation and design of cold and hot coiled cylindrical helical compression springs with a linear characteristic, made from round wire and bar of constant diameter with values according to Table 1, and in respect of which the principal loading is applied in the direction of the spring axis.
This European Standard specifies the calculation and design of cold and hot coiled cylindrical helical compression springs with a linear characteristic, made from round wire and bar of constant diameter with values according to Table 1, and in respect of which the principal loading is applied in the direction of the spring axis.
EN 13906-1:2013 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 21.160 - Springs. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
EN 13906-1:2013 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to EN 13906-1:2002. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
You can purchase EN 13906-1:2013 directly from iTeh Standards. The document is available in PDF format and is delivered instantly after payment. Add the standard to your cart and complete the secure checkout process. iTeh Standards is an authorized distributor of CEN standards.
記事のタイトル： EN 13906-1:2013 - 円形ワイヤーとバーから作られた円柱状螺旋ばね - 計算と設計 - パート1：圧縮ばね 記事の内容：この欧州規格は、定直径の円形ワイヤーとバーから作られた冷間および熱間で巻かれた円柱状螺旋圧縮ばねの計算と設計を定めています。これらのばねは直線的な特性を持ち、ばね軸方向に主要な荷重がかかるように設計されています。
The article discusses the specifications for calculating and designing cylindrical helical compression springs made from round wire and bar. It focuses on springs with a linear characteristic and constant diameter. These springs are designed to withstand loading in the direction of the spring axis.
기사 제목: EN 13906-1:2013 - 원형 와이어와 바로 만든 원통형 나선형 스프링 - 연산과 설계 - 파트 1: 압축 스프링 기사 내용: 이 유럽 표준은 원형 와이어와 바로 만든 동 및 열로 감겨진 원통형 나선형 압축 스프링에 대한 연산과 설계를 규정한다. 이 스프링은 선형 특성을 가지고 있으며, 상수 직경의 라운드 와이어와 바로 만들어진다(Table 1의 값에 따라) 그리고 주된 부하는 스프링 축 방향으로 작용한다.
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