SIST EN 13906-1:2014
(Main)Cylindrical helical springs made from round wire and bar - Calculation and design - Part 1 : Compression springs
Cylindrical helical springs made from round wire and bar - Calculation and design - Part 1 : Compression springs
This European Standard specifies the calculation and design of cold and hot coiled cylindrical helical compression springs with a linear characteristic, made from round wire and bar of constant diameter with values according to Table 1, and in respect of which the principal loading is applied in the direction of the spring axis.
Zylindrische Schraubenfedern aus runden Drähten und Stäben - Berechnung und Konstruktion - Teil 1: Druckfedern
Diese Europäische Norm gilt für die Berechnung und Konstruktion von kalt- und warmgeformten Schraubendruckfedern mit linearer Kenn¬linie aus runden Drähten und Stäben mit konstantem Durchmesser, mit Werten nach Tabelle 1, bei denen die Hauptbeanspruchung in Richtung der Federachse aufgebracht wird.
Ressorts hélicoïdaux cylindriques fabriqués à partir de fils ronds et de barres - Calcul et conception - Partie 1: Ressorts de compression
La présente Norme européenne spécifie le calcul et la conception des ressorts de compression hélicoïdaux cylindriques, enroulés à froid ou à chaud, de caractéristiques linéaires, fabriqués à partir de fils ronds et de barres, de diamètre constant ayant les valeurs du Tableau 1, pour lesquels la sollicitation majeure est appliquée dans la direction de l’axe du ressort.
Vijačne valjaste vzmeti iz okrogle žice in palic - Izračun in načrtovanje - 1. del: Tlačne vzmeti
Ta evropski standard določa izračun in načrtovanje hladno in toplo oblikovanih vijačnih valjastih tlačnih vzmeti z linearno karakteristiko, izdelanih iz okrogle žice in palic s konstantnim premerom vrednostmi, skladnimi s preglednico 1, in z glavno obremenitvijo v smeri osi vzmeti.
General Information
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Overview - EN 13906-1:2013 (Compression springs)
EN 13906-1:2013 is the CEN European Standard for the calculation and design of cylindrical helical compression springs made from round wire and bar. It covers both cold‑coiled and hot‑coiled springs with a linear characteristic where the principal loading is axial. The standard is Part 1 of the EN 13906 series (Parts 2 and 3 cover extension and torsion springs respectively).
Key scope limits (Table 1):
- Cold coiled: wire/bar diameter d ≤ 20 mm, active coils n ≥ 2, spring index 4 ≤ w ≤ 20
- Hot coiled: 8 mm ≤ d ≤ 100 mm, active coils n ≥ 3, spring index 3 ≤ w ≤ 12
Key topics and technical requirements
EN 13906-1 defines terminology, symbols and units and provides the theoretical spring diagram plus comprehensive design rules, including:
- Design principles - specifying required forces, deflections, stroke, spring rate and working space
- Loading classifications - static, quasi‑static and dynamic loading (dynamic > 10^4 cycles and torsional stress range > 0.1×fatigue strength)
- Fatigue life guidance - infinite life thresholds: N ≥ 10^7 (cold‑coiled) and N ≥ 2×10^6 (hot‑coiled); guidance for limited life fatigue and cumulative damage
- Stress correction factor (k) for torsional stress accounting for wire curvature
- Material property values references and permissible torsional stresses at ambient temperature
- Checks for transverse loading, buckling and impact - including buckling behaviour, resonance considerations and impact stress effects
- Calculation formulae and examples - spring rate, stresses, buckling and fatigue-related calculations (formulae and worked clauses are included)
- Normative references - e.g. EN 10270 series (spring wire), EN 10089, EN ISO 26909/26910
Applications and practical use
EN 13906-1 is used to ensure safe, reliable and optimised compression spring design in products and assemblies. Typical practical applications:
- Designing coil compression springs for automotive, industrial machinery, consumer products, valves, actuators and electromechanical assemblies
- Specifying spring dimensions, loads, and fatigue life for production and quality control
- Verifying buckling resistance, resonance avoidance and performance under transverse or impact loading
- Preparing technical documentation and test protocols for spring suppliers and manufacturers
Who should use this standard
- Spring designers and mechanical design engineers
- Spring manufacturers and quality engineers
- Product engineers specifying springs in assemblies
- Test laboratories and certification bodies assessing spring performance
Related standards
- EN 13906-2 (Extension springs) and EN 13906-3 (Torsion springs)
- EN 10270‑1/2/3 (steel wire for mechanical springs)
- EN 10089 (hot‑rolled steels for quenched and tempered springs)
- EN ISO 26909 / ISO 26910 (springs vocabulary and shot peening)
EN 13906-1:2013 provides the technical basis for robust, fatigue‑aware compression spring design and is essential for engineers and manufacturers working with cylindrical helical springs.
Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Zylindrische Schraubenfedern aus runden Drähten und Stäben - Berechnung und Konstruktion - Teil 1: DruckfedernRessorts hélicoïdaux cylindriques fabriqués à partir de fils ronds et de barres - Calcul et conception - Partie 1: Ressorts de compressionCylindrical helical springs made from round wire and bar - Calculation and design - Part 1 : Compression springs21.160VzmetiSpringsICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 13906-1:2013SIST EN 13906-1:2014en,fr,de01-januar-2014SIST EN 13906-1:2014SLOVENSKI
STANDARDSIST EN 13906-1:20091DGRPHãþD
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 13906-1
July 2013 ICS 21.160 Supersedes EN 13906-1:2002English Version
Cylindrical helical springs made from round wire and bar - Calculation and design - Part 1 : Compression springs
Ressorts hélicoïdaux cylindriques fabriqués à partir de fils ronds et de barres - Calcul et conception - Partie 1: Ressorts de compression
Zylindrische Schraubenfedern aus runden Drähten und Stäben - Berechnung und Konstruktion - Teil 1: Druckfedern This European Standard was approved by CEN on 30 May 2013.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre:
Avenue Marnix 17,
B-1000 Brussels © 2013 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 13906-1:2013: ESIST EN 13906-1:2014
Examples of relaxation for cold coiled springs . 29 Bibliography . 35
(ISO 2162-1:1993) EN ISO 26909:2010, Springs — Vocabulary (ISO 26909:2009) ISO 26910-1, Springs — Shot peening — Part 1: General procedures 3 Terms, definitions, symbols, units and abbreviated terms 3.1 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN ISO 26909:2010 and the following apply. 3.1.1 spring mechanical device designed to store energy when deflected and to return the equivalent amount of energy when released [SOURCE: EN ISO 26909:2010, 1.1] 3.1.2 compression spring spring (1.1) that offers resistance to a compressive force applied axially [SOURCE: EN ISO 26909:2010, 1.2] SIST EN 13906-1:2014
NOTE The actual spring force at the solid length is as a rule greater than the theoretical force FK N buckling force Fn N spring force for the minimum permissible spring length Ln FQ N spring force perpendicular to the spring axis (transverse spring force) fe s-1
(Hz) natural frequency of the first order of the spring (fundamental frequency) G N/mm² (MPa) modulus of rigidity
k - stress correction factor (depending on D/d ) L mm spring length L0 mm nominal free length of spring L1, L2. mm spring lengths for the spring forces
F1, F2. SIST EN 13906-1:2014
F1, F2 . sc mm spring deflection, for the solid length, Lc sh mm deflection of
spring (stroke ) between two positions sK mm spring deflection, for the buckling force FK (buckling spring deflection) sn mm spring deflection, for the spring force
Fn sQ mm transverse spring deflection, for the transverse force FQ vSt m/s impact speed W Nmm spring work, dDw= - spring index η
- spring rate ratio λ
- slenderness ratio υ - seating coefficient ξ
- relative spring deflection ρ kg/dm³ density τ N/mm² (MPa) uncorrected torsional stress (without the influence of the wire curvature being taken into account)
τ1, τ2 .
N/mm² (MPa) uncorrected torsional stress, for the
spring forces F1, F2 . τc N/mm² (MPa) uncorrected torsional stress, for the solid length Lc SIST EN 13906-1:2014
spring forces F1, F2 . τkH (.) N/mm² (MPa) corrected torsional stress range in fatigue, with the subscript specifying the number of cycles to rupture or the number of ultimate cycles τkn N/mm² (MPa) corrected torsional stress, for the
spring force Fn τkO (.) N/mm² (MPa) corrected maximum torsional stress in fatigue, with the subscript specifying the number of cycles to rupture or the number of ultimate cycles τkU (.) N/mm² (MPa) corrected minimum torsional stress in fatigue, with the subscript specifying the number of cycles to rupture or the number of ultimate cycles
τn N/mm² (MPa) uncorrected torsional stress, for the
spring force Fn τSt N/mm² (MPa) impact stress τzul N/mm² (MPa) permissible static torsional stress 4 Theoretical compression spring diagram The illustration of the compression spring corresponds to Figure 4.1 from EN ISO 2162-1:1996. The theoretical compression spring diagram is given in Figure 1. SIST EN 13906-1:2014
Figure 1 — Theoretical compression spring diagram 5 Design principles Before carrying out design calculations for a spring, the requirements to be met shall be considered, particularly taking into account and defining: a spring force and corresponding spring deflection or two spring forces and corresponding stroke or a spring force, the stroke and the spring rate, loading as a function of time: is static or dynamic, in the case of dynamic loading the total number of cycles, N, to rupture, operating temperature and permissible relaxation,
transverse loading, buckling, impact loading, other factors (e.g. resonance vibration, corrosion). SIST EN 13906-1:2014
6.1 General Before carrying out design calculations, it should be specified whether they will be subjected to static loading, quasi-static loading, or dynamic loading. 6.2 Static and/or quasi-static loading
A static loading is: a loading constant in time. A quasi-static loading is: a loading variable with time with a negligibly small torsional stress range (stroke stress) (e.g. torsional stress range up to 0,1 × fatigue strength); a variable loading with greater torsional stress range but only a number of cycles of up to 104. 6.3 Dynamic loading In the case of compression springs dynamic loading is: Loading variable with time with a number of loading cycles over 104 and torsional stress range greater than 0,1 × fatigue strength at: a) constant torsional stress range; b) variable torsional stress range. Depending on the required number of cycles N up to rupture it is necessary to differentiate the two cases as follows: c) infinite life fatigue in which the number of cycles N
≥ 107 for cold coiled springs; N
≥ 2 × 106 for hot coiled springs; In this case the torsional stress range is lower than the infinite life fatigue limit. d) limited life fatigue in which N
< 107 for cold coiled springs; N
< 2 × 106 for hot coiled springs. In this case the torsional stress range is greater than the infinite life fatigue limit but smaller than the low cycle fatigue limit. In the case of springs with a time- variable torsional stress range and mean torsional stress, (set of torsional stress combinations) the maximum values of which are situated above the infinite fatigue life limit, the service life can be calculated as a rough approximation with the aid of cumulative damage hypotheses. In such circumstances, the service life shall be verified by means of a fatigue test. SIST EN 13906-1:2014
When calculating springs, subject to high frequency forced vibration, care shall be taken to ensure that the frequency of the forced vibration oscillation (excitation frequency) does not come into resonance with one of the natural frequencies of the spring. In the case of mechanical excitations (e.g. via cams), resonance may also occur if a harmonic component of the excitation frequency coincides with one of the natural frequencies of the spring. In cases of resonance, an appreciable increase in torsional stress will arise at certain individual points of the spring, known as nodes. In order to avoid such increases in torsional stress due to resonance phenomena, the following measurers are advised: avoid integral ratios between excitation frequencies and natural frequencies; select the natural frequency of the first order of the spring as high as possible; avoid resonance with the low harmonics of the excitation; SIST EN 13906-1:2014
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Frequently Asked Questions
SIST EN 13906-1:2014 is a standard published by the Slovenian Institute for Standardization (SIST). Its full title is "Cylindrical helical springs made from round wire and bar - Calculation and design - Part 1 : Compression springs". This standard covers: This European Standard specifies the calculation and design of cold and hot coiled cylindrical helical compression springs with a linear characteristic, made from round wire and bar of constant diameter with values according to Table 1, and in respect of which the principal loading is applied in the direction of the spring axis.
This European Standard specifies the calculation and design of cold and hot coiled cylindrical helical compression springs with a linear characteristic, made from round wire and bar of constant diameter with values according to Table 1, and in respect of which the principal loading is applied in the direction of the spring axis.
SIST EN 13906-1:2014 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 21.160 - Springs. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
SIST EN 13906-1:2014 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to SIST EN 13906-1:2009. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
You can purchase SIST EN 13906-1:2014 directly from iTeh Standards. The document is available in PDF format and is delivered instantly after payment. Add the standard to your cart and complete the secure checkout process. iTeh Standards is an authorized distributor of SIST standards.
SIST EN 13906-1:2014 표준은 원형 와이어와 막대에서 제작된 원통형 헬리컬 압축 스프링의 설계 및 계산에 관한 유럽 표준으로, 주로 압축 스프링의 선형 특성을 다룹니다. 이 표준은 차가운 및 더운 코일링된 스프링에 적용되며, 스프링 축 방향으로 주로드가 가해지는 경우를 규명하고 있습니다. 이 표준의 강점 중 하나는 명확한 계산 방법과 설계 지침을 제공하여, 스프링 제조업체들이 일관된 품질과 성능을 유지할 수 있도록 돕는 것입니다. 또한, 식별 가능한 테이블(표 1)을 통해 사용자가 필요한 재료의 직경과 특성을 쉽게 참조할 수 있게 하여, 설계 과정에서 발생할 수 있는 오류를 줄여 줍니다. SIST EN 13906-1:2014는 헬리컬 압축 스프링의 설계 및 제조에 필수적인 문서로, 관련 업계에서 요구하는 안전성과 신뢰성을 보장하는 데 큰 역할을 합니다. 이 표준은 스프링의 성능을 최적화하고, 다양한 응용 분야에서의 적합성을 보장함으로써, 제품 개발 과정에서의 중요한 참조 자료로 자리잡고 있습니다. 결국 이 표준은 원형 와이어와 막대에서 제작된 압축 스프링에 대한 심도 있는 이해와 효율적인 설계를 요구하는 모든 개인 및 기업에 필수적인 문서입니다.
La norme SIST EN 13906-1:2014 est un document essentiel qui définit de manière approfondie le calcul et la conception de ressorts hélicoïdaux cylindriques à compression, fabriqués à partir de fil et de barres ronds. Cette norme européenne se concentre sur les ressorts à enroulement à froid et à chaud ayant une caractéristique linéaire, garantissant ainsi une uniformité dans la fabrication et l'utilisation de ces composants. L'une des forces majeures de cette norme réside dans son approche rigoureuse concernant les valeurs de diamètre constant stipulées dans le tableau 1. Cela permet une standardisation qui augmente la fiabilité et la sécurité des ressorts dans divers applications industrielles. De plus, en spécifiant que la charge principale est appliquée dans la direction de l'axe du ressort, la norme permet une meilleure compréhension des propriétés mécaniques et des performances des ressorts sous différentes conditions de charge. La pertinence de la norme SIST EN 13906-1:2014 ne peut être sous-estimée dans le domaine de l'ingénierie et de la fabrication. Elle offre des directives claires qui favorisent non seulement l'efficacité dans la conception, mais aussi l'optimisation des processus de production. La standardisation facilitée par ce document contribue à réduire les coûts et les délais de livraison tout en maintenant des niveaux élevés de qualité. En résumé, la norme SIST EN 13906-1:2014 constitue un outil indispensable pour les ingénieurs et les concepteurs travaillant avec des ressorts hélicoïdaux cylindriques, assurant ainsi un niveau de performance et de sécurité conforme aux exigences actuelles du marché.
The SIST EN 13906-1:2014 standard presents a comprehensive framework for the calculation and design of cylindrical helical compression springs made from round wire and bar. The scope of this European Standard is clearly delineated, focusing on both cold and hot coiled compression springs that exhibit a linear characteristic. It defines the parameters for materials, specifically round wire and bar with a constant diameter, ensuring consistency and reliability in the production of these essential components. One of the notable strengths of this standard is its inclusivity of both cold and hot coiled springs, providing versatility for manufacturers and designers in various industries. The specification includes relevant values as outlined in Table 1, which serves as a guideline for the appropriate selection of materials and dimensions. This detail not only enhances the standard's usability but also ensures compliance with safety and performance criteria, contributing to the durability of the springs over their operational lifespan. The relevance of SIST EN 13906-1:2014 lies in its ability to support the design and production processes across multiple engineering fields. The standard serves as a vital reference for engineers, helping them ensure that their designs meet industry requirements and performance expectations for cylindrical helical compression springs. By focusing on principal loading applied in the direction of the spring axis, the standard addresses key considerations that impact the functionality and efficiency of the springs in practical applications. Overall, the SIST EN 13906-1:2014 standard stands out due to its clear definitions, robust guidelines, and comprehensive coverage of key aspects related to the design and calculation of cylindrical helical compression springs from round wire and bar.
Die SIST EN 13906-1:2014 ist eine umfassende europäische Norm, die sich mit der Berechnung und Konstruktion von zylindrischen Spiralfedern aus Runddraht und Rundstahl beschäftigt, insbesondere mit Kompressionsfedern. Der Anwendungsbereich dieser Norm ist klar definiert und behandelt sowohl kalt- als auch warmgewalzte zylindrische Spiralfedern mit einer linearen Kennlinie. Ein wesentliches Merkmal dieser Norm ist die Konsistenz der verwendeten Materialien, da sie nur Runddrähte und -stäbe mit konstantem Durchmesser zulässt, wie in Tabelle 1 spezifiziert. Diese Standardisierung gewährleistet eine hohe Qualität und Nachvollziehbarkeit bei der Konstruktion von Kompressionsfedern. Stärken dieser Norm sind ihre klare Struktur und der umfassende Leitfaden zur Berechnung, der Ingenieuren und Konstrukteuren hilft, die notwendigen Parameter für die Gestaltung von Kompressionsfedern zu bestimmen. Die Berücksichtigung von Hauptbeanspruchungen, die in Richtung der Federnachse wirken, ist entscheidend, um die Leistungsfähigkeit und Lebensdauer der Produkte zu maximieren. Die Relevanz der SIST EN 13906-1:2014 im aktuellen Markt kann nicht unterschätzt werden, sobald man die breite Anwendung von Kompressionsfedern in verschiedenen Industrien, wie der Automobil- und Maschinenbauindustrie, berücksichtigt. Durch ihre klaren Vorgaben ermöglicht die Norm eine zuverlässige und effiziente Herstellung von Federn, die hohen Belastungen standhalten müssen. Die Einhaltung dieser Norm fördert nicht nur die Sicherheit, sondern auch die Innovationskraft in der Konstruktion von Komponenten, die auf Feingefühl und Präzision angewiesen sind.
SIST EN 13906-1:2014は、円形ワイヤーおよびバーから製造された冷間および暖間巻きの円筒型らせん圧縮ばねの計算および設計に関する標準です。この標準の範囲は非常に明確で、主にばね軸の方向に適用される主要な荷重に関して、線形特性を持つ圧縮ばねの設計指針を提供しています。 この標準の強みの一つは、圧縮ばねの計算と設計に関する具体的なガイドラインを示している点です。特に、直径が一定の材料を使用した場合の計算式が具体的に示されており、設計者が必要な要件に応じて適切なばねを設計するための有効な手段を提供しています。また、表1に記載された特性値は、設計において実践的かつ信頼性の高い情報源となります。 さらに、この標準は冷間および暖間巻きのはきてい行程の設計に特化しているため、製品の性能向上と信頼性に直接つながることがあります。圧縮ばねの設計におけるリニア特性は、実際の応用においても重要であり、機械設計や製造プロセスにおける効率性を高める要素となります。 SIST EN 13906-1:2014は、圧縮ばねの分野において非常に関連性の高い標準であり、製品開発、品質管理、技術者の教育といった多様なニーズに応える内容が含まれています。この標準を参照することで、設計者はより正確かつ安全な圧縮ばねを開発できるため、業界全体の信頼性向上にも寄与しています。
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