13.220.01 - Protection against fire in general
ICS 13.220.01 Details
Protection against fire in general
Brandschutz im allgemeinen
Normes générales relatives a la protection contre l'incendie
Varstvo pred požarom na splošno
General Information
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This document specifies requirements for the determination of methods and fire scenarios for fire threat assessment as a basis for designing and constructing large-scale fire tests. It covers different generic design requirements for large-scale fire test rigs to simulate the real fire scenarios of interest. This document addresses fire threats to people under acute exposure to fire effluents according to the evaluation of tenability conditions. It does not address any chronic effects of that exposure on susceptible populations and firefighters.
- Technical specification21 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the objectives and functional requirements for the control and mitigation of fires and explosions on offshore installations used for the development of hydrocarbon resources in oil and gas industries. The object is to achieve:
safety of personnel;
protection of the environment;
protection of assets;
minimization of financial and consequential losses of fires and explosions.
This document is applicable to the following:
fixed offshore structures;
floating systems for production, storage, and offloading.
Mobile offshore units and subsea installations are excluded, although many of the principles contained in this document can be used as guidance.
- Standard74 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the objectives and functional requirements for the control and mitigation of fires and explosions on offshore installations used for the development of hydrocarbon resources in oil and gas industries. The object is to achieve:
safety of personnel;
protection of the environment;
protection of assets;
minimization of financial and consequential losses of fires and explosions.
This document is applicable to the following:
fixed offshore structures;
floating systems for production, storage, and offloading.
Mobile offshore units and subsea installations are excluded, although many of the principles contained in this document can be used as guidance.
- Standard74 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies rules and requirements concerning the construction and operation of a firebrand generator. This document is applicable to all firebrand generators.
- Standard10 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document defines terminology relating to fire safety as used in ISO and IEC International
Standards.
- Standard74 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a methodology for the design of experiments conducted in the built environment to collect data on evacuation for the following purposes: — for use in fire safety engineering; — for comparing different evacuation experiments realized in different jurisdictions and conditions; — for studying one or more variables; — for achieving a general overview of an evacuation or for testing one or more parameters; — for design safety procedures and training; — for assessing evacuation plan(s); — for reducing uncertainty on the results; — for verifying the relevance of preventive measures implemented before and after building design; — for refining software input parameters and making them more realistic; — for comparing the results obtained with different software; — for verifying and validating evacuation models (for example ISO 16730-1). This document provides guidance in several main areas: initial planning, preparation, the evacuation experiment itself, coding the collected data, data analysis and interpretation and documentation of results. This document sets out the considerations for an evacuation experiment, including geometry of the space, lighting and environmental conditions, occupant characteristics, cue or alarm used, instrumentation and safety considerations. It discusses performance measurements for the evacuation experiment. The results of any experiment depend on all these factors and their interactions, if any. This document does not define a standard evacuation experiment.
- Technical specification38 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Technical specification41 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document defines terminology relating to fire safety as used in ISO and IEC International Standards.
- Standard74 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document defines terminology relating to fire safety as used in ISO and IEC International Standards.
- Standard66 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
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This document provides a fire engineering application relative to the fire resistance assessment of a multi-storey timber building according to the methodology given in ISO 24679-1. In an attempt to facilitate the understanding of the design process presented herein, this document follows the same step-by-step procedure as that given in ISO 24679-1. The fire safety engineering approach is applied to a multi-storey timber building with respect to fire resistance and considers specific design fire scenarios, which impact the fire resistance of structural members. A component-level (member analysis) approach to fire performance analysis is adopted in this worked example. Such an approach generally provides a more conservative design than a system-level (global structural) analysis or an analysis of parts of the structure where interaction between components can be assessed. An advantage of the component-level approach is that calculations can be done with the use of simple analytical models or spreadsheets. Advanced modelling using computational fluid dynamics is presented to replicate an actual office cubicle fire scenario and for assessing timber contribution to fire growth, intensity and duration, if any. The thermo-structural behaviour of the timber elements is assessed through advanced modelling using the finite element method. The fire design scenarios chosen in this document are only used for the evaluation of the structural fire resistance. They are not applicable for assessing, for example, smoke production, tenability conditions or other life safety conditions.
- Technical report66 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the requirements governing the application of a set of explicit algebraic formulae for the calculation of specific characteristics of vent flows.
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This document specifies the requirements governing the application of a set of explicit algebraic formulae for the calculation of specific characteristics of smoke layers.
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The aim of this document is to provide designers with correlations that can be used in performance-based fire safety design to represent the reduction of movement speed of building occupants when walking in an environment with low visibility, which also contains irritants. Different correlations are provided for deterministic analysis and probabilistic analysis. It is recognized that values for visibility and irritant species concentration can be used as performance criteria in performance-based fire safety design. Performance criteria related to visibility and irritant species are not specified in this document. However, it is always necessary to take into account relevant performance criteria when applying this document. For example, an occupant cannot be assumed to continue moving if a performance criterion related to visibility or irritant species concentration is violated in the design calculations. It is also recognized that fire smoke can have an influence on the cognitive processes of occupants during evacuation. This type of influence on cognition is not covered in this document but can be considered if deemed to have a major impact. Fire smoke can also influence behaviour (e.g. occupants changing their movement path if moving into worsening smoke conditions). This type of behaviour change is not included in this document but can be considered if deemed to have a major impact. In some jurisdictions, it is not permitted to include fire smoke in escape routes as part of the fire safety design; this document is not applicable in such situations.
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This document specifies the requirements governing the application of explicit algebraic formula sets to the calculation of specific characteristics of ejected flame from an opening.
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This document specifies the requirements governing the application of a set of explicit algebraic formulae for the calculation of specific characteristics of fire plume.
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This document specifies the requirements governing the application of a set of explicit algebraic formulae for the calculation of specific characteristics of ceiling jet flows.
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This document provides a review of global testing methodologies related to the vulnerabilities of buildings from large outdoor fire exposures. It also provides information on land use management practices. Some of the test methods outlined in this document have been developed in the context of building fires and extrapolated to external fire exposures.
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This document provides an example of a probabilistic assessment of a concrete building by revisiting the structural fire analysis of the concrete building presented in ISO/TR 24679-6, using probabilistic approaches. Specifically, the most heavily-loaded concrete column is analysed probabilistically, using the evaluation in ISO/TR 24679-6 as a starting point. This report only addresses the fire safety objectives related to the structural performance. The analysis within this document therefore forms only part of the overall building fire safety strategy.
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This document provides information on the goal, scope, structure, contents and background of the different parts of the ISO 20710 series. The purpose of the ISO 20710 series is to provide information on active fire protection systems according to the design, implementation and maintenance described in ISO 23932-1. The ISO 20710 series is linked to the steps of the performance-based fire safety engineering design process described in ISO 23932-1. This document is not intended as a detailed technical design guide but is intended to provide the guidance necessary for use of the ISO 20710 series by professionals who consider the active fire protection systems at each step presented in ISO 23932-1.
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This document is applicable to the sampling and analysis of effluents produced during fires that have the potential to cause harm through environmental contamination. It provides additional requirements to those International Standards already published by ISO TC 92/SC 3 for the sampling and analysis of fire effluents from experimental fires and standard tests, specifically as best practice from previously published methodologies. This document does not include pollutant screening of exposed humans or animals. The principle aims for the sampling and analysis of effluents from fires that can result in environmental contamination is therefore to provide information on: — the nature and concentrations of airborne effluents over time and distance; — the nature and concentrations of solid and liquid ground contaminants and “run-off” compounds from firefighting operations over time and distance. This document is principally of interest for the following parties: — environmental regulatory authorities; — public health authorities; — fire investigators; — property owners. This document is intended to be used together with ISO 26367-1 and ISO 26367-2 in assessments of the environmental impact of fire effluents.
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This document specifies requirements and test methods for the fire safety of candles intended to be burned outdoors.
Sticks wrapped with fuel-soaked materials, such as paper, cardboard or fabric, oil lamps on a stick and products intended to be used professionally to protect vineyards or fruit orchards from frost damages are not covered by this document.
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This document is a summary of the results of a questionnaire survey, which was conducted to gather information on the current state of performance-based fire safety design (P-B FSD) practices in various countries. The questions include what types of buildings and areas of fire safety systems are being applied, what are the legislative environments in terms of acceptance of P-B FSD, and what documents are needed/desired from ISO/TC 92/SC 4 if the countries/regions wish to adopt P-B FSD.
- Technical report29 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document provides guidance for the specification of design fires for use in fire safety engineering analysis of building and structures in the built environment. The design fire is intended to be used in an engineering analysis to determine consequences in fire safety engineering (FSE) analyses.
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This document specifies a method for determining the kinetics and yields of gaseous emissions from a specimen exposed to radiant heat in a cone calorimeter. Gas yields are determined by exposing small representative specimens to an external heat flux with or without spark ignition. The concentrations of specific gases in the effluent (smoke) are measured. In combination with calculated masses of gases, their yields from the specimen mass, mass loss or mass loss rate can be determined. This document uses Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy as described in ISO 19702, with additional information on the test apparatus and gas analyser suitable for this specific application.
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This document describes a protocol for the verification and validation of building fire evacuation models. This document mostly addresses evacuation model components as they are in microscopic (agent-based) models. Nevertheless, it can be adopted (entirely or partially) for macroscopic models if the model is able to represent the components under consideration. The area of application of the evacuation models discussed in this document includes performance-based design of buildings and the review of the effectiveness of evacuation planning and procedures. The evacuation process is represented with evacuation models in which people's movement and their interaction with the environment make use of human behaviour in fire theories and empirical observations[5]. The simulation of evacuation is represented using mathematical models and/or agent‑to‑agent and agent-to-environment rules. The area of application of this document relates to buildings. This document is not intended to cover aspects of transportation systems in motion (e.g. trains, ships) since specific ad-hoc additional tests may be required for addressing the simulation of human behaviour during evacuation in these types of systems[6]. This document includes a list of components for verification and validation testing as well as a methodology for the analysis and assessment of accuracy associated with evacuation models. The procedure for the analysis of acceptance criteria is also included. A comprehensive list of components for testing is presented in this document, since the scope of the testing has not been artificially restricted to a set of straightforward applications. Nevertheless, the application of evacuation models as a design tool can be affected by the numbers of variables affecting human behaviour under consideration. A high number of influences can hamper the acceptance of the results obtained given the level of complexity associated with the results. Simpler calculation methods, such as macroscopic models, capacity analyses or flow calculations, are affected to a lower extent by the need to aim at high fidelity modelling. In contrast, more sophisticated calculation methods (i.e. agent-based models) rely more on the ability to demonstrate that the simulation is able to represent different emergent behaviours. For this reason, the components for testing are divided into different categories, enabling the evacuation model tester to test an evacuation model both in relation to the degree of sophistication embedded in the model as well as the specific scope of the model application. In Annex A, a reporting template is provided to provide guidance to users regarding a format for presenting test results and exemplary application of verification and validation tests are presented in Annex B.
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This document gives an overview of the evolution of regulations and application of Fire Safety Engineering (FSE) in Europe. Based on work performed in 2001-2002, a full update of information has been done. A global survey based on questionnaires defined in 2001, the evolution and possible perspectives of the FSE practices within two perimeters are presented:
- The first perimeter is the same perimeter analysed in 2001 corresponding to the European Union defined in 2001 extended to European countries with European Union agreement (Switzerland, Norwegian and Iceland).
- The second perimeter is the European Union perimeter of 2016 extended to European countries with European Union agreement (Switzerland, Norwegian and Iceland).
Conclusions and initiatives of the 2001 proposals were analysed 15 years after, with and without the extension of European Union. New initiatives have since been proposed.
In addition, the state-of-the-art of Fire Safety Engineering is updated.
- Technical report68 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document gives an overview of the evolution of regulations and application of Fire Safety Engineering (FSE) in Europe. Based on work performed in 2001-2002, a full update of information has been done. A global survey based on questionnaires defined in 2001, the evolution and possible perspectives of the FSE practices within two perimeters are presented:
- The first perimeter is the same perimeter analysed in 2001 corresponding to the European Union defined in 2001 extended to European countries with European Union agreement (Switzerland, Norwegian and Iceland).
- The second perimeter is the European Union perimeter of 2016 extended to European countries with European Union agreement (Switzerland, Norwegian and Iceland).
Conclusions and initiatives of the 2001 proposals were analysed 15 years after, with and without the extension of European Union. New initiatives have since been proposed.
In addition, the state-of-the-art of Fire Safety Engineering is updated.
- Technical report68 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC 62899-505:2020(E) specifies mechanical and thermal test methods for the determination of the reliability characteristics of a printed flexible gas sensor, which is operated at relatively low temperature and is composed of a flexible substrate, electrode, and gas sensing layer. The examples of target gas include in-door air pollutants, combustion gas from a fire situation, and industrial flue gas.
- Standard13 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document provides a complete example to illustrate ISO 23932-1. The example is a dry-cleaning store, for which the fire safety objective is life safety, for both people located inside or outside the shop, in the event of a fire within the shop. NOTE Generally, an FSE study is not needed for such a small shop. However, this example was chosen to demonstrate the application of ISO 23932-1 in detail while keeping the documentation provided sufficiently brief.
- Technical report43 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
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This document describes tools and gives guidance concerning interlaboratory trials related to fire effluent analyses. It explains the relative contributions from the physical fire model and analytical techniques to evaluate trueness and fidelity. It also explains the difficulties involved with the interpretation of round-robin data and with the evaluation of trueness in fire effluent analyses. This document complements ISO 12828-1, which deals with limits of quantification and detection and ISO 12828-2, which deals with interlaboratory validation of analytical methods. It is a toolbox useful in the framework of ISO/IEC 17025 assessment of any fire laboratory. Examples of existing standards where the information contained in this document can be used are the analytical chemical methods in ISO 19701[2], ISO 19702[3], ISO 5660-1[4], and the chemical measurements in the methods discussed in ISO/TR 16312-2, ISO 16405[6], ISO/TS 19021[7], or their application to fire toxicity assessment using ISO 13571[1] and ISO 13344[8].
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This document provides principles for characterizing the measured production of toxic gases from a laboratory fire test and provides bases for comparing the results between different types and scales of such tests. It also includes consideration of the uncertainties in the gas determinations. The combined uncertainty is a key factor in the ability to establish similarity or difference of test results. The sufficiency of the agreement between a bench-scale test and a real-scale test depends on the precision needed in the fire hazard or risk assessment, which is not covered by this document. This document defines the relevance and significance of toxic gas data from measurements in different fire tests. With such a definition it is possible to provide generic guidance on how such data can be compared between different sizes and types of fire tests. The combustion conditions represented by the fire test, other specific characteristics of the test and the test specimen, the sampling strategy of the fire effluents, and the analysis technique for the toxic gas species are the most important factors when defining the significance of the toxic gas data. This document is intended to serve as a tool for the a) definition of the relevance and significance of toxic gas data from fire tests, b) comparison of toxic gas data from fire tests of different scales and characteristics, and c) prediction of toxic gas data from a large-scale test based on small-scale data or vice versa. This document gives general guidance regarding comparison of toxic gas data between physical fire models of different scales, but is principally developed for the gases listed in ISO 13571, i.e. carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen halides (HCl, HBr, HF), sulfur dioxide (SO2), hydrogen cyanide (HCN), nitrogen oxides (NO, NO2), formaldehyde (CH2O) and acrolein (C3H4O). This document is not applicable to characterization and comparisons of the toxicity of the effluents from fire tests.
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This European Standard specifies requirements and test methods for the fire safety of candles intended to be burned indoors.
- Standard15 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document gives guidelines whose primary focus is the assessment of the adverse environmental impact of fire effluents, including those from fires occurring in commercial and domestic premises, unenclosed commercial sites, industrial and agricultural sites, as well as those involving road, rail and maritime transport systems. It is not applicable to direct acute toxicity issues or wildland fires, which are covered by other existing ISO standards. It is intended to serve as a tool for the development of standard protocols for a) the assessment of local and remote adverse environmental impacts of fires, and the definition of appropriate preventive measures, b) post-fire analyses to identify the nature and extent of the adverse environmental impacts of fires, and c) the collection of relevant data for use in environmental fire hazard assessments. This document is intended as an umbrella document to set the scene concerning what should be considered when determining the environmental impact of fires. It is not a comprehensive catalogue of methods and models defining how to determine the environmental impact of fires, intended to be addressed by other parts of ISO 26367. This document is principally intended for use by firefighters and investigators, building owners and managers, storage facility operators, materials and product manufacturers, insurance providers, environmental regulatory authorities, civil defence organizations and public health authorities.
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This document specifies methods for identifying fire hazards resulting from machinery and for
performing a risk assessment.
It gives the basic concepts and methodology of protective measures for fire prevention and protection
to be taken during the design and construction of machinery. The measures consider the intended use
and reasonably foreseeable misuse of the machine.
It provides guidelines for consideration in reducing the risk of machinery fires to acceptable levels
through machine design, risk assessment and operator instructions.
This document is not applicable to:
— mobile machinery;
— machinery designed to contain controlled combustion processes (e.g. internal combustion engines,
furnaces), unless these processes can constitute the ignition source of a fire in other parts of the
machinery or outside of this;
— machinery used in potentially explosive atmospheres and explosion prevention and protection; and
— fire detection and suppression systems that are integrated in building fire safety systems.
It is also not applicable to machinery or machinery components manufactured before the date of its
publication.
- Standard59 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
The requirements in this document govern the application of a set of explicit algebraic formulae for the calculation of specific characteristics of radiation heat flux from an open pool fire. This document is an implementation of the general requirements provided in ISO 16730‑1 for the case of fire dynamics calculations involving a set of explicit algebraic formulae. This document is arranged in the form of a template, where specific information relevant to the algebraic formulae is provided to satisfy the following types of general requirements: a) description of physical phenomena addressed by the calculation method; b) documentation of the calculation procedure and its scientific basis; c) limitations of the calculation method; d) input parameters for the calculation method; and e) domain of applicability of the calculation method. Examples of sets of algebraic formulae meeting the requirements of this document are provided in Annexes A and B. Annex A contains a set of algebraic formulae for radiation heat fluxes from a circular or near-circular open pool fire. Annex B contains formulae for configuration factors of a flame to a target.
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This document provides requirements to govern the application of explicit algebraic formulae sets to the calculation of fire phenomena. This document is an implementation of the general requirements provided in ISO 16730‑1 for the case of fire dynamics calculations involving sets of explicit algebraic formulae. This document is arranged in the form of a template, where specific information relevant to algebraic formulae are provided to satisfy the following types of general requirements: a) Requirements governing description of physical phenomena; b) Requirements governing calculation process; c) Requirements governing limitations; d) Requirements governing input parameters; e) Requirements governing domain of applicability.
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This document provides a methodology for assessing the performance of structures in the built environment when exposed to a real fire. This document, which follows the principles outlined in ISO 23932-1, provides a performance-based methodology for engineers to assess the level of fire safety of new or existing structures. NOTE The fire safety of structures is evaluated through an engineering approach based on the quantification of the behaviour of a structure for the purpose of meeting fire safety objectives and can cover the entire time history of a real fire (including the cooling phase), and its consequences related to fire safety objectives such as life safety, property protection and/or environmental protection.
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This document addresses the impact of wildland fires and firefighting activities on the environment (air, water, soil, wildlife and vegetation). It further addresses the impact of wildland fire effluents on exposed human population, including firefighters, as well as food production, land, sea and air traffic, and the built environment. It also describes the environmental impacts of firefighting activities. This document also provides requirements and recommendations to quantify such impacts of wildland fires and to establish post-fire mitigation measures. The wildland fires covered include both natural wildland fires and man-initiated fires, including prescribed burning and agricultural fires, but not peat fires nor coal seam fires. This document is intended to serve as a tool for the development of standard protocols for: — the assessment of local and remote adverse environmental impacts of wildland fires; — the assessment of the effects of smoke and gas exposure on firefighters and exposed human populations. It provides guidance for incident commanders and other responsible or affected parties when decisions regarding firefighting strategies, tactics, and restoration are made. It is intended principally for use by firefighters and investigators, insurance providers, environmental regulatory authorities, civil defence organisations, public health authorities and land owners. This document does not include specific instruction on compiling and reporting the information needed to assess environmental damage caused by a fire incident, nor does it include specific sampling methodologies and analysis requirements. These topics are the focus of documents in the ISO 26367 series. This document does not address either fire damage to the built environment, direct acute toxicity issues, which are covered by other ISO standards, nor does it address economic impact, although the impact of climate change is discussed in Annex D.
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This document provides general principles and requirements for FSE, and is intended to be used by professionals involved in 1) performance-based fire safety design (of both new and existing built environments), 2) implementation for fire safety design plans, and 3) fire safety management. This document is not intended as a detailed technical design guide, but does provide the key elements necessary for addressing the different steps and their linkages in the fire safety design process. This document also provides key elements linked to the implementation of fire safety design plans and fire safety management. This document is intended not only to be used on its own, but also in conjunction with a consistent set of FSE documents covering methods in performance-based fire safety design, implementation and management. FSOs covered by this document include: — safety of life; — property protection; — continuity of operations; — protection of the environment; — preservation of heritage. The general principles and requirements of FSE can be applied to all configurations of the built environment, i.e. buildings or other structures (e.g. off-shore platforms; civil engineering works, such as tunnels, bridges and mines; and means of transportation, such as motor vehicles and marine vessels), but may not be applicable for construction sites. Because prescriptive regulations covering fire safety design commonly co-exist with performance-based design, this document acknowledges that fire safety designs conforming to prescriptive regulations can become the basis for comparison of engineered designs of built environments.
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This International Standard is intended to serve as general guidelines for the assessment of the fire threat to
people. It encompasses the development, evaluation and use of relevant quantitative information for use in
fire hazard and risk assessment. This information, generally obtained from fire-incidence investigation, fire
statistics, real-scale fire tests and from physical fire models, is intended for use in conjunction with
computational models for analysis of the initiation and development of fire, fire spread, smoke formation and
movement, chemical species generation, transport and decay, and people movement, as well as fire detection
and suppression [ISO/TR 13387 (all parts)]. Aspects of the methodology described in this International
Standard are further amplified in ISO 13571 and ISO 13344.
This International Standard is intended to facilitate addressing the consequences of a single, acute human
exposure to fire effluent. This International Standard does not address other effects of the heat, gases and
aerosols, such as effects on electronic equipment and effects of frequent, multiple environmental exposures of
people, which are of importance in fire safety design.
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This document provides definitions and equations for the calculation of toxic product yields and the fire conditions under which they have been derived in terms of equivalence ratio and combustion efficiency. Sample calculations for practical cases are provided. The methods are intended to be used to produce either instantaneous or averaged values for those experimental fires in which time-resolved data are available. This document is intended to provide guidance to fire researchers for — recording appropriate experimental fire data, — calculating average yields of gases and smoke in fire effluents in fire tests and fire-like combustion in reduced scale apparatus, — characterizing burning behaviour in experimental fires in terms of equivalence ratio and combustion efficiency using oxygen consumption and product generation data. This document does not provide guidance on the operating procedure of any particular piece of apparatus or interpretation of data obtained therein (e.g. toxicological significance of results).
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ISO/TR 24679-6:2017 provides an example of fire safety engineering design in the application of ISO 24679‑1 to an office building. In ISO/TR 24679-6:2017, an overall structural analysis of a building is undertaken. It consists in a numerical assessment of the structural performance of an eight-storey concrete building when subjected to a fire. This analysis is performed in order to demonstrate that the fire safety objectives, for the relevant design fire scenarios, due to structural behaviour of building in the event of fire, are met with the trial plan for the safety of structure. With regards to this, a fully developed fire was studied. The purpose of this document is to assess the performance of an office building which is fully accessible to public in case of fire, using ISO 24679‑1. In this respect, a critical design fire was identified and analysed using detailed fire modelling. A more detailed analysis was then performed for critical design fire using the finite element model. The advanced model provided all the comprehensive information necessary for analysing the given built environment with respect to fire safety. It is to be noted that this document only addresses the fire safety objectives related to the structural performance during fire. The analysis within this document is therefore only part of the overall building fire safety strategy.
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ISO/TR 24679-4:2017 provides a fire engineering application relative to the fire resistance assessment of a fifteen-storey steel framed building following the methodology given in ISO 24679-1. This document describes the adopted process which follows the same step by step procedure as that provided in ISO 24679-1. The annexes of this document present the detailed assessment results obtained for the most severe fire scenarios on the basis of the outcome of this specific fire safety engineering procedure for the building. The fire safety engineering applied in this example to the office building with respect to its fire resistance considers specific design fire scenarios as well as the corresponding fire development. It takes into account fully-developed compartment fires. In realistic situations, activation of fire suppression systems and/or intervention of fire brigade are expected, but their beneficial effects are not taken into account. It should be noted that these severe fire scenarios have been selected for fire resistance purposes. Global structural behaviour is not explicitly considered, but implicitly included in the calculation formulae. Since the building of the example is located in a seismic region, principal structural elements are rigidly connected to each other. Load redistribution from heated elements to cold surrounding elements exists, but it's not taken into account in the design calculations. By this approach, design is conservative, while the process of safety checking is greatly simplified and clear. As a result, all the calculations were carried out by explicit algebraic formulae.
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ISO 26367-2:2017 specifies a methodology for compiling the information needed to assess the environmental damage caused by a fire incident. This includes conducting a site reconnaissance, establishing data quality objectives and designing sampling programmes. This document also provides a standardized method for reporting the results of the compilation and findings of the analyses, for use in contingency planning or for the assessment of the potential adverse environmental impact of a specific fire incident. This document does not include specific instruction on sampling and analysis of fire effluents. Sampling and analysis are the focus of a future document in the ISO 26367 series. ISO 26367-2:2017 is applicable to uncontrolled fires, including fires in commercial and domestic premises, unenclosed commercial sites, agricultural storage sites, wildland and forest fires, as well as fires involving road, rail and maritime transport systems. ISO 26367-2:2017 focuses on the fire effluents that are environmentally significant, including pollutants causing short-term effects (e.g. pollutants causing biotope damage and components of smog) and long-term effects (e.g. persistent organic pollutants, POP). Since it is not possible to treat all potential pollutants that could be found in fire effluents in a single document, a list of those pollutants specifically addressed in this document is given below: a) pollutants with short-term effects: halogenated acids (HX), metals, nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulates, and sulfur oxides (SOx); b) pollutants with long-term effects: metals, particulates, perfluorinated compounds (PFC), polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), and polyhalogenated dioxins and furans (PXDD/PXDF). The reporting template provided in Annex D proposes additional potential pollutants and indicators for inclusion in the compilation. Not all of the pollutants and indicators listed in Table D.1 are relevant to every fire site, and others not mentioned in the table can apply. ISO 26367-2:2017 does not include direct acute toxicity issues on humans, which are covered by other standards, such as ISO 13344 and ISO 13571.
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ISO/TR 24672-2:2017 provides a fire engineering application relative to fire resistance assessment of an airport terminal structure according to the methodology given in ISO 24679‑1. It follows step by step the procedure given by ISO 24679‑1. Some requirements relative to Chinese building regulation are taken into account concerning the fire scenarios. The fire safety engineering applied to an airport terminal takes into account the real fire data based in fire tests. It is important to note that the intervention of fire service brigade dedicated to this airport, located approximately 1 km away, has been taken into account in definition of fire scenarios. For the fire modelling, both fire extinguishing system and the smoke extraction are not considered but the fire fighter intervention has been taken into account 10 min after the starting of fire.
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ISO/TR 16576:2017 compiles examples of fire safety design objectives, functional requirements and safety criteria from Japan, France and New Zealand.
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ISO 12828-2:2016 describes tools and techniques for use in validating the analysis of fire gases when an analytical method is developed in a laboratory. It complements ISO 12828‑1, which deals with limits of quantification and detection. The tools and techniques described can be applied to the measurement of quantities, concentrations (molar and mass), volume fractions, and concentration or volume fraction versus time analyses. Fire effluents are often a complex matrix of chemical species, strongly dependent on the materials involved in the fire, but also dependent on fire scenario parameters (see ISO 19706). With such a wide variety of conditions, the analytical techniques available will differ in terms of the influence of the matrix on the methods and on the concentration ranges which can be measured. The analytical techniques available are likely to differ significantly in several respects, such as their sensitivity to the matrix and the range of concentrations/volume fractions which can be reliably measured. For these reasons, a unique reference analytical technique for every fire effluent of interest is, in practical terms, difficult or impossible to achieve. The tools in this document allow verification of the reliable measurement ranges and conditions for the analysis of fire effluents, thereby enabling a comparison among various analytical techniques. Examples of existing International Standards where the information contained in this document can be used are the analytical chemical methods in ISO 19701, ISO 19702, ISO 5660‑1, and the chemical measurements in the methods discussed in ISO/TR 16312‑2, ISO 16405, or their application to fire toxicity assessment using ISO 13571 and ISO 13344. NOTE 1 The variable "concentration" is used throughout this document, but it can be replaced in all places with "volume fraction" without altering the meaning. This does not apply to the Annexes. NOTE 2 Concentration can be calculated from volume fraction by multiplying by the density of the relevant gas at the relevant temperature and pressure.
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ISO/TS 19700:2016 describes a steady-state tube furnace (SSTF) method for the generation of fire effluent for the identification and measurement of its constituent combustion products, in particular, the yields of toxicants under a range of fire decomposition conditions. It uses a moving test specimen and a tube furnace at different temperatures and airflow rates as the fire model. The interlaboratory reproducibility has been assessed with selected homogenous thermoplastic materials and this document is therefore limited in applicability to such materials. The method is validated for testing homogeneous thermoplastic materials that produce yields of a defined consistency. See limitations in Clause 12.
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ISO 24678-6:2016 provides requirements to govern the application of explicit algebraic formula sets to the calculation of flashover-related phenomena. It is an implementation of the general requirements provided in ISO 16730‑1 for the case of fire dynamics calculations involving sets of explicit algebraic formulae. ISO 24678-6:2016 is arranged in the form of a template, where specific information relevant to algebraic flashover formulae are provided to satisfy the following types of general requirements: a) description of physical phenomena addressed by the calculation method; b) documentation of the calculation procedure and its scientific basis; c) limitations of the calculation method; d) input parameters for the calculation method; e) domain of applicability of the calculation method.
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ISO/TR 13571-2:2016 describes the practical application of ISO 13571 as a tool to evaluate effects of fire effluents on people. The method of application, performance criteria and evaluation of the impact are explained and illustrated by two families of examples: application to real-scale tests (Annex A and Annex B) and application to Fire Safety Engineering (Annex C, D and E).
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ISO/TS 29761:2015 describes a methodology for the selection of design occupant behavioural scenarios that are severe but credible for use in deterministic fire safety engineering analyses of any built environment including buildings, structures, or transportation vehicles. Occupant behavioural scenarios are linked to design fire scenarios. Guidance on the selection of design fire scenarios and design fires is covered in ISO 16733‑1. The steps in ISO 16733‑1 are followed in this Technical Specification with life safety of the occupants as the single fire safety objective under consideration. ISO/TR 16738 provides information on methods for the quantification of the different aspects of human evacuation behaviour in a design context. One part of that process involves the selection of occupant behavioural scenarios. This Technical Specification provides guidance for that aspect of the evaluation of an egress design. ISO/TS 29761:2015 addresses behaviours that occur after fire ignition and does not deal with behaviours that influence fire ignition.
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