13.220.01 - Protection against fire in general
ICS 13.220.01 Details
Protection against fire in general
Brandschutz im allgemeinen
Normes générales relatives a la protection contre l'incendie
Varstvo pred požarom na splošno
General Information
Frequently Asked Questions
ICS 13.220.01 is a classification code in the International Classification for Standards (ICS) system. It covers "Protection against fire in general". The ICS is a hierarchical classification system used to organize international, regional, and national standards, facilitating the search and identification of standards across different fields.
There are 277 standards classified under ICS 13.220.01 (Protection against fire in general). These standards are published by international and regional standardization bodies including ISO, IEC, CEN, CENELEC, and ETSI.
The International Classification for Standards (ICS) is a hierarchical classification system maintained by ISO to organize standards and related documents. It uses a three-level structure with field (2 digits), group (3 digits), and sub-group (2 digits) codes. The ICS helps users find standards by subject area and enables statistical analysis of standards development activities.
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This document addresses the impact of wildland fires and firefighting activities on the environment (air, water, soil, wildlife and vegetation). It further addresses the impact of wildland fire effluents on exposed human population, including firefighters, as well as food production, land, sea and air traffic, and the built environment. It also describes the environmental impacts of firefighting activities. This document also provides requirements and recommendations to quantify such impacts of wildland fires and to establish post-fire mitigation measures. The wildland fires covered include both natural wildland fires and man-initiated fires, including prescribed burning and agricultural fires, but not peat fires nor coal seam fires. This document is intended to serve as a tool for the development of standard protocols for: — the assessment of local and remote adverse environmental impacts of wildland fires; — the assessment of the effects of smoke and gas exposure on firefighters and exposed human populations. It provides guidance for incident commanders and other responsible or affected parties when decisions regarding firefighting strategies, tactics, and restoration are made. It is intended principally for use by firefighters and investigators, insurance providers, environmental regulatory authorities, civil defence organisations, public health authorities and land owners. This document does not include specific instruction on compiling and reporting the information needed to assess environmental damage caused by a fire incident, nor does it include specific sampling methodologies and analysis requirements. These topics are the focus of documents in the ISO 26367 series. This document does not address either fire damage to the built environment, direct acute toxicity issues, which are covered by other ISO standards (ISO 19706, ISO 13571 and ISO 24679-1), nor does it address economic impact, although the impact of climate change is discussed in Annex D.
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This document establishes - the operation categories, - the design categories; - the fire safety objectives, and - the general requirements for fire protection measures. This document applies only to railway vehicles defined in ISO 25711. Freight transportation vehicles are not covered by the ISO 9828 series.
- Standard9 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard10 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
- Standard10 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document provides a review of global testing methodologies related to the vulnerabilities of buildings from large outdoor fire exposures. It also provides information on land use management practices.
- Technical report18 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies requirements and makes recommendations for sampling systems for use in small-scale and large-scale fire tests, for the selection of parameters and use of the FTIR instrument, and for the collection and use of calibration spectra. The primary purpose of the methods outlined in this document is to measure the concentrations of chemical species in fire effluents which can be used to: a) provide data for use in combustion toxicity assessment without requiring biological studies; b) allow the calculation of yield data in fire characterization studies; c) provide data for use in mathematical modelling of hazard to life from the fire effluent by characterizing the effluent composition generated by physical fire models; d) characterize the effluent composition of small-scale physical models and larger-scale fires for comparative purposes; e) assist in the validation of numerical fire models; f) set the conditions for exposure in biological studies if required; g) monitor biological studies where used; and h) assist in the interpretation of biological studies where used. This document specifies principles of sampling and methods for the individual analysis, in fire effluents, of airborne volume fractions of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen cyanide (HCN), hydrogen chloride (HCl), hydrogen bromide (HBr), nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and acrolein (CH2CHCHO). NOTE Depending on the optical path length, there can potentially be some saturation of certain spectral lines at high concentration, leading to incorrect volume fractions. In most common cases, a wide concentration range can be measured by an FTIR instrument. Typically, it is in the range of a few µl/l to thousands of µl/l for HCl, HBr, HF, SO2, NOx, and HCN, and up to a few per cent for CO, CO2 and H2O. These mentioned species are only indicative, and many other species could be added.[27] Although not specifically defined in this document, as they were not specifically studied in the SAFIR project,[18] the method presented is also suitable for analysis of other gaseous species, including e.g. hydrogen fluoride (HF) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) with appropriate sampling methods. Calibration methods are provided in this document. Guidance is also given on the recommended cleaning, servicing and operating checks and procedures to be carried out on the FTIR instrument and the sampling systems which are considered essential for maintaining the instrument in a suitable condition for use in fire effluent analysis. Sampling is considered to be an integral part of the whole FTIR measurement methodology and recommendations are made for the design, maintenance and operation of suitable systems. This document provides general recommendations for the sampling and analysis of fire effluents based on best practice as determined from a wide variety of small-scale and large-scale standard and ad hoc fire test studies. This document is not necessarily applicable for use in specific published fire test methods where FTIR is specified as a requirement for effluent sampling and analysis in that particular test. In these cases, the specific requirements for the sampling and analysis by FTIR within the published standard test procedures are followed. However, if such specific requirements have not been published, this edition of this document can be used as a basis for acceptable results.
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This document describes techniques and gives guidance concerning interlaboratory trials related to fire effluent analyses. It explains the relative contributions from the physical fire model and analytical techniques to evaluate trueness and fidelity. It also explains the difficulties involved in the interpretation of interlaboratory trials data and with the evaluation of trueness in fire effluent analyses.
- Technical specification11 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document describes a methodology for the selection of design fire scenarios for use in fire-safety engineering analyses of any built environment, including - buildings, - structures, and - transportation systems. This document specifies procedures for selecting a manageable number of design fire scenarios using a qualitative or semi-quantitative approach. NOTE See ISO 16732-1 for a full quantitative approach using risk assessment.
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This document specifies requirements for the determination of methods and fire scenarios for fire threat assessment as a basis for designing and constructing large-scale fire tests. It covers different generic design requirements for large-scale fire test rigs to simulate the real fire scenarios of interest. This document addresses fire threats to people under acute exposure to fire effluents according to the evaluation of tenability conditions. It does not address any chronic effects of that exposure on susceptible populations and firefighters.
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This document specifies the objectives and functional requirements for the control and mitigation of fires and explosions on offshore installations used for the development of hydrocarbon resources in oil and gas industries. The object is to achieve:
safety of personnel;
protection of the environment;
protection of assets;
minimization of financial and consequential losses of fires and explosions.
This document is applicable to the following:
fixed offshore structures;
floating systems for production, storage, and offloading.
Mobile offshore units and subsea installations are excluded, although many of the principles contained in this document can be used as guidance.
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This document specifies the objectives and functional requirements for the control and mitigation of fires and explosions on offshore installations used for the development of hydrocarbon resources in oil and gas industries. The object is to achieve:
safety of personnel;
protection of the environment;
protection of assets;
minimization of financial and consequential losses of fires and explosions.
This document is applicable to the following:
fixed offshore structures;
floating systems for production, storage, and offloading.
Mobile offshore units and subsea installations are excluded, although many of the principles contained in this document can be used as guidance.
- Standard74 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies rules and requirements concerning the construction and operation of a firebrand generator. This document is applicable to all firebrand generators.
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This document defines terminology relating to fire safety as used in ISO and IEC International Standards.
- Standard74 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a methodology for the design of experiments conducted in the built environment to collect data on evacuation for the following purposes: - for use in fire safety engineering; - for comparing different evacuation experiments realized in different jurisdictions and conditions; - for studying one or more variables; - for achieving a general overview of an evacuation or for testing one or more parameters; - for design safety procedures and training; - for assessing evacuation plan(s); - for reducing uncertainty on the results; - for verifying the relevance of preventive measures implemented before and after building design; - for refining software input parameters and making them more realistic; - for comparing the results obtained with different software; - for verifying and validating evacuation models (for example ISO 16730-1). This document provides guidance in several main areas: initial planning, preparation, the evacuation experiment itself, coding the collected data, data analysis and interpretation and documentation of results. This document sets out the considerations for an evacuation experiment, including geometry of the space, lighting and environmental conditions, occupant characteristics, cue or alarm used, instrumentation and safety considerations. It discusses performance measurements for the evacuation experiment. The results of any experiment depend on all these factors and their interactions, if any. This document does not define a standard evacuation experiment.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This standard is to be used by those concerned with the development of fire-test-response standards.
4.2 The resultant fire-test-response standards are intended to be useful in one or more of the following areas, among others: product development, quality control, product comparisons, screening, information to be used as part of a fire hazard or a fire risk assessment, and regulatory purposes.
4.3 This practice is intended to be useful to users and developers of fire-test-response standards (Section 5) because it provides much of the general rationale for the development and use of such standards.
4.4 This practice is not intended to provide guidance for the preparation of fire hazard assessment standards or fire risk assessment standards.
4.5 This practice is not intended to provide guidance for the preparation of standards not related to fire-test responses of materials, products or assemblies.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is a supplement to Form and Style for ASTM Standards,2 which shall be consulted in writing all ASTM standards.
1.2 This practice contains, directly or by reference, all of the information required to comply with the policy on fire standards and the additional guidelines recommended by Committee E05.
1.3 This practice, intended to assist ASTM Committees, establishes guidelines and criteria for the preparation of fire-test-response standards (that is, standards for response to heat or flame under prescribed conditions).
1.4 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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- Standard8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document defines terminology relating to fire safety as used in ISO and IEC International Standards.
- Standard74 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document defines terminology relating to fire safety as used in ISO and IEC International Standards.
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This document provides a fire engineering application relative to the fire resistance assessment of a multi-storey timber building according to the methodology given in ISO 24679-1. In an attempt to facilitate the understanding of the design process presented herein, this document follows the same step-by-step procedure as that given in ISO 24679-1. The fire safety engineering approach is applied to a multi-storey timber building with respect to fire resistance and considers specific design fire scenarios, which impact the fire resistance of structural members. A component-level (member analysis) approach to fire performance analysis is adopted in this worked example. Such an approach generally provides a more conservative design than a system-level (global structural) analysis or an analysis of parts of the structure where interaction between components can be assessed. An advantage of the component-level approach is that calculations can be done with the use of simple analytical models or spreadsheets. Advanced modelling using computational fluid dynamics is presented to replicate an actual office cubicle fire scenario and for assessing timber contribution to fire growth, intensity and duration, if any. The thermo-structural behaviour of the timber elements is assessed through advanced modelling using the finite element method. The fire design scenarios chosen in this document are only used for the evaluation of the structural fire resistance. They are not applicable for assessing, for example, smoke production, tenability conditions or other life safety conditions.
- Technical report66 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The process of model evaluation is critical to establishing both the acceptable uses and limitations of fire models. It is not possible to evaluate a model in total; instead, this guide is intended to provide a methodology for evaluating the predictive capabilities for a specific use. Validation for one application or scenario does not imply validation for different scenarios. Several alternatives are provided for performing the evaluation process including: comparison of predictions against standard fire tests, full-scale fire experiments, field experience, published literature, or previously evaluated models.
5.2 The use of fire models currently extends beyond the fire research laboratory and into the engineering, fire service and legal communities. Sufficient evaluation of fire models is necessary to ensure that those using the models can judge the adequacy of the scientific and technical basis for the models, select models appropriate for a desired use, and understand the level of confidence which can be placed on the results predicted by the models. Adequate evaluation will help prevent the unintentional misuse of fire models.
5.3 This guide is intended to be used in conjunction with other guides under development by Committee E05. It is intended for use by:
5.3.1 Model Developers—To document the usefulness of a particular calculation method perhaps for specific applications. Part of model development includes identification of precision and limits of applicability, and independent testing.
5.3.2 Model Users—To assure themselves that they are using an appropriate model for an application and that it provides adequate accuracy.
5.3.3 Developers of Model Performance Codes—To be sure that they are incorporating valid calculation procedures into codes.
5.3.4 Approving Officials—To ensure that the results of calculations using mathematical models stating conformance to this guide, cited in a submission, show clearly that the model is used withi...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides a methodology for evaluating the predictive capabilities of a fire model for a specific use. The intent is to cover the whole range of deterministic numerical models which might be used in evaluating the effects of fires in and on structures.
1.2 The methodology is presented in terms of four areas of evaluation:
1.2.1 Defining the model and scenarios for which the evaluation is to be conducted,
1.2.2 Verifying the appropriateness of the theoretical basis and assumptions used in the model,
1.2.3 Verifying the mathematical and numerical robustness of the model, and
1.2.4 Quantifying the uncertainty and accuracy of the model results in predicting of the course of events in similar fire scenarios.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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- Guide10 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the requirements governing the application of a set of explicit algebraic formulae for the calculation of specific characteristics of smoke layers.
- Standard35 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Draft37 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the requirements governing the application of a set of explicit algebraic formulae for the calculation of specific characteristics of vent flows.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 ASTM regulations require precision statements in all test methods in terms of repeatability and reproducibility. This practice is used when the number of participating laboratories or materials being tested, or both, in a precision study is less than the number specified by Practice E691. When possible, it is strongly recommended that a full Practice E691 standard protocol be followed to determine test method precision. Precision results produced by the procedures presented in this standard will not have the same degree of accuracy as results generated by a full Practice E691 protocol. This procedure will allow for the development of useful precision results when a full complement of laboratories is not available for interlaboratory testing.
5.2 This practice is based on recommendations for interlaboratory studies and data analysis presented in Practice E691. This practice does not concern itself with the development of test methods but with a standard means for gathering information and treating the data needed for developing a precision statement for a test method when a complete Practice E691 interlaboratory study and data analysis are not possible.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the techniques for planning, conducting, analyzing, and treating results of an interlaboratory study (ILS) for estimating the precision of a test method when fewer than six laboratories are available to meet the recommended minimum requirements of Practice E691. Data obtained from an interlaboratory study are useful in identifying variables that require modifications for improving test method performance and precision.
1.2 Precision estimates developed using this practice will not be statistically equivalent to precision estimates produced by Practice E691 because a small number of laboratories are used. The smaller number of participating laboratories will seriously reduce the value of precision estimates reported by this practice. However, under circumstances where only a limited number of laboratories are available to participate in an ILS, precision estimates developed by this practice will provide the user with useful information concerning precision for a test method.
1.3 A minimum of three qualified laboratories is required for conducting an ILS using this practice. If six or more laboratories are available to participate in an ILS for a given test method, Practice E691 shall be used for conducting the ILS.
1.4 Since the primary purpose of this practice is the development of the information needed for a precision statement, the experimental design in this practice will not be optimum for evaluating all materials, test methods, or as a tool for individual laboratory analysis.
1.5 Because of the reduced number of participating laboratories, a Laboratory Monitor shall be used in the ILS. See Guide E2335.
1.6 Field of Application—This practice is concerned with test methods that yield numerical values or a series of numerical values for different properties associated with the test method. The numerical values mentioned above are typically the result of calculations from a set of measurements.
1.7 This practice includes design information suitable for use with the development of interlaboratory studies for test methods that have categorization (go-no-go) allocation test results. However, it does not provide a recommended statistical practice for evaluating the go-no-go data.
1.8 This practice cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.
1.9 This practice is issued under Committee E05, but it is generic in its statistical approach such that it is applicable to any other method.
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to ...
- Standard6 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard6 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
The aim of this document is to provide designers with correlations that can be used in performance-based fire safety design to represent the reduction of movement speed of building occupants when walking in an environment with low visibility, which also contains irritants. Different correlations are provided for deterministic analysis and probabilistic analysis. It is recognized that values for visibility and irritant species concentration can be used as performance criteria in performance-based fire safety design. Performance criteria related to visibility and irritant species are not specified in this document. However, it is always necessary to take into account relevant performance criteria when applying this document. For example, an occupant cannot be assumed to continue moving if a performance criterion related to visibility or irritant species concentration is violated in the design calculations. It is also recognized that fire smoke can have an influence on the cognitive processes of occupants during evacuation. This type of influence on cognition is not covered in this document but can be considered if deemed to have a major impact. Fire smoke can also influence behaviour (e.g. occupants changing their movement path if moving into worsening smoke conditions). This type of behaviour change is not included in this document but can be considered if deemed to have a major impact. In some jurisdictions, it is not permitted to include fire smoke in escape routes as part of the fire safety design; this document is not applicable in such situations.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This Practice is intended to provide a means for the AHJ or AA, or both, to verify evidence of a candidate’s experience, knowledge, and qualifications.
5.2 This Practice is not intended to set forth individual credentials for an AHJ or AA, or both.
5.3 This Practice is not intended to establish any performance criteria of firestop systems or fire-resistive joint systems.
Note 4: The performance criteria of a firestop system or fire-resistive joint system is found in many national and international test methods. Some of these methods include, but are not limited to, Test Method E814, UL 1479, ISO 10295-1, Test Method E1966, UL 2079, ISO 10295-2, Test Method E2307, Test Method E2837, etc.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended to assist an authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) or authorizing authority (AA), or both, in establishing minimum qualifications for candidates who desire to conduct inspections in compliance with Practices E2174 and E2393.
Note 1: Authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) is defined in Practices E2174 and E2393.
Note 2: Authorizing authority (AA) is defined in Practices E2174 and E2393. Examples of the AA include, but are not limited to, the responsible architect, engineer, building owner, or their representative.
1.2 This practice makes available a procedure for a candidate to provide evidence to the AHJ or AA, or both, of their specialized knowledge and technical competence related to the firestop industry.
1.3 This practice determines the technical proficiency of a candidate based upon a minimum amount of education, experience, and knowledge possessed, which is needed to ensure candidate competence to conduct inspections in compliance with Practices E2174 and E2393.
1.4 The purpose of this practice is to allow the AHJ or AA, or both, to assess the ability of the candidate to comprehend and use inspection documents to conduct inspections in compliance with Practices E2174 and E2393.
Note 3: Inspection document is defined in Practices E2174 and E2393. The firestop submittal, when approved for use, should have sufficient details, including, but not limited to, the firestop manufacturer’s product data, a design listing of the tested firestop, and when required a judgment (Alternative Means and Methods). The judgment is commonly referred to as an “Engineering Judgment” in the firestop industry. These judgments are not always issued by an engineer or a registered design professional.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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- Standard4 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the requirements governing the application of explicit algebraic formula sets to the calculation of specific characteristics of ejected flame from an opening.
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This document specifies the requirements governing the application of a set of explicit algebraic formulae for the calculation of specific characteristics of ceiling jet flows.
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This document specifies the requirements governing the application of a set of explicit algebraic formulae for the calculation of specific characteristics of fire plume.
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This document provides a review of global testing methodologies related to the vulnerabilities of buildings from large outdoor fire exposures. It also provides information on land use management practices. Some of the test methods outlined in this document have been developed in the context of building fires and extrapolated to external fire exposures.
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This document provides an example of a probabilistic assessment of a concrete building by revisiting the structural fire analysis of the concrete building presented in ISO/TR 24679-6, using probabilistic approaches. Specifically, the most heavily-loaded concrete column is analysed probabilistically, using the evaluation in ISO/TR 24679-6 as a starting point. This report only addresses the fire safety objectives related to the structural performance. The analysis within this document therefore forms only part of the overall building fire safety strategy.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These test methods are intended to provide a basis for evaluating the time period during which a beam, girder, column, or similar structural assembly, or a nonbearing wall, will continue to perform its intended function when subjected to a controlled, standardized fire exposure.
5.1.1 In particular, the selected standard exposure condition simulates the condition of total continuous engulfment of a member or assembly in the luminous flame (fire plume) area of a large free-burning-fluid-hydrocarbon pool fire. The standard fire exposure is basically defined in terms of the total flux incident on the test specimen together with appropriate temperature conditions. Quantitative measurements of the thermal exposure (total heat flux) are required during both furnace calibration and actual testing.
5.1.2 It is recognized that the thermodynamic properties of free-burning, hydrocarbon fluid pool fires have not been completely characterized and are variable depending on the size of the fire, the fuel, environmental factors (such as wind conditions), the physical relationship of the structural member to the exposing fire, and other factors. As a result, the exposure specified in these test methods is not necessarily representative of all the conditions that exist in large hydrocarbon pool fires. The specified standard exposure is based upon the best available information and testing technology. It provides a basis for comparing the relative performance of different assemblies under controlled conditions.
5.1.3 Any variation to construction or conditions (that is, size, method of assembly, and materials) from that of the tested assembly is capable of substantially changing the performance characteristics of the assembly.
5.2 Separate procedures are specified for testing column specimens with and without an applied superimposed load.
5.2.1 The procedures for testing loaded columns stipulate that the load shall be applied axially. The applied load is to be the m...
SCOPE
1.1 The test methods described in this fire-test-response standard are used for determining the fire-test response of columns, girders, beams or similar structural members, and fire-containment walls, of either homogeneous or composite construction, that are employed in HPI or other facilities subject to large hydrocarbon pool fires.
1.2 It is the intent that tests conducted in accordance with these test methods will indicate whether structural members of assemblies, or fire-containment wall assemblies, will continue to perform their intended function during the period of fire exposure. These tests shall not be construed as having determined suitability for use after fire exposure.
1.3 These test methods prescribe a standard fire exposure for comparing the relative performance of different structural and fire-containment wall assemblies under controlled laboratory conditions. The application of these test results to predict the performance of actual assemblies when exposed to large pool fires requires a careful engineering evaluation.
1.4 These test methods provide for quantitative heat flux measurements during both the control calibration and the actual test. These heat flux measurements are being made to support the development of design fires and the use of fire safety engineering models to predict thermal exposure and material performance in a wide range of fire scenarios.
1.5 These test methods are useful for testing other items such as piping, electrical circuits in conduit, floors or decks, and cable trays. Testing of these types of items requires development of appropriate specimen details and end-point or failure criteria. Such failure criteria and test specimen descriptions are not provided in these test methods.
1.6 Limitations—These test methods do not provide the following:
1.6.1 Full information on the performance of assemblies constructed with components or of dimensions other than those ...
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- Standard25 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document provides information on the goal, scope, structure, contents and background of the different parts of the ISO 20710 series. The purpose of the ISO 20710 series is to provide information on active fire protection systems according to the design, implementation and maintenance described in ISO 23932-1. The ISO 20710 series is linked to the steps of the performance-based fire safety engineering design process described in ISO 23932-1. This document is not intended as a detailed technical design guide but is intended to provide the guidance necessary for use of the ISO 20710 series by professionals who consider the active fire protection systems at each step presented in ISO 23932-1.
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This document is applicable to the sampling and analysis of effluents produced during fires that have the potential to cause harm through environmental contamination. It provides additional requirements to those International Standards already published by ISO TC 92/SC 3 for the sampling and analysis of fire effluents from experimental fires and standard tests, specifically as best practice from previously published methodologies. This document does not include pollutant screening of exposed humans or animals. The principle aims for the sampling and analysis of effluents from fires that can result in environmental contamination is therefore to provide information on: - the nature and concentrations of airborne effluents over time and distance; - the nature and concentrations of solid and liquid ground contaminants and “run-off” compounds from firefighting operations over time and distance. This document is principally of interest for the following parties: - environmental regulatory authorities; - public health authorities; - fire investigators; - property owners. This document is intended to be used together with ISO 26367-1 and ISO 26367-2 in assessments of the environmental impact of fire effluents.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is intended for use by those undertaking the development of fire-risk-assessment standards. Such standards are expected to be useful to manufacturers, architects, specification writers, and authorities having jurisdiction.
4.2 As a guide, this document provides information on an approach to the development of a fire-risk-assessment standard; fixed procedures are not established. Limitations of data, available tests and models, and scientific knowledge can constitute significant constraints on the fire-risk-assessment procedure and associated standard.
4.3 While the focus of this guide is on developing fire-risk-assessment standards for products, the general concepts presented also can be applied to processes, activities, occupancies, and buildings.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the development of fire-risk-assessment standards.
1.2 This guide is directed toward development of standards that will provide procedures for assessing fire risks harmful to people, property, or the environment.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This standard is used to establish a means of combining the potential for harm in fire scenarios with the probabilities of occurrence of those scenarios. Assessment of fire risk using this standard depends upon many factors, including the manner in which the user selects scenarios and uses them to represent all scenarios relevant to the application. This standard cannot be used to assess fire risk if any specifications are different from those contained in the standard.
1.5 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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- Guide6 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies requirements and test methods for the fire safety of candles intended to be burned outdoors.
Sticks wrapped with fuel-soaked materials, such as paper, cardboard or fabric, oil lamps on a stick and products intended to be used professionally to protect vineyards or fruit orchards from frost damages are not covered by this document.
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document is a summary of the results of a questionnaire survey, which was conducted to gather information on the current state of performance-based fire safety design (P-B FSD) practices in various countries. The questions include what types of buildings and areas of fire safety systems are being applied, what are the legislative environments in terms of acceptance of P-B FSD, and what documents are needed/desired from ISO/TC 92/SC 4 if the countries/regions wish to adopt P-B FSD.
- Technical report29 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide addresses issues related solely to strategies and the development of a plan to address wildfire-related physical and chemical changes to water resources in Source Water Protection Areas. This guide does not include specific advice on risk assessment. Mitigation strategies and planning may consist of a wide variety of actions by individuals, communities, or organizations to prepare for the impacts of wildfires on water quality and quantity in Source Water Protection Areas (see Guide E3136).
4.2 Source water protection activities not only help the utility identify risk, but they are also necessary to educate regulatory agencies, permitting authorities, and the community about the impacts that their actions can have on source water quality or quantity of the drinking water.
4.3 Example Users:
4.3.1 Federal, tribal, state, or municipal facility staff and regulators, including departments of health, water, sewer, and fire;
4.3.2 Financial and insurance institutions;
4.3.3 Federal, tribal, state, or local land managers;
4.3.4 Public works staff, including water systems, groundwater supplies, surface water supplies, stormwater systems, wastewater systems, publicly owned treatment works, and agriculture water management agencies;
4.3.5 Consultants, auditors, state, municipal and private inspectors, and compliance assistance personnel;
4.3.6 Educational facilities such as experimental forests and nature preserves;
4.3.7 Non-regulatory government agencies, such as the military;
4.3.8 Wildlife management entities including government, tribal, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs);
4.3.9 Cities, towns, and counties, especially in developing climate vulnerability strategies and plans;
4.3.10 Commercial and residential real estate property developers, including redevelopers;
4.3.11 Non-profits, community groups, and land owners.
4.4 Coordination and cooperation must fit into the process for improving community prepared...
SCOPE
1.1 Overview—Wildfires pose a significant risk to water utilities as they can cause contaminants of concern to be released into surface water and groundwater supplies (1).2 This can endanger human health if systems were not designed to manage these contaminant loads.
1.2 Purpose—Mitigation measures of wildfire effects on sediment loads, trace minerals, and contaminants of concern on runoff in a Source Water Protection Area (2) is an expanding area of study that does not have a full set of regulations at the federal or state level. This guide provides public-sector and private-sector land managers and water utility operators details on how to assess the potential impacts of wildfires on watersheds and measures that can be employed to minimize or abate those impacts prior to a wildfire occurring or after it occurs.
1.2.1 This guide supplements existing watershed and Source Water Protection Area guidance.
1.2.2 This guide will recommend fuel management prior to a wildfire, suppression strategies during a wildfire, and mitigation opportunities for both forests and water treatment systems after the wildfire. It will also support collaboration between involved stakeholders (see Fig. 1 below).
FIG. 1 Place-based characteristics for consideration when assessing threats to water supplies and treatment due to a wildfire (adapted from (3)).
1.2.3 The purpose of this guide is to provide a series of options that water utilities, landowners, and land managers can implement to limit the chance of a wildfire, specifically in a drinking water watershed, and mitigation opportunities to protect drinking water after a wildfire occurs. This guide encourages consistent management of forests to limit wildfire risks to water resources. The guide presents practices and recommendations based on the best available science to provide institutional and engineering actions to reduce the likelihood of a wildfire and the potentially disas...
- Guide11 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is intended for use by those undertaking the development of fire-hazard-assessment standards. Such standards are expected to be useful to manufacturers, architects, specification writers, and authorities having jurisdiction.
4.2 As a guide, this document provides information on an approach to the development of a fire hazard standard; fixed procedures are not established. Limitations of data, available tests and models, and scientific knowledge may constitute significant constraints on the fire-hazard-assessment procedure.
4.3 While the focus of this guide is on developing fire-hazard-assessment standards for products, the general concepts presented also may apply to processes, activities, occupancies, and buildings.
4.4 When developing fire-risk-assessment standards, use Guide E1776. The present guide also contains some of the guidance to develop such a fire-risk assessment standard.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the development of fire-hazard-assessment standards.
1.2 This guide is directed toward development of standards that will provide procedures for assessing fire hazards harmful to people, animals, or property.
1.3 Fire-hazard assessment and fire-risk assessment are both procedures for assessing the potential for harm caused by something–the subject of the assessment–when it is involved in fire, where the involvement in fire is assessed relative to a number of defined fire scenarios.
1.4 Both fire-hazard assessment and fire-risk assessment provide information that can be used to address a larger group of fire scenarios. Fire-hazard assessment provides information on the maximum potential for harm that can be caused by the fire scenarios that are analyzed or by any less severe fire scenarios. Fire-risk assessment uses information on the relative likelihood of the fire scenarios that are analyzed and the additional fire scenarios that each analyzed scenario represents. In these two ways, fire-hazard assessment and fire-risk assessment allow the user to support certain statements about the potential for harm caused by something when it is involved in fire, generally.
1.5 Fire-hazard assessment is appropriate when the goal is to characterize maximum potential for harm under worst-case conditions. Fire-risk assessment is appropriate when the goal is to characterize overall risk (average severity) or to characterize the likelihood of worst-case outcomes. It is important that the user select the appropriate type of assessment procedure for the statements the user wants to support.
1.6 Fire-hazard assessment is addressed in this guide and fire-risk assessment is addressed in Guide E1776.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.8 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.
1.9 This standard is used to predict or provide a quantitative measure of the fire hazard from a specified set of fire conditions involving specific materials, products, or assemblies. This assessment does not necessarily predict the hazard of actual fires which involve conditions other than those assumed in the analysis.
1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Guide24 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Guide24 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document provides guidance for the specification of design fires for use in fire safety engineering analysis of building and structures in the built environment. The design fire is intended to be used in an engineering analysis to determine consequences in fire safety engineering (FSE) analyses.
- Technical specification52 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Technical specification60 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
- Technical specification60 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
ABSTRACT
This specification provides the minimum requirements for design, construction, performance, and testing of two types of tank vent flame arrester (Type I and Type II). This specification is intended for flame arresters protecting systems containing vapors of flammable or combustible liquids with the specified vapor temperature. The defined test media can be used except where arresters protect systems handling vapors with the given value of maximum experimental safe gap (MESG). Flame arresters protecting such systems must be tested with appropriate media. The flame arrester housing, and other parts or bolting used for pressure retention, shall be constructed of the prescribed materials. Arrester, elements, gaskets, and seals shall be of materials resistant to attack by seawater and the liquids and vapors contained in the tank being protected. Nonmetallic materials, other than gaskets and seals, shall not be used in the construction of pressure-retaining components and nonmetallic gaskets and seals shall be noncombustible and suitable for the service intended. The possibility of galvanic corrosion shall be considered in the selection of materials. Requirements for flame arrester design and construction, housings, elements, threaded or flanged pipe connections, joints, and fastenings are detailed. Prototype testing such as corrosion test, performance test, endurance burn test, and flashback test shall be done.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification provides the minimum requirements for design, construction, performance, and testing of tank vent flame arresters.
1.2 This specification is intended for flame arresters protecting systems containing vapors of flammable or combustible liquids where vapor temperatures do not exceed 60°C. The test media defined in 9.1.1 can be used except where arresters protect systems handling vapors with a maximum experimental safe gap (MESG) below 0.9 mm. Flame arresters protecting such systems must be tested with appropriate media (the same vapor or a media having a MESG no greater than the vapor). Various gases and their respective MESG are listed in Table 1.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test methods portions, Sections 8 and 9, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This standard should be used to measure and describe the properties of materials, products, or assemblies in response to heat and flame under controlled laboratory conditions and should not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire risk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. However, results of this test may be used as elements of a fire risk assessment which takes into account all of the factors which are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of a particular end use
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Technical specification5 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Technical specification5 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a method for determining the kinetics and yields of gaseous emissions from a specimen exposed to radiant heat in a cone calorimeter. Gas yields are determined by exposing small representative specimens to an external heat flux with or without spark ignition. The concentrations of specific gases in the effluent (smoke) are measured. In combination with calculated masses of gases, their yields from the specimen mass, mass loss or mass loss rate can be determined. This document uses Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy as described in ISO 19702, with additional information on the test apparatus and gas analyser suitable for this specific application.
- Technical specification12 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document describes a protocol for the verification and validation of building fire evacuation models. This document mostly addresses evacuation model components as they are in microscopic (agent-based) models. Nevertheless, it can be adopted (entirely or partially) for macroscopic models if the model is able to represent the components under consideration. The area of application of the evacuation models discussed in this document includes performance-based design of buildings and the review of the effectiveness of evacuation planning and procedures. The evacuation process is represented with evacuation models in which people's movement and their interaction with the environment make use of human behaviour in fire theories and empirical observations[5]. The simulation of evacuation is represented using mathematical models and/or agent‑to‑agent and agent-to-environment rules. The area of application of this document relates to buildings. This document is not intended to cover aspects of transportation systems in motion (e.g. trains, ships) since specific ad-hoc additional tests may be required for addressing the simulation of human behaviour during evacuation in these types of systems[6]. This document includes a list of components for verification and validation testing as well as a methodology for the analysis and assessment of accuracy associated with evacuation models. The procedure for the analysis of acceptance criteria is also included. A comprehensive list of components for testing is presented in this document, since the scope of the testing has not been artificially restricted to a set of straightforward applications. Nevertheless, the application of evacuation models as a design tool can be affected by the numbers of variables affecting human behaviour under consideration. A high number of influences can hamper the acceptance of the results obtained given the level of complexity associated with the results. Simpler calculation methods, such as macroscopic models, capacity analyses or flow calculations, are affected to a lower extent by the need to aim at high fidelity modelling. In contrast, more sophisticated calculation methods (i.e. agent-based models) rely more on the ability to demonstrate that the simulation is able to represent different emergent behaviours. For this reason, the components for testing are divided into different categories, enabling the evacuation model tester to test an evacuation model both in relation to the degree of sophistication embedded in the model as well as the specific scope of the model application. In Annex A, a reporting template is provided to provide guidance to users regarding a format for presenting test results and exemplary application of verification and validation tests are presented in Annex B.
- Standard69 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard73 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document gives an overview of the evolution of regulations and application of Fire Safety Engineering (FSE) in Europe. Based on work performed in 2001-2002, a full update of information has been done. A global survey based on questionnaires defined in 2001, the evolution and possible perspectives of the FSE practices within two perimeters are presented:
- The first perimeter is the same perimeter analysed in 2001 corresponding to the European Union defined in 2001 extended to European countries with European Union agreement (Switzerland, Norwegian and Iceland).
- The second perimeter is the European Union perimeter of 2016 extended to European countries with European Union agreement (Switzerland, Norwegian and Iceland).
Conclusions and initiatives of the 2001 proposals were analysed 15 years after, with and without the extension of European Union. New initiatives have since been proposed.
In addition, the state-of-the-art of Fire Safety Engineering is updated.
- Technical report68 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document gives an overview of the evolution of regulations and application of Fire Safety Engineering (FSE) in Europe. Based on work performed in 2001-2002, a full update of information has been done. A global survey based on questionnaires defined in 2001, the evolution and possible perspectives of the FSE practices within two perimeters are presented:
- The first perimeter is the same perimeter analysed in 2001 corresponding to the European Union defined in 2001 extended to European countries with European Union agreement (Switzerland, Norwegian and Iceland).
- The second perimeter is the European Union perimeter of 2016 extended to European countries with European Union agreement (Switzerland, Norwegian and Iceland).
Conclusions and initiatives of the 2001 proposals were analysed 15 years after, with and without the extension of European Union. New initiatives have since been proposed.
In addition, the state-of-the-art of Fire Safety Engineering is updated.
- Technical report68 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Because of the loss of life in fires from inhalation of fire gases, much attention has been focused on the analyses of these species. Analysis has involved several new or modified methods, since common analytical techniques have often proven to be inappropriate for the combinations of various gases and low concentrations existing in fire gas mixtures.
4.2 In the measurement of fire gases, it is imperative to use procedures that are both reliable and appropriate to the unique atmosphere of a given fire environment. To maximize the reliability of test results, it is essential to establish the following:
4.2.1 That gaseous samples are representative of the compositions existing at the point of sampling,
4.2.2 That transfer and pretreatment of samples occur without loss, or with known efficiency, and
4.2.3 That data provided by the analytical instruments are accurate for the compositions and concentrations at the point of sampling.
4.3 This document includes a comprehensive survey that will permit an individual, technically skilled and practiced in the study of analytical chemistry, to select a suitable technique from among the alternatives. It will not provide enough information for the setup and use of a procedure (this information is available in the references).
4.4 Data generated by the use of techniques cited in this document should not be used to rank materials for regulatory purposes.
SCOPE
1.1 Analytical methods for the measurement of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, carbonyl sulfide, hydrogen halides, hydrogen cyanide, aldehydes, and hydrocarbons are described, along with sampling considerations. Many of these gases may be present in any fire environment. Several analytical techniques are described for each gaseous species, together with advantages and disadvantages of each. The test environment, sampling constraints, analytical range, and accuracy often dictate use of one analytical method over another.
1.2 These techniques have been used to measure gases under fire test conditions (laboratory, small scale, or full scale). With proper sampling considerations, any of these methods could be used for measurement in most fire environments.
1.3 This document is intended to be a guide for investigators and for subcommittee use in developing standard test methods. A single analytical technique has not been recommended for any chemical species unless that technique is the only one available.
1.4 The techniques described herein can be used to determine the concentration of a specific gas in the total sample collected for analysis. These techniques do not determine the total amount of fire gases that would be generated by a specimen during a fire test.
1.5 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assembles to heat and flame under controlled conditions but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Guide17 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Guide17 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
IEC 62899-505:2020(E) specifies mechanical and thermal test methods for the determination of the reliability characteristics of a printed flexible gas sensor, which is operated at relatively low temperature and is composed of a flexible substrate, electrode, and gas sensing layer. The examples of target gas include in-door air pollutants, combustion gas from a fire situation, and industrial flue gas.
- Standard13 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is intended primarily for users and developers of mathematical fire growth models. It is also useful for people conducting fire tests, making them aware of some important applications and uses for small-scale fire test results. The guide thus contributes to increased accuracy in fire growth model calculations, which depend greatly on the quality of the input data.
4.2 The emphasis of this guide is on ignition, pyrolysis and flame spread models for solid materials.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes data required as input for mathematical fire growth models.
1.2 Guidelines are presented on how the data can be obtained.
1.3 The emphasis in this guide is on ignition, pyrolysis and flame spread models for solid materials.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Guide9 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Guide9 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document provides a complete example to illustrate ISO 23932-1. The example is a dry-cleaning store, for which the fire safety objective is life safety, for both people located inside or outside the shop, in the event of a fire within the shop. NOTE Generally, an FSE study is not needed for such a small shop. However, this example was chosen to demonstrate the application of ISO 23932-1 in detail while keeping the documentation provided sufficiently brief.
- Technical report43 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Technical report45 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document describes tools and gives guidance concerning interlaboratory trials related to fire effluent analyses. It explains the relative contributions from the physical fire model and analytical techniques to evaluate trueness and fidelity. It also explains the difficulties involved with the interpretation of round-robin data and with the evaluation of trueness in fire effluent analyses. This document complements ISO 12828-1, which deals with limits of quantification and detection and ISO 12828-2, which deals with interlaboratory validation of analytical methods. It is a toolbox useful in the framework of ISO/IEC 17025 assessment of any fire laboratory. Examples of existing standards where the information contained in this document can be used are the analytical chemical methods in ISO 19701[2], ISO 19702[3], ISO 5660-1[4], and the chemical measurements in the methods discussed in ISO/TR 16312-2, ISO 16405[6], ISO/TS 19021[7], or their application to fire toxicity assessment using ISO 13571[1] and ISO 13344[8].
- Technical specification11 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Technical specification11 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
- Technical specification11 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Testing machines that apply and measure displacement are used in many industries. They may be used in research laboratories to determine material properties, and in production lines to qualify products for shipment. The displacement measuring devices integral to the testing machines may be used for measurement of crosshead or actuator displacement over a defined range of operation. The accuracy of the displacement value shall be traceable to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) or another recognized National Laboratory. Practices E2309 provides a procedure to verify these machines and systems, in order that the measured displacement values may be traceable. A key element to having traceability is that the devices used in the verification produce known displacement characteristics, and have been calibrated in accordance with adequate calibration standards.
SCOPE
1.1 These practices cover procedures and requirements for the calibration and verification of displacement measuring systems by means of standard calibration devices for static and quasi-static testing machines. This practice is not intended to be complete purchase specifications for testing machines or displacement measuring systems. Displacement measuring systems are not intended to be used for the determination of strain. See Practice E83.
1.2 These procedures apply to the verification of the displacement measuring systems associated with the testing machine, such as a scale, dial, marked or unmarked recorder chart, digital display, etc. In all cases the buyer/owner/user must designate the displacement-measuring system(s) to be verified.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.4 Displacement values indicated on displays/printouts of testing machine data systems—be they instantaneous, delayed, stored, or retransmitted—which are within the Classification criteria listed in Table 1, comply with Practices E2309/E2309M.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document provides principles for characterizing the measured production of toxic gases from a laboratory fire test and provides bases for comparing the results between different types and scales of such tests. It also includes consideration of the uncertainties in the gas determinations. The combined uncertainty is a key factor in the ability to establish similarity or difference of test results. The sufficiency of the agreement between a bench-scale test and a real-scale test depends on the precision needed in the fire hazard or risk assessment, which is not covered by this document. This document defines the relevance and significance of toxic gas data from measurements in different fire tests. With such a definition it is possible to provide generic guidance on how such data can be compared between different sizes and types of fire tests. The combustion conditions represented by the fire test, other specific characteristics of the test and the test specimen, the sampling strategy of the fire effluents, and the analysis technique for the toxic gas species are the most important factors when defining the significance of the toxic gas data. This document is intended to serve as a tool for the a) definition of the relevance and significance of toxic gas data from fire tests, b) comparison of toxic gas data from fire tests of different scales and characteristics, and c) prediction of toxic gas data from a large-scale test based on small-scale data or vice versa. This document gives general guidance regarding comparison of toxic gas data between physical fire models of different scales, but is principally developed for the gases listed in ISO 13571, i.e. carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen halides (HCl, HBr, HF), sulfur dioxide (SO2), hydrogen cyanide (HCN), nitrogen oxides (NO, NO2), formaldehyde (CH2O) and acrolein (C3H4O). This document is not applicable to characterization and comparisons of the toxicity of the effluents from fire tests.
- Standard19 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard21 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
ABSTRACT
This specification provides design and construction criteria for double and single fire and foam station cabinets. These cabinets are classified as Type I (single cabinet) and Type II (double cabinets). Type I cabinets are further subdivided into two grades: Grade 1 which has a right-hand door and Grade 2 with a left-hand door. Each of these grades has three classes according to material: Class A is made of mild steel, Class B with stainless steel, and Class C with aluminium. On the other hand, Type II cabinets have only one grade, Grade 1 with right-hand door active leaf. This grade is further classified into three classes: Class A, Class B, and Class C. The parts of these cabinets shall include: frame, hinge pad, hinge, brace, door, staple, hook, latch, keeper, rivet, clip, snubber, retainer, saddle, strap, clip, washer, back, leg, bolt, and back bar. Fire and foam cabinets shall be free of weld spatter, burrs, and sharp corners, rough edges, and other defects which might be hazardous to personnel and equipment.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification provides design and construction criteria for double and single fire and foam station cabinets. See Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. Valves, hose, and fittings are not included.
FIG. 1 Fire and Foam Cabinet—Type I
Note 1: 1 in. = 25.4 mm.
FIG. 2 Fire and Foam Cabinet—Type II
1.2 Optional back and legs may be provided.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Technical specification5 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This European Standard specifies requirements and test methods for the fire safety of candles intended to be burned indoors.
- Standard15 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
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