ISO/TC 42 - Photography

This document provides a list of terms defined in other ISO/TC 42 International Standards, Technical Specifications and Technical Reports relevant to electronic still picture imaging. This document is intended to be used in conjunction with the definition sources listed.

This document describes test methods for determining the long-term dark storage stability of colour photographic images and the colour stability of such images when subjected to certain illuminants at specified temperatures and relative humidities. This document is applicable to colour photographic images made with traditional, continuous-tone photographic materials with images formed with dyes. These images are generated with chromogenic, silver dye-bleach, dye transfer, and dye-diffusion-transfer instant systems. The tests have not been verified for evaluating the stability of colour images produced with dry- and liquid-toner electrophotography, thermal dye transfer (sometimes called dye sublimation), ink jet, pigment-gelatin systems, offset lithography, gravure and related colour imaging systems. If these reflection print materials, including silver halide (chromogenic), are digitally printed, refer to ISO 18936, ISO 18941, ISO 18946, and ISO 18949 for dark stability tests, and the ISO 18937 series for light stability tests. This document does not include test procedures for the physical stability of images, supports or binder materials. However, it is recognized that in some instances, physical degradation such as support embrittlement, emulsion cracking or delamination of an image layer from its support, rather than image stability, will determine the useful life of a colour film or print material.

This document establishes a vocabulary of terms and definitions used in respect of the permanence of imaging materials, related storage materials and digital storage media. In most cases these terms and definitions are generic and are applicable to the entire imaging industry. For terms and definitions specific to particular applications, refer to industry standards. However, in some cases the definition of a term is still evolving and/or is used by different user groups in different ways. In this case a definition fit for use in Imaging Materials – Permanence work is given and a note to this effect is included.

The test method in this document is intended to be used to characterize and compare the degradation of a set of print materials under exposure to particular light sources, eventually including optical filter combinations, under museum environmental conditions. The document covers typical types of indoor light sources commonly found in a museum including indoor daylight, LED, and incandescent light. This document is applicable to analogue and digital reflection photographic prints. NOTE Examples of photographic prints covered by this document are prints made with digital printing technologies such as inkjet, electrophotography, and thermal dye transfer, as well as prints made on silver halide colour paper but not prints made on black and white silver halide paper.

This document specifies test methods to determine the rub resistance of analogue and digital prints. This includes photographic as well as graphic and office prints on all substrates. ISO 18947-1 provides information and general guidance relevant to the selection and operation of abrasion test methods and also describes general performance requirements for abrasion test devices used.

This document describes the procedures for evaluation of colour variation in the printing of photographic reflection colour prints. The following procedures are described to evaluate colour variation in printing within a consecutive print job, between several print jobs, or between multiple photographic images printed in different areas of a large sheet: a) test targets for small and large photographic prints; b) printing procedures and conditions; c) sampling in correspondence to the production scale; d) measurement of colour; e) calculation and analysis of colour variation and f) reporting. The procedures presented in this document are applicable for prints with a size of available picture area ranging from 35 cm2 (e.g. 5 cm × 7 cm) to 5 400 cm2 (e.g. 60 cm × 90 cm). This document is applicable to any of the photographic printing technologies, including inkjet, thermal dye transfer, electrophotography and silver halide (chromogenic) technologies.

This document specifies the nominal sizes of photographic glass plates, together with cutting dimensions and their tolerances. It also specifies the nominal substrate thicknesses and their tolerances, as well as providing a cross-reference for sheet films being used in newly manufactured holders for 19th century glass plate cameras.

This document specifies tests to determine the abrasion resistance of photographic images for typical use in indoor context that is characterized by mild abrasive conditions. Examples are flipping of pages in an album, careful manual handling of prints (stacking, shifting) or use of magnets for attachment to a board. Photographic images refer to individual prints or prints in albums, which can be produced by a wide range of printing technologies, including silver halide, electrophotography, inkjet, dye diffusion thermal transfer, commonly known as dye sublimation, and dye transfer processes. Photographic images require “photo-grade” media, including coated or surface treated print materials, which are prerequisite to obtain photographic quality with aforementioned printing technologies. Test procedures are limited to (quasi-) linear, reciprocal abrasion test devices. For other printing technologies (e.g. offset lithography and other photomechanical printing processes) or non-photo-grade media or other levels of rubbing representative of other application profiles, different test methods and/or device options may be considered (see ISO 18947‑1). Heavy duty abrasive conditions, such as floor tiles, floor graphics, abrasive cleaning and vehicle graphics, are out of scope of this document.

This document describes a method for analysing imaging systems quality in the area of cultural heritage imaging. The method described analyses multiple imaging systems quality characteristics from a single image of a specified test target. The specification states which characteristics are measured, how they are measured, and how the results of the analysis need to be presented. This specification applies to scanners and digital cameras used for digitization of cultural heritage material. NOTE This document addresses imaging of reflective originals, a future part two will address imaging of transparent originals.

This document describes sample methods to generate spectra for colour targets comprised of highly saturated colours for colour characteristic evaluation of colorimetric image capture capability of digital still cameras (DSCs).

This document defines terms used in electronic still picture imaging that have not been defined by other ISO/TC 42 standards, Technical Specifications or Technical Reports.

This document specifies the use of the Portable Document Format (PDF) 2.0, as formalized in ISO 32000-2:—, for preserving the static visual representation of page based electronic documents over time in addition to allowing any type of other content to be included as an embedded file or attachment. This document does not apply to: — specific processes for converting paper or electronic documents to the PDF/A format; — specific technical design, user interface, implementation, or operational details of rendering; — specific physical methods of storing these documents such as media and storage conditions; — required computer hardware and/or operating systems.

This document provides information and examples of measurement methods for evaluating the image quality of digital photographic reflection prints, including prints produced by ink jet, thermal dye transfer, electrophotography and silver halide (chromogenic) technologies. These measurement methods are intended especially to be applicable to small prints with a size of available picture area ranging from 35 mm × 45 mm to 360 mm × 450 mm, a popular and basic application of photographic print technology. NOTE The definition of "digital print" here is print made directly from digital data when there is no intermediate image carrier, or when the image carrier is refreshed for each impression, and thus each impression can be different in content if desired.

This document describes test methods for determining the long-term dark storage stability of colour photographic images. It is applicable to colour photographic images made with traditional photographic materials. These images are generated with systems such as chromogenic, silver dye-bleach, dye transfer, dye-diffusion-transfer "instant", and similar systems. The test method specified in this document also covers the dark-stability of digital colour images produced with dry- and liquid-toner electrophotography, thermal dye transfer (sometimes called "dye sublimation"), and inkjet printing systems.

This document describes the equipment, methods and procedures for generating a known ozone exposure and the subsequent measurement and quantification of the amount of change produced within both digitally printed hardcopy images and traditional analogue photographic colour print images due to that exposure. The test method described in this document uses increased levels of ozone to achieve an accelerated test. If the principal "gas fading" mechanism for a system is not ozone, this method might not be suitable and might give misleading results as to resistance of the test image to polluted air.

This document describes test equipment and procedures for measuring the light stability of colour photographic reflection prints designed for display, when subjected to a filtered xenon-arc light source simulating daylight through windows at specified temperatures and relative humidity. This document is applicable to photographic reflection prints, made with analogue and digital print processes. The recommended test methods can be applied to both colour and black-and-white photographic prints. This test method assesses colour and density change.

This document defines use profiles for commercial prints in terms of typical environmental stress factors and any mechanical and chemical stress factors to be considered additionally in their application. Methods and principles defined in this document apply to the various product classes of "commercial prints" that, following the terminology of ISO/TS 19300, include commercial production prints (flyers, brochures), transactional and stationary prints, signage, newspapers and periodical prints, book printing as well as packaging printing. These commercial prints often contain combinations of text, pictorial images and/or artwork. Prints for non-commercial use, including prints use and display in consumer home environments and prints exhibited or stored in museum context, are outside the scope of this document. For each use profile a set of suitable accelerated test methods for the leading environmental and/or mechanical or chemical stress factors is defined for representative testing. Guidance is given for translation of test results into suitable image permanence performance claims considering the variability of actual use in comparison to reference use profiles. The test methods and guiding principle described in this document apply to both, analogue and digitally printed matter, and the corresponding test targets from the ISO 12647 series are used. Methods and principles apply to both colour and monochrome prints.

This document defines the measurement method of optical image stabilization performance for still images compensating for handheld blur consisting of two rotational components, yaw and pitch. It applies to consumer digital cameras with optical image stabilization for still images. Apparatuses such as camcorders and mobile phones with still image shooting functionality are within the scope of this document.

This document describes test methods to evaluate reflection colour photographic prints with regard to changes in image appearance resulting from exposure to low relative humidity. The observed changes relate primarily to substrate yellowing. Other observed humidity related physical damage factors such as curl, cockle, cracking, or delamination due to humidity cycling are also within the scope of this test method.

This document describes the test method for light stability and ozone stability for commercial prints, which are displayed in indoor bright places in or near to windows, especially in display windows with air conditioning. This document also provides guidelines for data analysis. This document is applicable to the various product classes of "commercial prints" that, following the terminology of ISO/TR 19300, include commercial production prints (flyers, brochures), transactional and stationary prints, signage, newspapers and periodical prints, book printing as well as packaging printing. These commercial prints often contain combinations of text, pictorial images and/or artwork. Prints for non-commercial use, including prints used and displayed in consumer home environments and prints exhibited or stored in museum context, are outside the scope of this document. This document is applicable to both analogue and digitally printed matter. Methods and principles apply to both, colour and monochrome prints.

This document specifies a protocol to measure the texture reproduction in images captured and processed by digital cameras including cameras in other devices e.g. in camera phones. This document specifies protocols for the measurement of texture reproduction using test charts with stochastic pattern. NOTE The measurement method specified in this document is for objective evaluations of texture reproduction, of which the results are sometimes inconsistent with subjective evaluations (See Annex C).

This document specifies how to measure and report the shooting time lag, shutter release time lag, shooting rate and start-up time lag for digital still cameras, including camera modules in phones and tablet computers. It includes a method that uses control signals inside the digital still camera and a method that determines the timing values without requiring access to the inside of the digital still camera. This document does not address the measurement either of auto focus speed below recommended illumination level or auto focus accuracy.

This document provides a uniform basis for determining the exposure times for all types of shutters used in still cameras and contains suitable definitions of the terms used. It specifies the exposure-time markings for all types of shutters and their tolerances. The characteristics of all types of mechanical shutters, which are mounted in still cameras and affect the control of exposure, motion-stopping ability and synchronization with a photoflash light source are also defined. The tolerances specified are the target values for the shutter performance that can be expected to give good results. They are not intended for application as a general inspection standard in controlling the performance of mechanical shutters, since tolerances may vary with the feature and price class of camera tested. Test methods are described for routine manufacturing testing and quality control. These test methods require access to the focal plane of the camera and can therefore not be applied to assembled digital still cameras.

This document specifies the measurement methods and specification of image quality of lenticular prints that are used for changing images. This document does not cover lenticular prints that are used for 3D images. NOTE Lenticular prints for 3D images can be measured with the same types of procedures. However, it needs more information, such as the dependence of the measurement distance, to evaluate the 3D performance. This document specifically describes measurement methods for cross-talk, viewing angle range, angular misalignment from the designed viewing angle and the uniformity of the image within the printing area of the lenticular print images. These are critical for the image quality of lenticular prints for changing images. This document is applicable to lenticular prints produced by printing technologies that include impact and non-impact printing. Examples of the former are off-set, gravure and flexography, while the examples of the latter are silver halide, inkjet, dye diffusion thermal transfer and electrophotography. The multiple laser images (MLI) and changeable laser images (CLI) process of using a laser to write through a lenticular screen at different angles to create multiple images is also used.

This document specifies the method for assigning and reporting ISO speed ratings, ISO speed latitude ratings, standard output sensitivity values, and recommended exposure index values, for digital still cameras. It is applicable to both monochrome and colour digital still cameras.

This document specifies test methods to assess the permanence and durability of photo books, including cover and pages. This document is applicable to photo books which contain reflection colour prints made with colour hardcopy materials of all types, including those from either traditional analogue printing or modern digital printing processes. The same performance test methods apply, regardless of the printing process. Because of the large number of combinations of sizes, cover materials, binding options and printing processes, testing of all possible combinations is not within the scope of this document. Instead, a representative selection of printed pages, cover materials and binding options that are used in the makeup of the photo book are tested.

This document describes the experimental framework, results, and conclusions from a round robin test that was performed in order to establish correlations between accelerated weathering according to the ISO 18930 test method and outdoor weathering at nine outdoor sites. The types of digital printing technology that were used in this round robin test are aqueous inkjet, solvent inkjet, UV curable inkjet, digitally-exposed silver halide, and thermal mass transfer. The image print stability data and correlations of this document are to be considered illustrative of the performance of these classes of materials. Extension of these correlations to other classes of materials, such as dye sublimation, is verified by appropriate experimentation.

This document specifies a protocol to measure the low-light performance of a camera. It is applicable to the measurement of digital cameras including camera phones and other mobile devices. The performance aspects defined in this document are intended to all be tested. Picking one or some of them by the tester is out of scope of the usage of this document.

This document specifies tests to determine the relative water resistance of printed colour images. This document is applicable to both digital and analogue prints.

This document specifies requirements and recommendations for the digital test file content, printer setups and printing procedures that are used to generate target prints for test method standards and specifications for image stability in the context of reflection colour photographic prints. Furthermore, this document defines measurement procedures of the test patches as well as how changes of colour attributes are calculated in the course of a given image stability test. Definition of the statistical procedure for data reduction and the translation of those changes into psychophysical end point levels does not belong to the scope of this document, but results obtained with the methods defined in this document can feed into the appropriate statistical evaluation and end point systems of a print life specification defined in other documents.

ISO 18844:2017 specifies the definition of image flare for digital cameras, test patterns, measurement conditions, and methods, so as to enable the comparison of the results of measurement. The methods of measurement are designed to enable the assessment of the performance of digital cameras by using image data output by the digital cameras. ISO 18844:2017 does not specify the aim values or the allowable range of value for the image flare.

ISO 15739:2017 specifies methods for measuring and reporting the noise versus signal level and dynamic range of digital still cameras. It applies to both monochrome and colour electronic digital still cameras.

ISO/TR 17321-3:2017 provides guidelines for user controls and readouts employed in scene-referred capture processing modes implemented in digital cameras and camera raw processing software.

ISO/TR 19263-1:2017 specifies how to perform quality analysis of imaging systems (e.g. flatbed scanners, planetary scanners, or digital still cameras) used for digitization of reflective two-dimensional originals. Original materials include but are not limited to books, textual documents, drawings, prints, photographs, and paintings. Certain types of two-dimensional materials with complex surface geometry and or highly reflective surface elements require special illumination techniques that can fall outside the scope of this document. NOTE ISO/TS 19264‑2 will address transmissive materials.

ISO 12233:2017 specifies methods for measuring the resolution and the SFR of electronic still-picture cameras. It is applicable to the measurement of both monochrome and colour cameras which output digital data or analogue video signals.

ISO 12234-3:2016 defines an XMP namespace for the metadata used in digital photography applications that is formatted for exchange using the syntax of the XML and provides standard definitions of this metadata.

ISO/TR 19247:2016 is applied to the reliable testing of digital cameras (DSCs).

ISO/TS 17321-4:2016 specifies requirements for a programmable light emission system to produce various spectral radiance distributions intended for DSC colour characterization applications. NOTE 1 Evaluation metrics are described in this part of ISO 17321. These evaluations metrics are intended to provide "Figure of Merit (goodness)" relating to the ability of the device to produce arbitrary spectral power distributions. NOTE 2 This part of ISO 17321 applies to a programmable light emission system composed of LEDs. However, it can be applied to light emitting devices such as quantum dots, organic LEDs, laser diodes and so forth. NOTE 3 If spiky spectral reproduction is required, devices which have more spiky spectral light emission are intended to be used.

ISO 20087:2016 specifies measurement method of battery life for consumer-use digital still cameras (hereinafter referred to as "DSC").

ISO/TS 19567-1:2016 specifies a protocol to measure the texture reproduction in the images captured and processed by digital cameras including cameras in other devices, e.g. in camera phones. ISO/TS 19567-1:2016 specifies protocols for the measurement of the texture reproduction using test charts with cyclic pattern. ISO/TS 19567-1:2016 excludes the acceptable range of value for texture reproduction.

ISO/TS 20328:2016 specifies the measurements and specifications of the dimensions of a lenticular lens sheet. It describes measurement methods and specifies the nominal sizes and target dimensions with tolerance. It also describes methods to test the stability of dimensions of the lenticular lens sheet. ISO/TS 20328:2016 is applicable to lenticular lens sheets used in lenticular prints, including those that give an image the illusion of depth or make images appear to change/move as the image is viewed from different angles. Both impact and non-impact printing can be used to generate the images. Examples of the former are off-set, gravure and flexography, while the examples of the latter are silver halide, inkjet, dye diffusion thermal transfer and electrophotography.

ISO 22028-1:2016 specifies a set of requirements to be met by any extended-gamut colour encoding that is to be used for digital photography and/or graphic technology applications involving digital image storage, manipulation and/or interchange. This part of ISO 22028 is applicable to pictorial digital images that originate from an original scene, as well as digital images with content such as text, line art, vector graphics and other forms of original artwork. This part of ISO 22028 also describes a reference image-state-based digital imaging architecture, encompassing many common workflows, that can be used to classify extended colour encodings into a number of different image states. However, this part of ISO 22028 does not specify any particular workflow(s) that are to be used for digital photography and/or graphic technology applications.

ISO 19084:2015 specifies the definition of chromatic displacement for digital still cameras, test patterns, measurement conditions and methods, so as to enable the comparison of the results of measurement. The methods of measurement are designed to enable the assessment of the performance of digital still cameras by using image data output by the digital still cameras. ISO 19084:2015 does not specify the allowable amount of chromatic displacement.

ISO/TR 10688:2015 provides a summary of the formulae used for determining the optical properties of pulp, paper and board. This Technical Report is to be used in conjunction with the particular International Standards for the determination of the desired optical properties. ISO/TR 10688:2015 provides the information necessary for those involved in development of software for computation of optical properties in accordance with current ISO standards.

ISO 19262:2015 defines terms used in the area of imaging system capability qualification for archival recording and approval. Only terms related to this area are included. These terms are relevant to the current tasks or are of general interest in imaging system capability qualification for archival recording and approval.

ISO 18383:2015 identifies a set of features that describes digital still cameras (DSCs), and it specifies their definitions, measurement methods, and presentation methods. This International Standard applies to DSCs designed and produced for and promoted to general consumers and need not be applied to those DSCs designed and produced to meet individual and special specifications agreed upon by particular business or industrial users and the manufacturer. The presentation methods specified in it are intended for use as notations on camera bodies, on product packaging, on promotional materials for advertising and at the point of purchase, in electronic or printed catalogues and other materials, and in the relevant software.

ISO 17850:2015 specifies a protocol to measure geometric distortion of a digital camera. It is applicable to the measurement of digital cameras including camera phones.