ISO 19262:2015

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 19262
First edition
2015-11-15
Photography — Archiving Systems —
Vocabulary
Photographie — Systèmes d’archivage — Vocabulaire
Reference number
©
ISO 2015
© ISO 2015, Published in Switzerland
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ii © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
Bibliography .44
Foreword
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The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 42, Photography.
iv © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved

Introduction
This International Standard provides a vocabulary which standardizes the use and meaning of
terms associated with archiving systems for photography. These terms are drawn from traditional
photography, digital photography, image permanence and information technology.
This International Standard is organized alphabetically and follows natural (English) word order
wherever possible. The source documents for many of the definitions are International Standards
developed by ISO/TC 42. Where possible, users are advised to verify if a more recent edition of the
source document has been published, which contains an updated version of the term and definition.
Future revisions of this International Standard will include updated terms and definitions consistent
with the source documents at the time the revision is prepared.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 19262:2015(E)
Photography — Archiving Systems — Vocabulary
1 Scope
This International Standard defines terms used in the area of imaging system capability qualification
for archival recording and approval.
Only terms related to this area are included. These terms are relevant to the current tasks or are of
general interest in imaging system capability qualification for archival recording and approval.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
There are no normative references cited in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
acutance
numerical value that correlates to some extent with subjective image sharpness
3.2
automatic document feeder
ADF
powered device to feed microforms, films or paper into a scanner for capture
[SOURCE: ISO 12651-1:2012, 4.10]
3.3
Adobe RGB 1998
three-component colour image encoding defined in Adobe RGB (1998) colour image encoding
[SOURCE: ISO 12640-4:2011, 3.1]
3.4
aliasing
output image artefacts that occur in a digital imaging system for input images having significant energy
at frequencies higher than the Nyquist frequency of the system
Note 1 to entry: These artefacts usually manifest themselves as moiré patterns in repetitive image features or as
jagged “stairstepping” at edge transitions.
[SOURCE: ISO 16067-1:2003, 3.2]
3.5
ambient light
illumination that remains present in an area when some indicated light source (such as a specialized
light, projector, or self-luminous display) is turned off
Note 1 to entry: Ambient light can be natural or artificial light. Ambient light is generally uncontrolled and can be
highly variable, posing a possible risk to image quality. The level of ambient light should be minimized in relation
to the level of light produced by the imaging system.
[SOURCE: ISO 4246:1994, 15]
3.6
array (imaging)
orderly arrangement of individual sensor elements in image capture devices
Note 1 to entry: In digital imaging, there are primarily three array types: two dimensional or area arrays, one
dimensional or linear arrays, and tri-linear arrays consisting of three consecutive linear arrays of red, green, and
blue sensitive sensor elements.
3.7
artifact
general term to describe a broad range of undesirable flaws or distortions in digital reproductions
produced during capture or data processing
Note 1 to entry: Some common forms of image artifacts include noise, chromatic aberration, blooming,
interpolation, and imperfections created by compression, among others.
3.8
aspect ratio
ratio of length to width of an object
[SOURCE: ISO 13794:1999, 2.10]
3.8.1
image aspect ratio
ratio of the image width to the image height
[SOURCE: ISO 15740:2008, 3.16]
3.8.2
pixel aspect ratio
ratio of the distance between sampling points in the two orthogonal sampling directions
Note 1 to entry: If the distances are equal, the pixel aspect ratio equals 1:1, and is said to be “square”.
Note 2 to entry: See also image aspect ratio (3.8.1).
[SOURCE: ISO 12231:2005, 2.6.2]
3.8.3
sampling aspect ratio
ratio of the sample spacing in the two orthogonal sampling directions
[SOURCE: ISO 12231:2012, 3.155]
3.9
banding (imaging)
unwanted stripes or bands that occur in a digital image
Note 1 to entry: Bands are usually caused by fixed pattern noise of linear sensors in scanners or interference
problems between electronic parts of a camera.
2 © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved

3.10
binary image
digitized image consisting of an array of pixels, each of which has a value of 0 or 1, whose values are
normally represented by dark and bright regions on the display screen or by the use of two distinct colours
[SOURCE: ISO 13322-1:2004, 3.1.3]
3.11
bit depth
maximum number of discrete levels available for the digitized representation of the signal intensity,
represented as a power of two
Note 1 to entry: The term can be confusing since it is sometimes used to represent bits per pixel and at other
times, the total number of bits used multiplied by the number of total channels. For example, a typical colour
image using 8 bits per channel is often referred to as a 24-bit colour image (8 bits × 3 channels). Colour scanners
and digital cameras typically produce 24 bit (8 bits × 3 channels) or 36 bit (12 bits × 3 channels) images, and
high-end devices can produce 48 bit (16 bit × 3 channels) images. A grayscale scanner would generally be 1 bit for
monochrome or 8 bit for grayscale (producing 256 shades of gray). Bit depth is also referred to as colour depth.
[SOURCE: ISO 22493:2008, 5.2.2.2.1]
3.12
bit rate
number of bits transmitted per second
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 18000-2:2009, 4.2]
3.13
bitonal (digital) image
see binary image
3.14
black point
neutral colour with the lowest luminance that can be produced by an imaging medium in normal use,
measured using the specified measurement geometry
[SOURCE: ISO 12231:2012, 3.104]
3.15
blooming
phenomenon which occurs when a pixel of the solid-state imaging device is so illuminated that the
number of generated electrons is greater than can be stored
Note 1 to entry: This excess of electrons can spread into neighbouring cells. As a result, the highlight areas of the
scene appear increased in size on the television screen.
[SOURCE: IEC 808-04-03]
3.16
bits per pixel
see bit depth
3.17
brightness
attribute of a visual sensation according to which an area appears to emit more or less light
Note 1 to entry: Brightness is among the three attributes that specify colour. The other two attributes are hue
and saturation.
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 8613-2:1995]
3.18
checkerboard
regular squared dark and bright structure on a surface like the one used on a chess board
3.19
chroma
C*
chromatic
chromaticiness, colourfulness, of an area judged as a proportion of the brightness of a similarly
illuminated area that appears white or hrightly transmitting
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 8613-2:1995]
3.20
chromatic aberration
image defect caused when different wavelengths of light are focused at different distances from a lens
(longitudinal chromatic aberration) or when the scale of the image at different wavelengths is different
(lateral chromatic aberration)
Note 1 to entry: This results in varying degrees of sharp focus at the image sensor or shifted objects in an image
depending on the colour or wavelength of light. Chromatic aberration is seen as “colour fringing,” and is most
noticeable in an image at edges with high contrast.
3.21
chromaticity
attribute of a colour stimulus defined by its trichromatic coordinates or by its dominant or
complementary wavelength and purity characteristics taken together
[SOURCE: IEC 723-08-33]
3.22
chromaticity coodinates
ratios of each of the members of a set of CIE tristimulus values to their sum
[SOURCE: ISO 105-A08:2001, 2.4]
3.23
CIELAB colour space
three-dimensional, approximately uniform colour space, produced by plotting, in rectangular
coordinates the component values are L*, a*, b*
[SOURCE: ISO 5631-1:2009, 3.5]
[SOURCE: CIELAB colour space is specified in CIE Publication 15]
3.24
clipping
abrupt truncation of a signal when the signal exceeds a system’s ability to differentiate signal values
above or below a particular level
Note 1 to entry: In the case of images, the result is that there is no differentiation of light tones when the clipping
is at the high end of signal amplitude and no differentiation of dark tones when clipping occurs at the low end of
signal amplitude. For digital audio, clipping occurs when the signal is restricted by the selected bit depth (which
represents amplitude). In a system using 16-bit signed integers, 32 767 is the largest positive value that can be
represented. If input levels are set so that excursions above that are permitted, then clipping will result and some
information will be lost.
Note 2 to entry: If clipping occurs in only one or two channels of an RGB image, the hue will change instantly. For
example, Caucasian skin tones can go reddish yellow when highlight clipping occurs in the red channel only.
4 © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved

3.24.1
clipping (black)
truncation of a signal when the signal represents a tone darker than the system’s ability to differentiate
Note 1 to entry: Excessive black clipping tends to result in “blocked-up” or featureless shadows in an image.
3.24.2
clipping (highlights)
truncation of a signal when the signal represents a tone lighter than the system’s ability to differentiate
Note 1 to entry: Excessive highlight clipping tends to result in “blown-out” or featureless highlights in an image.
3.25
codec
device or algorithm used to perform encoding/decoding and compression/decompression of the digital
data
Note 1 to entry: This may be combined with converting analog signals into digital (and vice versa).
[SOURCE: ISO/TR 16056-1:2004, 3.16]
3.26
color
...