ISO/TC 6 - Paper, board and pulps

This document specifies a method to measure the energy required to rapidly delaminate a test piece of paper or board. Rupture of the test piece in the “Z” or thickness direction is initiated by a pendulum having a defined mass, moving at a defined velocity. The procedure is suitable for both single- and multi-ply papers and boards, including coated sheets and those that are laminated with synthetic polymer films. It is particularly suitable for papers and boards that can be subjected to z-direction rapid impacts, impulses or shock loads during printing or conversion. The test procedure entails the adherence of double-sided adhesive tape to both sides of the test piece under pressure. For this reason, the method is unsuitable for materials that can be structurally damaged by compression or are porous enough to permit migration of the tape adhesive into or through the test piece.

This document specifies the conditioning atmospheres to be used for conditioning and testing cores based on ISO 187.

This document specifies a method for determination of the drainability of water from a pulp suspension in terms of the “Canadian Standard” freeness method in millilitres. In principle, this method is applicable to all kinds of pulp in aqueous suspension. NOTE Treatments of pulp suspensions which produce a large proportion of fines can induce an anomalous rise in freeness (false freeness), as a rule at values below 100 ml.

This document specifies a method for the determination of the flat crush resistance of corrugated fibreboard used in the manufacture of shipping containers. This document is applicable to single-faced and single-wall (double-faced) corrugated fibreboard. This document is not applicable to double-wall (double-double-faced) corrugated fibreboard and to microflute corrugated fibreboard, since the end-point of the test is not clearly defined or observable.

This document specifies a method for determining the puncture resistance of board using a pendulum device. This document is applicable to all types of board, including corrugated fibreboard and solid board, especially those used in the manufacture of packaging cases.

This document specifies a basic laboratory test method for deinkability of woodfree printed paper products as a mixture under alkaline conditions by means of single stage flotation deinking and fatty acid-based collector chemistry. The woodfree printed paper product of interest is tested as a mixture containing 10 % by weight of the woodfree printed paper with the balance comprising a mixture of printed wood-containing paper.

This document specifies a method for the determination of the water absorption of paper and board after total immersion in water for a specified time. The method is applicable to all types of paper and board which have a degree of water resistance. It is not applicable to very absorbent papers such as tissue papers and tissue products.

This document specifies a method for the determination of the wet strength of paper and board by measuring its bursting strength after it has been immersed in water for a specified period. The method is applicable to most kinds of paper and board, provided that an appropriate immersion time is agreed between the interested parties. Different results can be found if the sample is re-tested after a period of time.

This document describes a method for the determination of the glass transition temperature (Tg) of kraft lignin. The procedure utilizes differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). This procedure is applicable to solid lignins (e.g., powdered form) isolated using different isolation techniques (e.g., acidification with hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, etc., and carbonation using gaseous carbon dioxide) from the spent liquor (black liquor) generated from the kraft pulping process. It does not apply to raw black liquor and lignin in the alkali form, (lignin that is separated from wood chips and dissolved in sodium sulfide and sodium hydroxide liquor such as that originating from black liquor).

This document describes the thermal analysis of kraft lignin using thermogravimetric methods. Thermogravimetry can be used to determine the initial decomposition temperature(s), rate(s) of decomposition, and the temperature at maximum decomposition of various materials, including lignins at atmospheric pressure. All these temperatures are solely based on the mass loss and are not necessarily the real decomposition temperatures, because not all decompositions can generate evaporation at atmospheric pressure. Thus, these values are only for comparison purposes. This procedure is applicable to solid lignins (e.g., powdered form) isolated using different isolation techniques (e.g., acidification with hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, etc., and carbonation using gaseous carbon dioxide) from the spent liquor (black liquor) generated in the kraft pulping process. It does not apply to raw black liquor. Thermogravimetric measurement may be performed under different types of atmosphere, e.g., an inert atmosphere or an oxidative atmosphere.

This document specifies a test method for determining the compressive strength of a sample fixed into an S-shape in the machine direction. This document is applicable to papers with a grammage of 80 g/m2 to 220 g/m2; different grammages can lead to unreliable results.

This document specifies a test method for the determination of the wet tensile strength of tissue paper and tissue products after soaking with water, using a tensile-strength-testing apparatus operating with a constant rate of elongation. Currently, two types of tensile-strength-testing apparatus are commercially available, one where the test piece is positioned vertically and, for the other, horizontally. This document applies for both. For vertical tensile-strength-testing apparatus, a device that is held in the lower grip of the tensile-strength-testing apparatus, called a Finch Cup, is used to achieve the wetting. For horizontal tensile-strength-testing apparatus, the soaking device is placed between the two clamps. This document is not applicable to cases where impurities and contraries are determined.

This document specifies a method for the determination of stickies and non-tacky polymeric contaminants present in pulp or paper sheets near-infrared measurement. This document is applicable to recycled pulps and papers. Sampling of pulp and paper as well as the preparation of handsheets are outside the scope of this document.

This document specifies the testing procedures for the instrumental determination of the opacity of tissue paper or tissue products by diffuse reflectance using a paper backing. This document contains specific instructions for the preparation of test pieces of single-ply and multi-ply products, where special preparation/procedures might be necessary. It can be used to determine the opacity of tissue paper and tissue products containing fluorescent whitening agents, provided the UV content of the radiation incident on the test piece has been adjusted to conform to that in the CIE illuminant C using a fluorescent reference standard provided by an authorized laboratory as described in ISO 2470-1.

This document describes the general procedure for measuring the diffuse radiance factor of all types of pulp, paper and board. More particularly, it specifies in detail the procedures to be used for calibrating the equipment, and in Annex A, the characteristics of the equipment to be used for such measurements. This document can be used to measure the diffuse radiance factors and related properties of materials containing fluorescent whitening agents, provided that the UV-content of the instrument illumination has been adjusted to give the same level of fluorescence as a fluorescent reference standard for a selected CIE illuminant, according to the International Standard describing the measurement of the property in question. Annex C describes the preparation of fluorescent reference standards.

This document describes methods for the determination of the dry matter content of lignins by oven-drying and freeze-drying. The methods are applicable to all types of lignins isolated from kraft, organosolv, soda, and sulfite pulping processes, and to lignin obtained by enzymatic or acid hydrolysis of biomass. However, the oven-drying method is not applicable to kraft lignins in the base form, also referred to as sodium form. Both methods are applicable only to lignins in the solid form.

This method describes procedures for the determination of inorganics content in kraft, soda, and hydrolysis lignin. The method is applicable to lignin isolated from a kraft pulping process, a soda pulping process, or lignin obtained by hydrolysis of biomass. For kraft lignin in the acid form, soda lignin, and hydrolysis lignin, the inorganics content is determined from the ash content of the sample. For kraft lignin in the base form, the inorganics content is determined from the sum of the contents of calcium, magnesium, manganese, iron, copper, sodium and potassium.

This document specifies a test method for the determination of the surface roughness of paper and board using a stylus contact method. It is applicable to all papers and boards except tissue paper.

This document provides guidelines for the laboratory refining of various pulps intended for paper production including: — Harmonization of terms and parameters for the simulation of industrial refining processes by laboratory refiners; — Treatment of pulp samples in a (semi) continuous operation in contrast to the batch operation of laboratory beating equipment such as the PFI mill; — Evaluation of fibres for papermaking, in particular chemical market pulps, under close-to-reality conditions in terms of refining intensity and refining energy consumption. This document only considers refiners operating at low stock concentration, i.e. 3 % to 5 %.

This document specifies a method for determining the bacteria, yeast and mould population on the surface of paper and paperboard. The enumeration relates to specific media. This document is applicable to all kinds of paper and paperboard, to dry market pulp in sheet form and to packaging material.

This document specifies a test method for the determination of the tensile strength of perforated lines of tissue paper. It uses a tensile-testing apparatus operating with a constant rate of elongation. This method is only used for measuring machine-direction tensile strength, that is for cross-direction perforations on tissue paper. The calculation of perforation efficiency is also specified in this document.

This document specifies a method for determining the water absorptiveness of paper and board, including corrugated fibreboard, under standard conditions. This document is not applicable for paper of grammage less than 50 g/m2 or embossed paper. It is not applicable for porous papers such as newsprint or papers such as blotting paper or other papers having a relatively high-water absorptiveness for which ISO 8787 is more suitable.

This document describes a procedure for determining the content of residual alkali in Kraft black liquors having a dry matter content up to 40 %. The method is based on a potentiometric titration with hydrochloric acid and is intended for black liquor samples with an initial pH ≥ 11,0. The lower limit of determination is 0,1 g/l of eq. NaOH.

This document describes a procedure for the determination of sulphide, i.e. the hydrosulphide ion concentration, in white, oxidized white and green liquors, as well as in black liquor having a dry matter content up to 40 %. The determination also includes the sulphide part of any polysulphide present in the solution.

This document specifies a potentiometric titration procedure for the determination of total, active and effective alkali in white and green liquors obtained and used in the kraft or sulphate pulping process. This document is not applicable for the analysis of liquors such as oxidized white liquors which contain significant amounts of polysulphides. The method given in this document is not intended for the determination of particular ionic species, such as sulphides or carbonates.

This document specifies an apparatus and the procedures for the laboratory wet disintegration of mechanical pulps that exhibit latency except when brightness is measured. This apparatus and procedure can be used for preparation of the test portion in other International Standards dealing with pulps. This document is applicable to all kind of mechanical pulps (i.e. mechanical, semi-chemical and chemi-mechanical pulps) exhibiting latency.

This document specifies the general procedure for fibre furnish analysis of paper, board and pulps. It is applicable to all kinds of pulps and to most papers and boards, including those containing more than one kind of fibre, taking into account different pulping processes. This method is less suitable for heavily impregnated or highly coloured papers and boards, which cannot be dispersed or decoloured without affecting the structure or the staining reactions of the fibres.

This document specifies two procedures for the preparation of laboratory sheets prior to measuring optical properties. One is the preparation of pads in a Büchner funnel using a filter paper or a wire screen and the other one is the preparation of laboratory sheets in a standard sheet former (conventional or Rapid Köthen). This document is applicable to all wood pulps and to most other types of pulp. It is not applicable to pulps with very long fibres, such as those made from unshortened cotton, flax and similar materials, unless they are reduced to a suitable fibre length (about 2 mm) before performing the methods. It is not applicable to recycled pulps (see ISO 21993). It is not applicable to opacity measurements or to the determination of light scattering and absorption coefficients.

This document specifies a non-waxed edge method for the determination of the edgewise crush resistance of corrugated fibreboard. The force is applied in the direction of the flute axis. This method is applicable to single-wall (double-faced), double-wall, and triple-wall corrugated fibreboard. It is applicable to all corrugated fibreboard flute types if no buckling and/or tipping occurs during measurement. This method is also applicable to test samples taken from corrugated cases and other converted products.

This document specifies a test method for the determination of the surface friction of tissue paper and tissue products using a contact-type surface tester.

This document specifies the standard atmospheres for conditioning and testing pulp, paper and board, the conditioning procedure and the procedures for measuring the temperature and relative humidity.

This document specifies testing procedures for the instrumental determination of brightness and colour of tissue paper and tissue products viewed in indoor daylight conditions. It also gives specific instructions for the preparation of test pieces (single-ply, multi-ply products) and for the optical measurements of products, where special precautions can be necessary. NOTE The properties called D65 brightness and colour are measured with an instrument adjusted to a much higher UV content than that specified in this document.

This document specifies a test method for the determination of the tensile strength, stretch at maximum force and tensile energy absorption of tissue paper and tissue products. It uses a tensile-testing apparatus operating with a constant rate of elongation. It also specifies the method of calculating the tensile index and the tensile energy absorption index.

This document specifies the relevant International Standards used for the determination of physical properties of laboratory sheets made of all types of pulps. It is applicable to laboratory sheets prepared in accordance with ISO 5269‑1, ISO 5269‑2 or ISO 5269‑3.

This document specifies a method for measuring the colour of paper and board by the diffuse reflectance method with the elimination of specular gloss. This document is primarily intended for measuring the colour of paper and board to be used in the graphic arts industry, where that industry specifies the measurement of colour under D50/2° conditions in accordance with ISO 13655. This method differs from ISO 13655, in that the UV content of the illumination is adjusted to a different level. The method can be used to determine the colour of papers or boards that contain fluorescent whitening agents, provided the UV content of the illumination on the test piece has been adjusted to conform to that in the CIE illuminant C, using a fluorescent reference standard that fulfils the requirements for international fluorescent reference standards of level 3 (IR3) as prescribed by ISO 2469 with an assigned ISO brightness value provided by an authorized laboratory, as described in ISO 2470‑1. This document is not applicable to coloured papers or boards that incorporate fluorescent dyes or pigments.

This document specifies a method for measuring the colour of paper and board by the diffuse reflectance method with the elimination of specular gloss. It can be used to determine the colour of papers or boards that contain fluorescent whitening agents, provided the UV content of the illumination on the test piece has been previously adjusted to give the calibrated colorimetric value corresponding to CIE standard illuminant D65, using a fluorescent reference standard with an assigned CIE whiteness (D65/10°) value provided by an authorized laboratory, as described in ISO 11475. This document is not applicable to coloured papers or boards that incorporate fluorescent dyes or pigments.

This document specifies a method for measuring the colour of paper and board by the diffuse reflectance method with the elimination of specular gloss. This document is not applicable to coloured papers or boards which incorporate fluorescent dyes or pigments. It may be used to determine the colour of papers or boards which contain fluorescent whitening agents provided the UV content of the illumination on the test piece has been adjusted to conform to that in the CIE illuminant C, using a fluorescent reference standard that fulfils the requirements for international fluorescent reference standards of level 3 (IR3) as prescribed by ISO 2469 with an assigned ISO brightness value provided by an authorized laboratory, as described in ISO 2470‑1.

This document specifies a test method for the evaluation of the paper coating strength in the inner fold. The test method is intended for single or multiple coated papers up to a thickness of 150 µm that can be folded without creasing.

This document describes a method for the determination of lignin content in kraft, soda, and hydrolysis lignin. The method is applicable to lignin isolated from a kraft pulping process, a soda pulping process, or lignin obtained by hydrolysis of biomass.

This document describes a method for the determination of carbohydrate composition in kraft lignin, soda lignin and biorefinery lignin. The method is applicable to lignin isolated from a kraft pulping process, a soda pulping process, or lignin obtained by hydrolysis of biomass.

This document specifies a method for determining the total number of colony-forming units of yeast and mould in dry market pulp, paper and paperboard after disintegration. The enumeration relates to specific media.

This document specifies an oven-drying method for the determination of the dry matter content in paper, board, pulp and cellulosic nanomaterials in solid form, which all can be produced from virgin and /or recycled materials. It is also applicable to the determination of the dry matter content of paper and board for recycling. The procedure is applicable to paper, board, and pulp and cellulosic nanomaterials which do not contain any appreciable quantities of materials other than water that are volatile at the temperature of 105 °C ± 2 °C. It is used, for example, in the case of pulp, paper, and board and cellulosic nanomaterial samples taken for chemical and physical tests in the laboratory, when a concurrent determination of dry matter content is required. This method is not applicable to the determination of the dry matter content of slush pulp or to the determination of the saleable mass of pulp lots. NOTE 1 ISO 638-2[1] specifies an oven-drying method for the determination of the dry matter content of suspensions of cellulosic nanomaterials, ISO 287[2] specifies the determination of the moisture content of a lot of paper and board; ISO 4119[3] specifies the determination of stock concentration of pulps; the ISO 801 series[4] specifies the determination of the saleable mass in lots. NOTE 2 This document determines the total dry matter content of the sample, including any dissolved solids. If only the cellulosic material content free of dissolved solids is desired, dissolved solids are removed prior to measuring the dry matter content, e.g. by washing or dialysis, taking care to retain all cellulosic material; in cases where the sample is filterable without loss of cellulosic solids, ISO 4119[3] can be used to determine the stock consistency (content of cellulosic material in solid form).

This document specifies an oven-drying method for the determination of the dry matter content in suspensions of cellulosic nanomaterials. The procedure is applicable to cellulosic nanomaterial suspensions which do not contain any appreciable quantities of materials other than water that are volatile at the temperature of 105 °C ± 2 °C. It is used, for example, in the case of cellulosic nanomaterial suspensions samples taken for chemical and physical tests in the laboratory, when a concurrent determination of dry matter content is required. NOTE This document determines the total dry matter content of the sample, including any dissolved solids. If only the cellulosic material content free of dissolved solids is desired, dissolved solids are removed prior to measuring the dry matter content, e.g. by washing or dialysis, taking care to retain all cellulosic material.

This document specifies test methods for the determination of the internal diameter, the external diameter, the wall thickness and the length of paper and board cores.

This document specifies a method for the determination of the alkali reserve of papers and boards. lt is intended for products that contain alkaline pigments or other alkaline material, added to improve their resistance to acid attack (degradation). This document is not applicable to laminated, printed or otherwise processed grades that will not disintegrate completely by the procedure described. The result obtained will include alkaline pigments contained in the coating of a coated paper. NOTE Such alkaline coating will protect the core of the paper from acid substances in ambient air, but its effect on acid substances generated in the base paper itself is uncertain.

This document presents guidelines for a methodology for the estimation of the uncertainty of methods for testing lignins and kraft liquors, pulps, paper, board, cellulosic nanomaterials, as well as products thereof containing any portion of recycled material or material intended for recycling.

This document specifies a method for the measurement of curl in cut-size office papers. The test method is typically used in evaluating papers of the type described in ISO 216. This method is limited to papers with a maximum dimension of 300 mm in both directions. The measurement can be made on papers as received, after conditioning, or after processing in a copier or printing device.

This document specifies the essential characteristics and the principles of calibration of fixed platen compression testing equipment used in the testing of paper, board, and corrugated fibreboard.

This document specifies a method of obtaining, for test purposes, a gross sample representative of a certain lot of pulp. This document applies to all kinds of pulp delivered in bales or rolls. It is intended for use when sampling for all kinds of testing purposes except for the determination of saleable mass, in which case other International Standards apply such as ISO 801-1 and ISO 801-2. If, however, the pulp is to be tested for saleable mass in addition to other properties, the gross sample obtained according to the appropriate International Standard for sampling saleable mass can also be used for the other pulp property tests.

This document specifies a method for the determination of the pH-value defined by the electrolytes extractable by hot water from a sample of paper, board or pulp. This document is applicable to all kinds of paper, board and pulp. As the quantity of extractable ionic material approaches zero, as in the case of highly purified pulps, the precision of the method becomes poor because of the difficulties encountered in making pH measurements on water containing little electrolytic material. Since the extraction in this document is performed with distilled or deionised water, the pH-value measured can sometimes be different (e.g. fully bleached pulp) from the pH-value measured under mill process conditions in which various types of process waters, such as chemically treated river water containing electrolytes, are used. In such cases, ISO 29681 can be used instead, as it is specifically applicable to bleached pulps from virgin fibres and to pulp samples having a low ionic strength for which the pH value gives more realistic results related to mill conditions than those obtained with this document. For cellulosic papers used for electrical purposes, the method used can be that given in IEC 60554-2[5].