SIST EN ISO 19085-15:2026

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-marec-2026
Lesnoobdelovalni stroji - Varnost - 15. del: Stiskalnice (ISO 19085-15:2025)
Woodworking machines - Safety - Part 15: Presses (ISO 19085 -15:2025)
Holzbearbeitungsmaschinen - Sicherheit - Teil 15: Pressen (ISO 19085 -15:2025)
Machines à bois Sécurité Partie 15: Presses (ISO 19085 -15:2025)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 19085-15:2025
ICS:
13.110 Varnost strojev Safety of machinery
25.120.10 Kovaški stroji. Stiskalnice. Forging equipment. Presses.
Škarje Shears
79.120.10 Lesnoobdelovalni stroji Woodworking machines
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EN ISO 19085-15
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
December 2025
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 13.110; 79.120.10 Supersedes EN ISO 19085-15:2021
English Version
Woodworking machines - Safety - Part 15: Presses (ISO
19085-15:2025)
Machines à bois - Sécurité - Partie 15: Presses (ISO Holzbearbeitungsmaschinen - Sicherheit - Teil 15:
19085-15:2025) Pressen (ISO 19085-15:2025)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 22 February 2025.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2025 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 19085-15:2025 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
European foreword . 3
Annex ZA (informative) Relationship between this European Standard and the essential
requirements of Directive 2006/42/EC aimed to be covered . 4

European foreword
This document (EN ISO 19085-15:2025) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 39
"Machine tools" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 142 “Woodworking machines -
Safety” the secretariat of which is held by UNI.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by June 2026, and conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by June 2026.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN ISO 19085-15:2021.
This document has been prepared under a standardization request addressed to CEN by the European
Commission. The Standing Committee of the EFTA States subsequently approves these requests for its
Member States.
For the relationship with EU Legislation, see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this
document.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards
body/national committee. A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of
North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and the
United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 19085-15:2025 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 19085-15:2025 without any
modification.
Annex ZA
(informative)
Relationship between this European Standard and the essential
requirements of Directive 2006/42/EC aimed to be covered
This European Standard has been prepared under a Commission’s standardization request “M/396
Mandate to CEN and CENELEC for standardisation in the field of machinery” to provide one voluntary
means of conforming to essential requirements of Directive 2006/42/EC of the European Parliament
and of the Council of 17 May 2006 on machinery, and amending Directive 95/16/EC (recast).
Once this standard is cited in the Official Journal of the European Union under that Directive,
compliance with the normative clauses of this standard given in Table ZA.1 confers, within the limits of
the scope of this standard, a presumption of conformity with the corresponding essential requirements
of that Directive, and associated EFTA regulations.
Table ZA.1 — Correspondence between this European Standard and Directive 2006/42/EC
The relevant Essential Requirements (ERs) Clause(s)/subclause(s)
Remarks/Notes
of Directive 2006/42/EC of this EN
1.1.2 Principles of safety integration
a) 4, 5, 6, 7
c) 4, 5, 6, 7
d) 4, 5, 6, 7
e) 4, 5, 6, 7
1.1.5 Design of machinery to facilitate its handling 6.5
1.1.6 Ergonomics 6.5
1.2.1 Safety and reliability of control systems 4.1
1.2.2 Control devices 4.2, 4.3, 4.4
1.2.3 Starting 4.3
1.2.4.1 Normal stop 4.4.2
1.2.4.3 Emergency stop 4.4.4
1.2.6 Failure of the power supply 4.8
1.3.1 Risk of loss of stability 5.1, 7.3
1.3.2 Risk of break-up during operation 7.3
1.3.3 Risks due to falling or ejected objects 7.3
1.3.7 Risks related to moving parts 5.6, 5.7, 7.3
1.3.8 Choice of protection against risks related to 5.6, 5.7, 7.3
moving parts
1.3.9 Risk of uncontrolled movements 4.8
The relevant Essential Requirements (ERs) Clause(s)/subclause(s)
Remarks/Notes
of Directive 2006/42/EC of this EN
1.4.1 General requirements 6.4
1.5.1 Electricity supply 6.4, 6.13
1.5.2 Static electricity 6.11
1.5.5 Extreme temperatures 6.16
1.5.6 Fire 6.1
1.5.8 Noise 6.2
1.5.10 Radiation 6.17, 7.2.2
1.6.1 Machinery maintenance 6.14, 7.3
1.6.2 Access to operating position and servicing 6.14, 7.3
points
1.6.3 Isolation of energy sources 6.13, 7.3
1.6.4 Operator intervention 6.14, 7.3
1.6.5 Cleaning of internal parts 6.14, 7.3
1.7.1 Information and warnings on the machinery 7.1, 7.2
1.7.3 Marking of machinery 7.2
1.7.4 Instructions 7.3, Annex F
2.3 Machinery for working wood and analogous
materials
a)  guiding 5.10
WARNING 1 Presumption of conformity stays valid only as long as a reference to this European
Standard is maintained in the list published in the Official Journal of the European Union. Users of this
standard should consult frequently the latest list published in the Official Journal of the European
Union.
WARNING 2 Other Union legislation may be applicable to the product(s) falling within the scope of
this standard.
International
Standard
ISO 19085-15
Second edition
Woodworking machines — Safety —
2025-03
Part 15:
Presses
Machines à bois — Sécurité —
Partie 15: Presses
Reference number
ISO 19085-15:2025(en) © ISO 2025

ISO 19085-15:2025(en)
© ISO 2025
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
ISO 19085-15:2025(en)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 2
3 Terms and definitions . 3
4 Safety requirements and measures for controls .12
4.1 Safety and reliability of control systems. 12
4.2 Control devices . 12
4.3 Start . 13
4.3.1 Direct start . 13
4.3.2 Start via control power-on . 13
4.4 Safe stops . 13
4.4.1 General . 13
4.4.2 Normal stop . 13
4.4.3 Operational stop .14
4.4.4 Emergency stop .14
4.5 Braking function of tools .14
4.6 Mode selection .14
4.7 Tool speed changing .14
4.7.1 Speed changing by shifting the belts on the pulleys .14
4.7.2 Speed changing by incremental speed change motor .14
4.7.3 Infinitely variable speed by frequency inverter .14
4.8 Failure of any power supply .14
4.9 Manual reset control .14
4.10 Standstill detection and monitoring .14
4.11 Machine moving parts speed monitoring. 15
4.12 Time delay. 15
4.13 Teleservice . 15
5 Safety requirements and measures for protection against mechanical hazards .15
5.1 Stability . 15
5.2 Risk of break-up during operation .16
5.3 Tool holder and tool design .16
5.3.1 General .16
5.3.2 Spindle locking .16
5.3.3 Circular saw blade fixing devices .16
5.3.4 Flange dimensions for circular saw blades .16
5.4 Braking .16
5.4.1 Braking of tool spindles .16
5.4.2 Maximum run-down time .16
5.4.3 Brake release .17
5.5 Safeguards .17
5.5.1 Fixed guards .17
5.5.2 Interlocking moveable guards .17
5.5.3 Hold-to-run control .17
5.5.4 Two hand control .17
5.5.5 Electro-sensitive protective equipment (ESPE) .17
5.5.6 Pressure sensitive protective equipment (PSPE) .17
5.5.7 Enabling control .17
5.6 Prevention of access to hazardous moving parts .17
5.6.1 Safeguarding machines with manual loading and unloading .17
5.6.2 Safeguarding machines with high-frequency system .19
5.6.3 Safeguarding machines with automatic workpiece loading/unloading systems
type 1, type 2 and type 3 . 20

iii
ISO 19085-15:2025(en)
5.6.4 Safeguarding machines with automatic workpiece loading/unloading systems
type 4 and type 5 . 20
5.6.5 Safeguarding machines with automatic workpiece loading/unloading system
type 6 .21
5.7 Impact hazard . 22
5.8 Clamping devices . 22
5.9 Measures against ejection . 22
5.9.1 General . 22
5.9.2 Guards materials and characteristics . 23
5.10 Workpiece support and guides . 23
6 Safety requirements and measures for protection against other hazards .23
6.1 Fire . 23
6.2 Noise . 23
6.2.1 Noise reduction at the design stage . 23
6.2.2 Noise emission measurement and declaration . 23
6.3 Emission of chips and dust .24
6.4 Electricity .24
6.5 Ergonomics and handling . 25
6.6 Lighting . 25
6.7 Pneumatics . 26
6.8 Hydraulics . 26
6.9 Electromagnetic compatibility. 26
6.10 Laser . 26
6.11 Static electricity. 26
6.12 Errors of fitting . 26
6.13 Isolation . 26
6.14 Maintenance . 26
6.15 Relevant but not significant hazards . 26
6.16 Extreme temperatures . 26
6.17 Radiation . 26
7 Information for use .27
7.1 Warning devices .27
7.2 Marking .27
7.2.1 General .27
7.2.2 Additional markings .27
7.3 Instruction handbook. 28
7.3.1 General . 28
7.3.2 Additional information . 28
Annex A (informative) List of significant hazards .29
Annex B (informative) Performance level required .31
Annex C (informative) Stability test .32
Annex D (informative) Test for braking function .33
Annex E (informative) Impact test for guards .34
Annex F (normative) Noise test code . .35
Bibliography .39

iv
ISO 19085-15:2025(en)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee
has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations,
governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely
with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types
of ISO document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent
rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received notice of (a)
patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that
this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at
www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 39, Machine tools, Subcommittee SC 4,
Woodworking machines, in collaboration with the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical
Committee CEN/TC 142, Woodworking machines - Safety, in accordance with the Agreement on technical
cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 19085-15:2021), which has been technically
revised. The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— the Scope has been revised to also cover presses with pneumatic or electrical actuators (not only
hydraulic) and to specify that machines are intended for continuous production use;
— the list of significant hazards has been moved to new Annex A;
— the structure has been simplified and modified, in particular in 5.6;
— subclause 6.2 has been updated and the noise test code has been moved to Annex F;
— subclause 6.4 has been improved;
— subclause 6.17 on radiation has been added.
This document is intended to be used in conjunction with ISO 19085-1:2021.
A list of all parts in the ISO 19085 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.

v
ISO 19085-15:2025(en)
Introduction
The ISO 19085 series provides technical safety requirements for the design and construction of woodworking
machinery. It concerns designers, manufacturers, suppliers and importers of the machines specified in the
Scope. It also includes a list of informative items to be provided the user by the manufacturer.
This document is a type-C standard as stated in ISO 12100:2010.
This document is of relevance, in particular, for the following stakeholder groups representing the market
players with regard to machinery safety:
— machine manufacturers (small, medium and large enterprises);
— health and safety bodies (regulators, accident prevention organisations, market surveillance etc.).
Others can be affected by the level of machinery safety achieved with the means of the document by the
above-mentioned stakeholder groups:
— machine users/employers (small, medium and large enterprises);
— machine users/employees (e.g. trade unions, organizations for people with special needs);
— service providers, e.g. for maintenance (small, medium and large enterprises);
— consumers (in case of machinery intended for use by consumers).
The above-mentioned stakeholder groups have been given the possibility to participate at the drafting
process of this document.
The machinery concerned and the extent to which hazards, hazardous situations or hazardous events are
covered are indicated in the Scope of this document.
When requirements of this type-C standard are different from those which are stated in type-A or type-B
standards, the requirements of this type-C standard take precedence over the requirements of the other
standards for machines that have been designed and built according to the requirements of this type-C
standard.
The full set of requirements for a particular type of woodworking machine are those given in the part of the
ISO 19085 series applicable to that type, together with the relevant requirements from ISO 19085-1:2021, to
the extent specified in the Scope of the applicable part of the ISO 19085 series.
This document is intended to be used in conjunction with ISO 19085-1:2021, which gives requirements
common to the different woodworking machine types.
As far as possible, the safety requirements of parts of the ISO 19085 series refer to the relevant subclauses
of ISO 19085-1:2021. Each part contains replacements and additions to the common requirements given in
ISO 19085-1:2021.
Clauses 1 to 3 are specific to each part and, therefore, replace ISO 19085-1:2021, Clauses 1 to 3.
For Clauses 4 to 7 and Annexes A to F, each subclause of ISO 19085-1:2021, Clauses 4 to 7 and Annexes A to
F can be:
— confirmed as a whole;
— confirmed with additions;
— excluded in total; or
— replaced with specific text.

vi
ISO 19085-15:2025(en)
This is indicated by one of the following possible statements:
— “ISO 19085-1:2021, [subclause/Annex], applies”;
— “ISO 19085-1:2021, [subclause/Annex], applies with the following additions.” or “ISO 19085-1:2021,
[subclause/Annex], applies with the following additions, subdivided into further specific subclauses.”;
— “ISO 19085-1:2021, [subclause/Annex], does not apply.”;
— “ISO 19085-1:2021, [subclause/Annex], is replaced by the following text.” or “ISO 19085-1:2021,
[subclause/Annex], is replaced by the following text, subdivided into further specific subclauses.”.
Other subclauses and annexes specific to this document are indicated by the introductory sentence:
“Subclause/Annex specific to this document.”.

vii
International Standard ISO 19085-15:2025(en)
Woodworking machines — Safety —
Part 15:
Presses
1 Scope
1.1 This document specifies the safety requirements and measures for
— cold presses,
— hot presses,
— bending presses,
— edge/face gluing presses,
— membrane presses, and
— embossing presses,
where the pressing force is applied by hydraulic, pneumatic or electrical actuators pushing two flat or shaped
surfaces against each other, capable of continuous production use, altogether referred to as “machines”.
This document deals with all significant hazards, hazardous situations and events as listed in Annex A,
relevant to machines, when operated, adjusted and maintained as intended and under the conditions
foreseen by the manufacturer, including reasonably foreseeable misuse. Also, transport, assembly,
dismantling, disabling and scrapping phases are taken into account.
1.2 This document is applicable to machines fitted with one or more of the following devices or additional
working units, whose hazards have been dealt with:
a) a device for hot gluing;
b) a device for high-frequency gluing in the frequency range from 1 MHz to 400 MHz;
c) a device for high-frequency shaping in the frequency range from 1 MHz to 400 MHz;
d) an automatic workpiece loading and unloading system;
e) an intermediate additional platen;
f) a workpiece extractor;
g) a horizontal pressing system;
h) split moveable platens.
1.3 The machines are designed to process workpieces consisting of:
a) solid wood;
b) materials with similar characteristics to wood (see ISO 19085-1:2021, 3.2), except those with light alloy
laminates/edges/profiles for high-frequency presses;

ISO 19085-15:2025(en)
c) wood-based material such as chipboard, fibreboard and plywood composed/laminated with steel
sheets/edges/profiles, except for high-frequency presses;
d) honeycomb board;
e) composite boards made from the materials listed above.
1.4 This document does not deal with any hazards related to:
— specific devices that differ from the list above;
— hot fluid heating systems internal to the machine other than electrical;
— any hot fluid heating systems external to the machine;
— operation of taking intermediate platens out and in again;
— the combination of a single machine being used with any other machine (as part of a line).
1.5 This document is not applicable to:
— frame presses;
— membrane presses where the pressing force is applied by vacuum only;
— presses for producing chipboard, fibreboard, OSB;
— machines intended for use in potentially explosive atmosphere;
— machines manufactured before the date of publication of this document.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes
requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 7010:2019, Graphical symbols — Safety colours and safety signs — Registered safety signs
ISO 7010:2019/Amd 1:2020, Graphical symbols — Safety colours and safety signs — Registered safety signs —
Amendment 1
ISO 7010:2019/Amd 2:2020, Graphical symbols — Safety colours and safety signs — Registered safety signs —
Amendment 2
ISO 7010:2019/Amd 3:2021, Safety colours and safety signs — Registered safety signs — Amendment 3
ISO 7010:2019/Amd 4:2021, Graphical symbols — Safety colours and safety signs — Registered safety signs —
Amendment 4
ISO 7010:2019/Amd 5:2022, Graphical symbols — Safety colours and safety signs — Registered safety signs —
Amendment 5
ISO 7010:2019/Amd 6:2022, Graphical symbols — Safety colours and safety signs — Registered safety signs —
Amendment 6
ISO 7010:2019/Amd 7:2023, Graphical symbols — Safety colours and safety signs — Registered safety signs —
Amendment 7
ISO 7010:2019/Amd 8:2024, Graphical symbols — Safety colours and safety signs — Registered safety signs —
Amendment 8
ISO 12100:2010, Safety of machinery — General principles for design — Risk assessment and risk reduction

ISO 19085-15:2025(en)
ISO 13850:2015, Safety of machinery — Emergency stop function — Principles for design
ISO 13855:2024, Safety of machinery — Positioning of safeguards with respect to the approach speeds of parts
of the human body
ISO 19085-1:2021, Woodworking machines — Safety — Part 1: Common requirements
IEC 60204-1:2016, Safety of machinery — Electrical equipment of machines — Part 1: General requirements
IEC 61310-1:2007, Safety of machinery — Indication, marking and actuation — Part 1: Requirements for visual,
acoustic and tactile signals
IEC 62311:2019, Assessment of electronic and electrical equipment related to human exposure restrictions for
electromagnetic fields (0 Hz to 300 GHz)
EN 12198-1:2000+A1:2008, Safety of machinery — Assessment and reduction of risks arising from radiation
emitted by machinery — Part 1: General principles
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 12100:2010, ISO 19085-1:2021 and
the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
cold press
machine used to laminate or join together flat panels, or both, in which the pressing force is applied by
hydraulic, pneumatic or electrical actuators pushing two cold flat platens against each other
Note 1 to entry: The moveable platen can be the top or the bottom one or both. Examples of different machine designs
are illustrated in Figures 1 and 2 (safeguarding devices are not fully illustrated).
Note 2 to entry: The following devices can be provided:
— automatic panel loading and unloading;
— split moveable platens (see Figure 14).
3.2
hot press
machine used to laminate or join together flat panels, or both, in which the pressing force is applied by
hydraulic actuators pushing two hot flat platens against each other
Note 1 to entry: The moveable platen can be the top or the bottom one or both. Examples of different machine designs
are illustrated in Figures 1 and 2 (safeguarding devices are not fully illustrated).
Note 2 to entry: The following devices can be provided:
— automatic panel loading and unloading;
— intermediate additional platens (see Figure 3).
Note 3 to entry: Platens heating systems can be by electrical resistance or hot fluid (e.g. diathermic oil, water). Fluid
heating system can be internal to the machine or external.

ISO 19085-15:2025(en)
Figure 1 — Example of a cold or hot press with bottom actuators
Figure 2 — Example of a cold or hot press with top actuators

ISO 19085-15:2025(en)
Figure 3 — Example of a hot press with intermediate platens
3.3
bending press
machine with manual loading or unloading or both used to assembly or shape flat panels, or both, in which
the pressing force is applied by hydraulic actuators pushing two shaped surfaces against each other, and the
hot gluing process is by hot dies or high-frequency system
Note 1 to entry: For an example, see Figure 4 (safeguarding devices are not fully illustrated).
Figure 4 — Example of a bending press with top actuators

ISO 19085-15:2025(en)
3.4
edge/face gluing press
machine used to join together solid wood bars, in which the pressing force is applied by hydraulic, pneumatic
or electrical actuators vertically pushing two flat platens against each other, and horizontally pushing
elements against each other, and the gluing process is by hot platens or high-frequency system or as a c
...