IEC/IEEE 63184:2025

IEC/IEEE 63184 ®
Edition 1.0 2025-02
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
Assessment methods of the human exposure to electric and magnetic fields from
wireless power transfer systems – Models, instrumentation, measurement and
computational methods and procedures (frequency range of 3 kHz to 30 MHz)

Méthodes d'évaluation de l'exposition humaine aux champs électriques et
magnétiques produits par les systèmes de transfert de puissance sans fil –
Modèles, instrumentation, méthodes et procédures de mesure et de calcul (Plage
de fréquences comprise entre 3 kHz et 30 MHz)

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IEC/IEEE 63184 ®
Edition 1.0 2025-02
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
Assessment methods of the human exposure to electric and magnetic fields

from wireless power transfer systems – Models, instrumentation, measurement

and computational methods and procedures (frequency range of 3 kHz to 30

MHz)
Méthodes d'évaluation de l'exposition humaine aux champs électriques et

magnétiques produits par les systèmes de transfert de puissance sans fil –

Modèles, instrumentation, méthodes et procédures de mesure et de calcul

(Plage de fréquences comprise entre 3 kHz et 30 MHz)

INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
INTERNATIONALE
ICS 17.220.20; 17.240 ISBN 978-2-8327-0139-3

– 2 – IEC/IEEE 63184:2025 © IEC/IEEE 2025
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 10
INTRODUCTION . 12
1 Scope . 13
2 Normative references. 13
3 Terms and definitions . 14
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 19
4.1 Physical quantities . 19
4.2 Constants . 19
4.3 Abbreviated terms . 19
5 Assessment procedures . 20
5.1 General . 20
5.2 Compliance assessment considering direct effects . 21
5.2.1 General . 21
5.2.2 Tier 1: Evaluation based on coil current . 22
5.2.3 Tier 2: Evaluation of incident fields against reference levels . 23
5.2.4 Tier 3: Evaluation of incident magnetic fields using coupling factor . 23
5.2.5 Tier 4: Evaluation of internal E-field, current density, or SAR against
basic restrictions . 29
5.3 Exposure assessment of contact currents . 29
6 Measurement methods . 31
6.1 Incident fields. 31
6.1.1 General . 31
6.1.2 Equipment . 32
6.2 SAR and pE . 34
ind
6.3 Contact currents . 36
6.3.1 General . 36
6.3.2 Equipment . 36
6.3.3 Measurements . 37
7 Computational assessment methods . 38
7.1 General . 38
7.2 Quasi-static approximation . 39
7.3 Computational assessment against the basic restrictions . 40
7.3.1 General . 40
7.3.2 Peak spatial-average SAR . 41
7.3.3 Whole-body average SAR . 41
7.3.4 Averaged current density on a surface . 41
7.3.5 Peak spatial average internal E-field in a cubical volume . 41
7.3.6 Peak spatial average internal E-field along a line . 41
7.3.7 Maximum local internal E-field . 41
8 Combination of measurement and computational methods for inductive WPT
systems . 42
8.1 General . 42
8.2 Measurement of magnetic field . 42
8.3 Computational analyses of induced quantities . 42
8.4 Computational assessment against the basic restrictions . 43
9 Uncertainty assessments . 43

9.1 General . 43
9.2 Measurement methods . 43
9.2.1 Measurement uncertainty budget . 43
9.2.2 Amplitude calibration uncertainty . 44
9.2.3 Probe anisotropy . 45
9.2.4 Probe dynamic range linearity . 45
9.2.5 Probe frequency domain response . 45
9.2.6 Modulation response . 45
9.2.7 Spatial averaging (maximum gradient) . 45
9.2.8 Gradient assessment uncertainty . 45
9.2.9 Parasitic E-field and H-field sensitivity . 45
9.2.10 Detection limit . 45
9.2.11 Readout electronics . 46
9.2.12 Response time . 46
9.2.13 Probe positioning . 46
9.2.14 Signal postprocessing . 46
9.2.15 Nominal position . 46
9.2.16 Repeatability . 46
9.2.17 DUT . 46
9.3 Computational methods . 46
9.3.1 Computational uncertainty budget . 46
9.3.2 Grid resolution . 48
9.3.3 Tissue parameters . 48
9.3.4 Exposure position . 48
9.3.5 Convergence . 48
9.3.6 Power budget . 49
9.3.7 Boundary conditions . 49
9.3.8 Quasi-static approximation . 49
9.3.9 Model parts and geometry . 49
9.3.10 Dielectric parameters . 49
9.3.11 Ferrite parameters . 50
9.3.12 Positioning of transmit and receive coils . 50
9.3.13 Coupling of transmit and receive coils . 50
9.3.14 Exposure sources other than the coils . 50
9.3.15 Loading of the coil . 50
9.4 Assessment of combining measurement and computational methods. 50
10 Reporting . 51
10.1 General . 51
10.2 Items to be recorded in exposure compliance assessment reports . 51
10.3 Additional items to be included for evaluation measurements . 52
10.4 Additional items to be included for numerical and combined numerical and
measurement evaluations . 53
Annex A (normative) Exposure evaluations using approximations . 54
A.1 Limit on current for a WPT coil . 54
A.2 Induced field quantities for comparison with basic restrictions . 55
A.3 Enhancement or coverage factor . 57
Annex B (normative) Calibration methods . 58
B.1 General . 58
B.2 E-field and H-field calibration . 58

– 4 – IEC/IEEE 63184:2025 © IEC/IEEE 2025
B.2.1 Standard field generation methods . 58
B.2.2 Characteristics to be measured . 58
B.2.3 Frequency domain calibration . 60
B.2.4 E-field calibration . 63
B.3 Gradient response verification . 67
B.3.1 General . 67
B.3.2 H-field gradient verification: Main steps . 67
B.3.3 Uncertainty for H-field gradient verification . 67
B.4 Dosimetric probe calibration . 68
B.4.1 General . 68
B.4.2 Calibration with short dipole antennas via transmit antenna factor . 69
B.4.3 Uncertainty . 72
Annex C (normative) Verification and validation methods for measurements . 73
C.1 General . 73
C.2 Objective . 73
C.3 Measurement setup and procedure for system verification and system
validation . 73
C.3.1 General . 73
C.3.2 Measurement system verification: test procedure . 74
C.3.3 Measurement system validation: test procedure . 75
Annex D (informative) Case study on the dependency of SAR on phantom properties

and size. 76
D.1 Phantom properties . 76
D.2 Phantom size . 79
Annex E (informative) Extrapolation methods of SAR measurement . 82
E.1 General . 82
E.2 Measurement and interpolation of electric field inside a phantom . 82
E.2.1 General . 82
E.2.2 Extrapolation functions . 82
E.2.3 Three steps for determination of spatial-peak SAR . 83
E.2.4 Validation of measurement methods using extrapolation . 83
E.2.5 Uncertainty . 86
Annex F (informative) Computational methods . 88
F.1 General . 88
F.2 Quasi-static finite element method . 88
F.3 Scalar potential finite difference method . 89
F.4 Impedance method . 90
F.5 Finite-difference time-domain method . 91
F.6 Hybrid technique of MoM and FDTD method . 91
F.7 Hybrid technique of FEM and SPFD method . 93
Annex G (informative) Averaging algorithms . 94
G.1 Current density averaging over an area . 94
G.1.1 General . 94
G.1.2 Calculation of the current density in a Cartesian voxel . 94
G.1.3 Calculation of the current density in a tetrahedron . 95
G.1.4 Calculation of J . 95
av
G.2 Internal E-field . 96
G.2.1 General . 96

G.2.2 E-field averaging in a cubical volume . 96
G.2.3 E-field averaging along an averaging distance . 97
G.2.4 Maximum local E-field . 99
Annex H (normative) Code verification and model validations . 100
H.1 Code verification . 100
H.1.1 General . 100
H.1.2 Quasi-static codes . 100
H.1.3 Quasi-static codes for the calculation of the incident magnetic field . 101
H.1.4 Averaging algorithms . 103
H.2 Model validation . 104
H.2.1 General . 104
H.2.2 Recommendations for the development of the computational model . 105
H.2.3 Determining the validity of the field source . 105
Annex I (informative) Use cases of magnetic field exposure assessment . 107
I.1 EV WPT – electric passenger car . 107
I.1.1 General . 107
I.1.2 Determination of user position . 107
I.1.3 Assessment procedures considering direct effects for WPT system for EV . 108
I.1.4 Assessment procedures for contact currents of WPT systems for EV . 114
I.2 Heavy duty vehicle EMF measurement procedure . 119
I.2.1 General . 119
I.2.2 Step 1 . 119
I.2.3 Step 2 . 121
I.2.4 Step 3 . 121
I.3 Remotely piloted aircraft . 122
I.3.1 General . 122
I.3.2 Assessment procedures of WPT system for RPA . 122
Annex J (informative) Examples of magnetic field exposure assessment . 126
J.1 General . 126
J.2 Assessment procedure of heavy-duty WPT EV system . 126
J.2.1 Outline of assessment procedure . 126
J.2.2 Test condition . 126
J.2.3 Test result 1 . 127
J.2.4 Test result 2 . 127
J.2.5 Test result 3 . 127
J.3 Remotely piloted aircraft . 127
J.3.1 General . 127
J.3.2 Description of WPT system for RPA . 128
J.3.3 Measurement of magnetic field around the WPT system for RPA . 128
J.3.4 Modelling for the WPT system for RPA . 129
J.3.5 Evaluation of incident field against basic restrictions . 129
J.3.6 Evaluation of current density, internal electric field, and SAR against
basic restrictions . 132
J.4 Combined method of measurement and computational analysis . 132
J.4.1 General . 132
J.4.2 Measurement of magnetic field . 132
J.4.3 Computational analyses of induced quantities . 133
J.4.4 Example of exposure assessment for WPT systems using combined
method . 133

– 6 – IEC/IEEE 63184:2025 © IEC/IEEE 2025
J.5 SAR measurement for WPT system . 137
Annex K (informative) Proximity detection sensor considerations for exposure
assessment . 139
K.1 General . 139
K.2 Phantom specification . 139
K.2.1 Phantom for the stationary living object detection . 139
K.2.2 Phantom for the proximity living object detection . 139
K.3 Procedures for determining proximity detection sensor triggering distance . 140
K.4 Testing areas . 140
K.5 Procedures for determining stationary living objects . 141
Bibliography . 143

Figure 1 – Flowchart for the assessment procedure . 20
Figure 2 – Flowchart for the assessment procedure considering direct effects . 21
Figure 3 – The gradient G is determined at the surface and normal to the surface, i.e.
n
in the direction of the axis shown . 26
Figure 4 – Coupling factors k of Formula (7) through Formula (11) as a function of the
normalized magnetic field gradient [13] . 29
Figure 5 – Two exposure situations for ungrounded and grounded metal objects . 30
Figure 6 – Flowchart for assessment procedures for contact currents . 31
Figure 7 – Human body equivalent circuit proposed in IEC 60990 [30] . 37
Figure 8 – Impedance frequency characteristics of adult male and equivalent circuits
proposed in IEC 60990 [30] and evaluated values [31], [32], [33], [34] . 37
Figure 9 – Example of contact current measurement equipment . 37
Figure A.1 – Comparison of the H-field with number of turns n at 1 cm from a circular
coil calculated with Biot-Savart and with the approximation of Formula (A.1) . 55
Figure B.1 – H-field and E-field generation setup for probe calibration . 60
Figure B.2 – H-field generation setup for dynamic range calibration . 62
Figure B.3 – E-field generation setup for frequency response calibration . 64
Figure B.4 – E-field generation setup for dynamic range calibration . 65
Figure B.5 – Illustration of the transmit antenna factor evaluation setup [51] . 71
Figure B.6 – Illustration of the sensitivity coefficients evaluation setup [51] . 71
Figure C.1 – Recommended test setups for measurement system verification and
validation . 74
Figure D.1 – Simulation model of large WPT system operating close to a) elliptical
phantom and b) human body model . 77
Figure D.2 – Different exposure conditions for human body model . 77
Figure D.3 – Calculated SAR for circular coils with a 50 cm diameter operating at 6 cm
from the elliptical phantom and heterogeneous human model . 78
Figure D.4 – Simulation model of small WPT system operating close to a) elliptical
phantom and b) human body model . 78
Figure D.5 – Calculated SAR for the small square coils with dimensions 10 cm × 10 cm
operating at 2 cm from the elliptical phantom and heterogeneous human model . 79
Figure D.6 – Layout of large WPT system for exposure condition of a) case A and b)
case C with respect to the elliptical phantom surface . 80

Figure D.7 – Calculated 10 g-averaged SAR versus the smaller axis of elliptical
phantom v normalized by coil outer diameter D for a) case A (f = 7,54 MHz) and b)
high
case C (f = 6,14 MHz, f = 7,18 MHz) . 80
low high
Figure D.8 – Layout of small WPT system for exposure conditions of case C with
respect to a) elliptical phantom and b) rectangular phantom . 81
Figure D.9 – Calculated 10 g-averaged SAR versus the smaller axis v or width W
normalized by square coil diagonal K for a) elliptical phantom (f = 6,6 MHz,
low
f = 7,64 MHz) and b) rectangular phantom (f = 6,59 MHz) . 81
high low
Figure E.1 – Schematic diagram of measurement system . 84
Figure E.2 – Measurement system . 85
Figure E.3 – Measured and simulated electric field distributions in the measurement
plane 25 mm away from the phantom boundary with solenoid-type WPT system
positioned parallel to the phantom wall . 85
Figure E.4 – Measured and simulated electric field distributions in the measurement
plane 25 mm away from the phantom boundary with flat-spiral-type WPT system
positioned parallel to the phantom wall . 86
Figure E.5 – 10 g averaged SAR obtained by measurement, and extrapolation and
MoM-derived 10 g averaged SAR . 86
Figure G.1 – Field components on voxel edges . 95
Figure H.1 – Coordinate system and angles . 102
Figure I.1 – Example for regions of protection, for ground mounted systems
(vehicle) [78] . 107
Figure I.2 – Example for regions of protection, for ground mounted systems (using
vehicle mimic plate) . 108
Figure I.3 – Flowchart for EV and vehicle mimic plate assessment (direct effect) . 109
Figure I.4 – Region 2 measurement positions (WPT) . 110
Figure I.5 – Region 3 measurement positions . 111
Figure I.6 – Region 2 measurement positions of vehicle mimic plate (WPT) . 112
Figure I.7 – Region 3 measurement positions of vehicle mimic plate (WPT) . 113
Figure I.8 – Flowchart for EV use and vehicle mimic plate assessment (contact
currents) . 114
Figure I.9 – Configuration example of contact current with grounded condition: (1) with
vehicle . 116
Figure I.10 – Configuration example of contact current with grounded condition:
(2) with vehicle mimic plate . 116
Figure I.11 – Configuration example of contact current with ungrounded condition:
(1) with vehicle . 118
Figure I.12 – Configuration example of contact current with ungrounded condition:
(2) with vehicle mimic plate . 119
Figure I.13 – EMF measurement for heavy duty vehicle: top view . 120
Figure I.14 – EMF measurement for heavy duty vehicle: side view . 120
Figure I.15 – Measurement points on the inside floor of WPT bus . 121
Figure I.16 – Measurement position . 123
Figure J.1 – EMF test of an electric bus (2015 August 7, Sejong City) . 126
Figure J.2 – Test result 1 from side-view . 127
Figure J.3 – Geometry and measurement position of WPT system for RPA . 128

– 8 – IEC/IEEE 63184:2025 © IEC/IEEE 2025
Figure J.4 – Measured magnetic field strength . 129
Figure J.5 – Measured and computed magnetic field strength . 129
Figure J.6 – Measurement system for the magnetic near-field of WPT systems [83] . 133
Figure J.7 – Schematic view and picture of the fabricated magnetic-field probes [83] . 133
Figure J.8 – Schematic view (left) and picture (right) of WPT systems [83] . 135
Figure J.9 – Exposure conditions for WPT coils [83] . 135
Figure J.10 – Amplitude and phase distributions of magnetic fields measured near
WPT systems without (w/o) and with (w/) ferrite tiles [83] . 136
Figure J.11 – Distribution of the internal electric field strength with adult male model
for an input power of 7,7 kW [83] . 137
Figure J.12 – WPT system operating at 6,78 MHz . 138
Figure J.13 – SAR distribution on a plane at 25 mm from the bottom of the phantom . 138
Figure K.1 – Test side consideration drawing . 141
Figure K.2 – Positioning of the phantom and the DUT WPT for determining the
detection sensor triggering distance, an example of charging an electric vehicle with a
WPT system . 141

Table 1 – List of symbols used in the formulas of 5.2.4.2 and 5.2.4.3 . 24
Table 2 – Dielectric properties of the tissue-equivalent medium liquid . 35
Table 3 – Dielectric properties of the tissue-equivalent medium NaCl solution of
0,074 mol/L . 35
Table 4 – Computational methods . 39
Table 5 – Example of uncertainty evaluation of the the E-field and H-field exposure
assessment using measurement methods . 43
Table 6 – Example of uncertainty evaluation of computational methods . 47
Table 7 – Example of uncertainty evaluation of the exposure assessment combining
measurements and computational methods . 51
Table B.1 – EM field generation setups for probe and sensor calibrations . 58
Table B.2 – Main components of H-field and E-field generation setups for frequency

response calibration . 60
Table B.3 – Template for uncertainty in frequency response calibration . 61
Table B.4 – Main components of H-field generation setup for dynamic range calibration . 62
Table B.5 – Template for uncertainty in H-field dynamic range calibration . 62
Table B.6 – Main components of E-field generation setup for frequency response
calibration. 64
Table B.7 – Template for uncertainty in E-field frequency response calibration . 64
Table B.8 – Main components of E-field generation setup for dynamic range calibration . 65
Table B.9 – Template for the uncertainty of the E-field dynamic range . 66
Table B.10 – Template for uncertainty of the H-field gradient verification . 68
Table B.11 – Uncertainty template for evaluation of average internal electric field
produced by short dipole antenna via transmit antenna factor . 72
Table E.1 – Measurement uncertainty of 10 g averaged SAR . 87
Table H.1 – Interpolation and superposition of vector field components for loop
currents I and phase offsets ξ . 103

Table J.1 – Computed coupling factor k . 130
L
Table J.2 – Evaluation results using coupling factor k . 130
L
Table J.3 – Evaluation results using coupling factor k . 131
G
Table J.4 – Computational results of current density (J), internal electric field (E), and
spatial peak 10 g average SAR (SAR ) . 132
10 g
– 10 – IEC/IEEE 63184:2025 © IEC/IEEE 2025
ASSESSMENT METHODS OF THE HUMAN EXPOSURE TO ELECTRIC AND
MAGNETIC FIELDS FROM WIRELESS POWER TRANSFER SYSTEMS –
MODELS, INSTRUMENTATION, MEASUREMENT AND
COMPUTATIONAL METHODS AND PROCEDURES
(FREQUENCY RANGE OF 3 kHz TO 30 MHz)

FOREWORD
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