This document presents the requirements and recommendations for the management of systems engineering for space systems. This document addresses the systems engineering activities and provides guidelines for interfacing with specific major management subjects (e.g. configuration management, data management, interface management, risk management, requirements management, and integrated logistics support). This document establishes a common reference for all customers and suppliers in the space sector to work with management of systems engineering for all space products and projects. This document does not describe in detail the standard systems engineering process or project management process for all types of space systems.

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This document specifies the requirements for hexavalent chromium free anodizing of aluminium and aluminium alloys for corrosion protection, bonding and painting.
This document does not apply to hard anodizing and plasma electrolytic anodizing (micro-arc oxidation).
The purpose of this document is to give design, quality and manufacturing requirements. It does not give complete in-house process instructions; these are given in the processor's detailed process instructions.

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This document defines requirements and recommendations to be used for the management of cybersecurity in space systems. Space systems include manned and unmanned spacecraft, launcher, payload, experiment, ground equipment and any other space facilities. This document describes the processes, techniques, and responsibilities for managing the cybersecurity, ways to prevent and mitigate accidents and incidents. This document addresses systems engineering activities and provides requirements and recommendations for security engineering. This document establishes a common reference for the space sector to work to manage the systems engineering issues related to cybersecurity for all space products, services and projects. This document doesn't describe in detail the systems engineering processes or related project management processes, or detailed requirements or processes for cybersecurity.

  • Technical specification
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This European Standard specifies the technical requirements to minimise the hazards listed in Clause 4 which can arise during the commissioning, the operation and the maintenance of passenger stairs when used as intended, including misuse reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer, when carried out in accordance with the specifications given by the manufacturer or his authorised representative. It also takes into account some requirements recognised as essential by authorities, aircraft and ground support equipment (GSE) manufacturers as well as airlines and handling agencies.
This European Standard applies to:
a)   self-propelled stairs with seated driver;
b)   pedestrian controlled stairs;
c)   towable stairs equipped with powered means, e.g. for height adjustment, stabilisers;
d)   automatic levelling systems of stairs
for embarking/disembarking of passengers.
Powered should also be understood as manual effort stored in springs or hydraulic accumulators, etc., the dangerous action of which can be produced or can continue after the manual effort has ceased or directly applied manual effort for lifting or lowering loads.
Those clauses of this standard that can apply may also be used as a guideline for the design of towable stairs without powered means.
This European Standard does not establish additional requirements for the following:
1)   persons falling out of an aircraft with the passenger stairs not in position;
2)   hazards resulting from a moving stairway (escalator);
3)   upper deck door access.
This part of EN 12312 is not applicable to passenger stairs which are manufactured before the date of publication by CEN of this standard.
This part of EN 12312 when used in conjunction with EN 1915-1, EN 1915-2, EN 1915-3 and EN 1915-4 provides the requirements for passenger stairs.

  • Standard
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This document specifies the technical requirements to minimize the hazards listed in Clause 4 which can arise during the commissioning, the operation and the maintenance of passenger stairs when used as intended, including misuse reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer, when carried out in accordance with the specifications given by the manufacturer or his authorized representative. It also takes into account some requirements recognized as essential by authorities, aircraft and ground support equipment (GSE) manufacturers as well as airlines and ground handling agencies.
This document applies to:
a)   self-propelled passenger stairs with seated or standing driver with top speed above 6 km/h (Category A);
b)   towable passenger stairs, with self-propelled function at docking with top speed up to 6 km/h with drive controls from ground, remote control or standing driver position (Category B);
c)   towable stairs, with manual positioning, equipped with powered means, e.g. for height adjustment, stabilizers (Category C);
d)   automatic levelling systems of stairs for embarking/disembarking of passengers.
This document does not apply to stairs to be moved on public roadways.
"Powered" is also understood as manual effort stored in springs or hydraulic accumulators, etc., the dangerous action of which can be produced or can continue after the manual effort has ceased or directly applied manual effort for lifting or lowering loads.
Those clauses of this document that can apply can also be used as a guideline for the design of towable stairs without powered means.
This document does not establish additional requirements for the following:
e)   persons falling out of an aircraft with the passenger stairs not in position;
f)   hazards resulting from a moving stairway (escalator);
g)   aircraft upper deck door access.
No extra requirements on noise and vibration are provided other than those in EN 1915-3:2004+A1:2009 and EN 1915-4:2004+A1:2009.
NOTE   EN 1915-3:2004+A1:2009 and EN 1915-4:2004+A1:2009 provide the general GSE vibration and noise requirements.
This document is not applicable to passenger stairs which are manufactured before the date of its publication.
This part of EN 12312, when used in conjunction with EN 1915-1:2023, EN 1915-2:2001+A1:2009, EN 1915-3:2004+A1:2009 and EN 1915-4:2004+A1:2009, provides the requirements for passenger stairs.

  • Standard
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This document provides a list of removable sealing sleeves as defined in the product standards for use in connectors or other electrical elements of connection.

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This document specifies the characteristics of self-locking shank nuts in NI-P101HT, silver plated, for use in 30° cone holes, for aerospace applications.
Classification: 1 210 MPa /730 °C .

  • Standard
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This document specifies a method of measuring the semi loose effect of a semi loose cable.
Pull proof optical contacts are used. The optical contact (ferule) is longitudinally moving to preserve the optical performance even when cables are pulled.
Consequently, the buffered fiber is moving beneath the strength members (called semi loose effect).
This document is describing a test methodology to assess the quality of the cable when contact is pulled or pushed.

  • Standard
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This document contains internationally accepted descriptions of the main phenomena of space weather, including its sources and effects upon space systems. This document is applicable for a variety of engineering and scientific domains. It is applicable to space system operations include ground-based, on-orbit, and deep space automated satellite operations. It can be applied by developers of software systems for space systems, designers of space systems, and launchers of space systems.

  • Technical report
    29 pages
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This document specifies a method of measuring the semi loose effect of a semi loose cable.
Pull proof optical contacts are used. The optical contact (ferrule) is longitudinally moving to preserve the optical performance even when cables are pulled.
Consequently, the buffered fibre moves beneath the strength members (called semi loose effect).
This document describes a test methodology to assess the quality of the cable when contact is pulled or pushed.

  • Standard
    8 pages
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This document provides a list of removable sealing sleeves as defined in the product standards for use in connectors or other electrical elements of connection.

  • Standard
    5 pages
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This document specifies the characteristics of self-locking shank nuts in NI-P101HT, silver plated, for use in 30° cone holes, for aerospace applications.
Classification: 1 210 MPa /730 °C .

  • Standard
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IEC 61820-1-2:2024 describes requirements for AGL systems including power supplies, transformation of energy, cables, and any electrical component utilized to produce the light intended to be used as a visual aid for air and ground navigation based on IEC 61820-1, complemented with series circuit specific topics.

  • Standard
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This document specifies methods for determining the resin content, fibre content and mass of fibre per unit area of fibre preimpregnates for aerospace use.

  • Amendment
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This document specifies methods for determining the resin content, fibre content and mass of fibre per unit area of fibre preimpregnates for aerospace use.

  • Amendment
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IEC TR 62500:2024 which is a Technical Report, considers the targets assigned to highly severe stress tests for operating margins research and robustness improvement of avionics equipment, their basic principles, their scope of application and their implementation process. It is primarily intended for avionics programme managers, electronic equipment project managers, designers, test managers, and dependability team.
This document provides guidance which can apply to all avionics programmes and is of primary interest to the original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) in charge of designing, developing and producing equipment built for these programmes, for obtaining early equipment maturity.
This document can be used in conjunction with IEC 62429, IEC 62506, or both, with regard to dependability aspects related to equipment consisting of hardware with embedded software.

  • Technical report
    37 pages
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This document specifies the characteristics of three-pole circuit breakers, temperature compensated with a rated current from 1 A to 25 A, used in aircraft on-board circuits at a temperature between −55 °C and 125 °C for ratings ≤ 15 A and −55 °C to 90 °C for ratings > 15 A and at an altitude of 22 000 m max.
These circuit breakers are operated by a push-pull type single pushbutton (actuator), with delayed action “trip-free” tripping.
They will continue to function up to the short-circuit current.

  • Standard
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This document provides technical methods to calculate the precipitation efficiency and liability of a flight model by measuring the screening effectiveness of thermal cycles. This document is applicable to the recurring production unit and other hardware assembly levels, as either an option to reduce or a method to tailor the baseline number of cycles for thermal vacuum and thermal cycle acceptance tests.

  • Standard
    16 pages
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This document specifies the requirements for the ordering, manufacture, testing, inspection and delivery of all forms of filler metal. It is presupposed to be applied when referred to and in conjunction with the product procurement specification unless otherwise specified on the drawing, order or inspection schedule.

  • Standard
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This document specifies the dimensions of hexagonal head bolts, with MJ threads, metallic, coated or uncoated. It is applicable to test bolts for torque and tension tests.

  • Standard
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This document describes two methods to measure in repeatable conditions the filtration efficiency of filter elements used in aviation and aerospace hydraulic fluid systems. It can be applied when evaluating the overall characteristics of a filter element according to ISO 14085-1, or separately. Since the filtration efficiency of a filter element can change during its service life as it is clogging, this test method specifies its continuous measurement by using on-line particle counters with continuous injection of test contaminant and recirculation of particles not retained by the test filter element until the differential pressure across the element reaches a given final or “terminal” value. This document allows the efficiency to be measured under both steady or cyclic flow conditions. It is also applicable to measuring the stabilized contamination levels that are produced by the filter element while testing with cyclic flow. This document is not applicable to qualifying a filter element under replicate conditions of service; this can only be done by a specific test protocol developed for the purpose, including actual conditions of use, e.g. the operating fluid or contamination. The test data resulting from application of this document can be used to compare the performance of aerospace hydraulic filter elements.

  • Standard
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  • Standard
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This document specifies requirements for the additive manufacturing of metallic parts with directed energy deposition (DED) in the aerospace industry.
Within the application scope of this document, wire is used as feedstock, and arc processes (gas-shielded metal arc processes (MIG/MAG/GMAW), tungsten inert gas processes (TIG/GTAW), plasma arc processes (PAW)) are used as the main energy source.
This document is to be used in conjunction with the engineering documents, if required by the engineering authority.
This document does not address health and safety issues.

  • Draft
    18 pages
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This document specifies the characteristics of three-pole circuit breakers, temperature compensated with a rated current from 1 A to 25 A, used in aircraft on-board circuits at a temperature between −55 °C and 125 °C for ratings ≤ 15 A and −55 °C to 90 °C for ratings > 15 A and at an altitude of 22 000 m max.
These circuit breakers are operated by a push-pull type single pushbutton (actuator), with delayed action “trip-free” tripping.
They will continue to function up to the short-circuit current.

  • Standard
    12 pages
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This document specifies the requirements for the ordering, manufacture, testing, inspection and delivery of all forms of filler metal. It is presupposed to be applied when referred to and in conjunction with the product procurement specification unless otherwise specified on the drawing, order or inspection schedule.

  • Standard
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This document provides a report on tests that were performed to ensure the "safety and quality" requirements of detection and avoidance (DAA) systems used between UASs and other objects, including aircraft. This document describes test methods and the results of related experiments, which successfully meet the requirements of a DAA system architecture with radar and optical sensors.

  • Technical report
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1.1 This document establishes the requirements for performing and documenting FAI. It is emphasized that the requirements specified in this document are complementary (not alternative) to customer and applicable statutory and regulatory requirements.
If there is a conflict between the requirements of this document, and customer or applicable statutory/regulatory requirements, the latter takes precedence.
In this document, the following verbal forms are used:
-   "shall" indicates a requirement;
-   "should" indicates a recommendation;
-   "may" indicates a permission;
-   "can" indicates a possibility or a capability.
Information marked as "NOTE" is for guidance in understanding or clarifying the associated requirement.
1.2 Purpose
The primary purpose of FAI is to verify and validate product realization processes capable of producing characteristics that meet engineering and design requirements. A FAI is not a product acceptance document. A well-planned and executed FAI by a multi-disciplinary team (e.g., members from responsible functions) provides objective evidence the manufacturer’s processes can produce compliant product, having effectively understood and incorporated the associated requirements.
NOTE    While interrelated, FAI and product acceptance are separate activities. FAI focus is verification of production processes via assessment of product. FAI and supporting documentation do not provide assurance regarding conformance for product acceptance purposes; neither does the lack of a FAI necessarily imply that the product is nonconforming to engineering and design requirements.
FAI will:
-   provide confidence that the product realization processes are capable of producing conforming product;
-   demonstrate that the manufacturers and processors of the product have an understanding of the associated requirements;
-   provide objective evidence of process capability;
-   mitigate risk associated with production startup and/or process changes;
-   provide assurance of product conformance at the start of production and after changes, as outlined in this document.
A FAI is intended to:
-   reduce future escapes, risks, and total costs;
-   help ensure product safety;
-   improve quality, delivery, and customer satisfaction;
-   reduce costs and production delays associated with product nonconformances;
-   identify product realization processes not capable of producing conforming product, and initiate and/or validate associated corrective actions.
1.3 Application
This document applies to organizations and sub-tiers responsible for product realization processes that produce the design characteristics of the product. The organization shall flow down the requirements of this document to suppliers who produce design characteristics.
This document applies to external suppliers performing special processes. A Certificate of Conformity (CoC) provided by processors attests to satisfying the specification requirements of the applicable design authority. External suppliers providing special processes can satisfy this document’s requirements by either:
-   documenting the design characteristics and associated results on a FAI;
-   documenting the design characteristics and associated results on a customer-defined detailed CoC.
This document applies to assemblies, sub-assemblies, and detail parts including castings, forgings, and modifications to document catalogue or Commercial-Off-the-Shelf (COTS) items. Each of these items requires a stand-alone FAI.
Unless contractually required, this document does not apply to:
-   development and prototype parts that are not considered as part of the first production run;
-   procured standard catalogue items, COTS, or deliverable software. These items shall be documented in the index of part numbers in an assembly First Article Inspection Report (FAIR).

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This document specifies the characteristics, qualification and acceptance requirements for helical coil screw thread inserts.
It is applicable whenever referenced.

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This document specifies the characteristics of screws with 100° countersunk head, offset cruciform recess, threaded to head, in FE-PA92HT, for aerospace applications.
Classification: 900 MPa /650 °C .

  • Standard
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This document specifies the performance requirements for push-pull, three-pole, trip-free circuit breakers having an inverse time/current characteristic of normal ratings up to and including 35 A for use in nominal 115 V/200 V three-phase 400 Hz a.c. circuits.

  • Standard
    14 pages
    English language
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This document specifies the performance requirements for push-pull single-pole trip-free circuit-breakers having an inverse time/current characteristic, of normal ratings up to and including 35 A, for use in nominal 28 V d.c. and/or 115 V single-phase 400 Hz a.c. line to neutral circuits.

  • Standard
    14 pages
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This document provides information relating to the sizes and materials of tubing for use in aerospace hydraulic pressure and return and suction lines. For pressure lines, the requirements apply to the pressure and temperature ranges covered by pressure class D, E and J and temperature type 13 and type 20 as specified in ISO 6771.

  • Standard
    11 pages
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This document specifies a procedure for determining the loading level of a qualification test of a launch vehicle structure and takes into account all the minimum allowable strength characteristics necessary for these structures.

  • Standard
    6 pages
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This document specifies the characteristics of screws with 100° countersunk head, offset cruciform recess, threaded to head, in FE-PA92HT, for aerospace applications.
Classification: 900 MPa /650 °C .

  • Standard
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1.1   General
This document establishes the requirements for performing and documenting FAI. It is emphasized the requirements specified in this document are complementary (not alternative) to customer and applicable statutory and regulatory requirements.
1.2   Purpose
The primary purpose of FAI is to verify and validate product realization processes are capable of producing characteristics that meet engineering and design requirements. A well-planned and executed FAI by a multi-disciplinary team (e.g. members from responsible functions) provides objective evidence the manufacturer’s processes can produce compliant product; having effectively understood and incorporated the associated requirements.
NOTE   A FAI is not a product acceptance document. While interrelated, FAI and product acceptance are separate activities. The focus of FAI is verification of production processes via assessment of product. FAI and supporting documentation do not provide assurance regarding conformance for product acceptance purposes; neither does the lack of a FAI necessarily imply product is nonconforming to engineering and design requirements.
FAI will:
-   provide confidence, through objective evidence, the product realization processes are capable of producing conforming product;
-   demonstrate the manufacturers and processors of the product have an understanding of the associated requirements;
-   provide assurance of product conformance at the start of production and after changes, as outlined in this document.
A FAI is intended to:
-   mitigate risks associated with production startup and process changes;
-   reduce future escapes;
-   help ensure product safety;
-   improve quality, delivery, and customer satisfaction;
-   reduce costs and production delays associated with product nonconformances;
-   identify product realization processes not capable of producing conforming characteristics and initiate and/or validate associated corrective actions.
-
1.3   Application
This document applies to organizations and their suppliers responsible for product realization processes that produce the design characteristics of the product. The organization shall flow down the requirements of this document to suppliers who produce design characteristics.
This document also applies to suppliers performing special process(es). A certificate of conformance (CoC) provided by processors attests to satisfying the requirements. External suppliers providing special process(es) can satisfy this document's requirements by either:
-   documenting the design characteristics and associated results on a first article inspection report (FAIR); or
-   documenting the design characteristics and associated results on a detailed CoC.
This document applies to assemblies, sub-assemblies, and detail parts including castings, forgings, and modifications to standard catalogue or commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) items. Each of these items have a separate FAI.
Unless contractually required, this document does not apply to:
-   development and prototype parts that are not considered as part of the first production run;
-   procured standard catalogue item, COTS, or deliverable software. When these items are included in an assembly, they shall be documented in the index of part numbers in an assembly FAIR.
1.4   Informative
If there is a conflict between the requirements of this document, and customer or applicable statutory/regulatory requirements, the latter takes precedence.
In this document, the following verbal forms are used:
-   "shall" indicates a requirement;
-   "should" indicates a recommendation;
-   "may" indicates a permission;
-   "can" indicates a possibility or a capability.
Information marked as "NOTE" is for guidance in understanding or clarifying the associated requirement .

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This document specifies the technical requirements to minimise the hazards listed in Clause 4 which can arise during the commissioning, operation and maintenance of container/pallet dollies and loose load trailers when carried out in accordance with the specifications given by the manufacturer or his authorised representative. It also takes into account some performance requirements recognised as essential by authorities, aircraft and ground support equipment (GSE) manufacturers as well as airlines and handling agencies. This document applies to container/pallet dollies using ball-mat, inverted cargo castors, or rollers and loose load trailers intended to be used for the transportation of baggage and cargo on airports (examples, see Annex A). This document does not apply to trailers of similar design as used on public roads, e.g., truck type trailers. This document does not establish requirements for noise and vibration. Noise and vibration are dealt with respectively in EN 1915-4 and EN 1915-3. This document is not applicable to container/pallet dollies and loose load trailers which are manufactured before the date of publication by ISO of this document. NOTE Certain measurements have been given in imperial units (in parentheses), following the metric measurements, since the containers/pallets to be handled are based mainly on the imperial system.

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  • Standard
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This document specifies the characteristics, qualification and acceptance requirements for helical coil screw thread inserts.
It is applicable whenever referenced.

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This document describes the effective vertical cut-off rigidities of charged particles for near-Earth space and establishes principal requirements for their calculation based on different models of Earth’s geomagnetic field.[1] The techniques are useful for determination of penetrating into the Earth's magnetosphere by charged particle fluxes, as well as for test and estimations of the impact on spacecrafts and other equipment in the near-Earth space.

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    14 pages
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This document defines the performances and contact arrangements for threaded ring coupling circular connectors, fire resistant or non-fire resistant, intended for use in a temperature range from -65 °C to 175 °C or 200 °C continuous.

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This document provides requirements for the determination of maximum stress and corresponding margin of safety under loading and defines criteria for static strength failure modes, such as rupture, collapse and detrimental yielding. This document does not cover critical-conditions-induced fatigue, creep and crack growths. Notwithstanding these limitations in scope, the results of stress calculations based on the requirements of this document are applicable to other critical condition analysis. This document is applicable to the determination of the stress/strain distribution and margins of safety in launch vehicles and spacecraft load-bearing elements design. Liquid propellant engine structures, solid propellant engine nozzles and the solid propellant itself are not covered, but liquid propellant tanks, pressure vessels and solid propellant cases are within the scope of this document. In accordance with the requirements of this document, the models, methods and procedures for stress calculation can also be applicable to the displacements and deformation calculation, as well as the calculation of loads, applied to substructures and structural elements under consideration. When this document is applied, it is assumed that temperature distribution has been determined and is used as input data.

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    14 pages
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This document specifies the dimensions, tolerances, required characteristics and the mass of an
AWG 24 shielded quad cable, type KD, intended for high speed (100 Mbit/s) full duplex Ethernet
networks.
Linked to this particular application, the operating temperatures of the cable are between −65 °C and
125 °C.
The cable resists a long-term temperature between −65 °C and +200 °C.
Moreover, cable materials are compatible with 200 °C peak exposure.
This cable is laser markable, this marking satisfies the requirements of EN 3838.
The characteristics impedance is (100 ± 15) Ω.

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This document specifies the characteristics of hermetic jam-nut mounted receptacles in the family of circular electrical connectors coupled by threaded ring.
It applies to the class defined in Table 4.
For plugs and protective covers, see EN 2997-008 and EN 2997-009 respectively. For spare jam-nuts and O-rings, see EN 2997-012 and EN 2997-013 respectively.

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    11 pages
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This document specifies the characteristics of jam-nut mounted receptacles in the family of circular electrical connectors coupled by threaded ring.
It applies to the class defined in Table 4.
For contacts, filler plugs, and rear accessories associated with this receptacle, see EN 2997-002. For plugs and protective covers, see EN 2997-008 and EN 2997-009 respectively. For spare jam-nuts and o-rings, see EN 2997-012 and EN 2997-013 respectively.

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This document describes a process for the long-duration orbit lifetime prediction of orbit lifetime for spacecraft, launch vehicles, upper stages and associated debris in LEO-crossing orbits after mission phase (including any mission lifetime extensions). The document also clarifies: a) modelling approaches and resources for solar and geomagnetic activity modelling; b) resources for atmosphere model selection; c) approaches for spacecraft ballistic coefficient estimation.

  • Standard
    48 pages
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This document defines the performances and contact arrangements for threaded ring coupling circular connectors, fire resistant or non-fire resistant, intended for use in a temperature range from -65 °C to 175 °C or 200 °C continuous.

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This document specifies design and minimum verification requirements for lithium-ion batteries from the perspectives of performance, safety and logistics. This document is applicable to battery assemblies for space vehicles and component cells of batteries, which are critical devices to be harmonized with standards and regulations for other industries. In addition, this document is applicable to component cells which are not designed for space vehicles but can be used in space.

  • Standard
    55 pages
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This document specifies the dimensions, tolerances, required characteristics and the mass of an
AWG 24 shielded quad cable, type KD, intended for high speed (100 Mbit/s) full duplex Ethernet
networks.
Linked to this particular application, the operating temperatures of the cable are between −65 °C and
125 °C.
The cable resists a long-term temperature between −65 °C and +200 °C.
Moreover, cable materials are compatible with 200 °C peak exposure.
This cable is laser markable, this marking satisfies the requirements of EN 3838.
The characteristics impedance is (100 ± 15) Ω.

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    15 pages
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This document specifies the general requirements for data recording procedures, packaging, and storing of elastomeric seals and seal assemblies which include an elastomeric element prior to the seal being assembled into hardware components. This document does not establish limitations or storage times for assembled components, or the operating life of the said components.

  • Standard
    8 pages
    English language
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This document specifies the characteristics of hermetic jam-nut mounted receptacles in the family of circular electrical connectors coupled by threaded ring.
It is applicable to the class specified in Table 4.
For plugs and protective covers, see EN 2997-008 and EN 2997-009 respectively. For spare jam-nuts and O-rings, see EN 2997-012 and EN 2997-013 respectively.

  • Standard
    11 pages
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This document specifies the characteristics of jam-nut mounted receptacles in the family of circular electrical connectors coupled by threaded ring.
It is applicable to the class specified in Table 4.
For contacts, filler plugs, and rear accessories associated with this receptacle, see EN 2997-002. For plugs and protective covers, see EN 2997-008 and EN 2997-009 respectively. For spare jam-nuts and o-rings, see EN 2997-012 and EN 2997-013 respectively.

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This document specifies four standard message formats for use in transferring spacecraft orbit information between space agencies and commercial or governmental spacecraft operators: The Orbit Parameter Message (OPM), the Orbit Mean-Elements Message (OMM), the Orbit Ephemeris Message (OEM), and the Orbit Comprehensive Message (OCM). Such exchanges are used for: a) pre-flight planning for tracking or navigation support; b) scheduling tracking support; c) carrying out tracking operations (sometimes called metric predicts); d) performing orbit comparisons; e) carrying out navigation operations such as orbit propagation and orbit reconstruction; f) assessing mutual physical and electromagnetic interference among satellites orbiting the same celestial body (primarily Earth, Moon, and Mars at present); g) performing orbit conjunction (collision avoidance) studies; and h) developing and executing collaborative maneuvers to mitigate interference or enhance mutual operations. This document includes sets of requirements and criteria that the message formats have been designed to meet. For exchanges in which these requirements do not capture the needs of the participating agencies and satellite operators, another mechanism may be selected. This document is an international standard published under the auspices of CCSDS and International Standards Organization (ISO) Technical Committee 20, Subcommittee 13, developed jointly and in concert with the ISO TC20/SC14. As such, this CCSDS standard is also properly labeled as ISO 26900. The recommended Orbit Data Message format is ASCII (reference REF R_ISO_IEC_8859_1_1998 \h [4] 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000001600000052005F00490053004F005F004900450043005F0038003800350039005F0031005F0031003900390038000000 ). This document describes both ‘Keyword = Value Notation’ (KVN) as well as Extensible Markup Language (XML) (reference REF R_505x0b3XMLSpecificationforNavigationDa \h[5] 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000002800000052005F00350030003500780030006200330058004D004C00530070006500630069006600690063006100740069006F006E0066006F0072004E0061007600690067006100740069006F006E0044000000 ) formatted messages. Selection of KVN or XML format should be mutually agreed between message exchange partners. NOTE – As currently specified, an OPM, OMM, or OEM file is to represent orbit data for a single spacecraft, and the OCM is to represent orbit data for either a single spacecraft or single parent spacecraft of a parent/child spacecraft deployment scenario. It is possible that the architecture may support multiple spacecraft per file; this could be considered in the future.

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