13.230 - Explosion protection
ICS 13.230 Details
Explosion protection
Explosionsschutz
Protection contre l'explosion
Varstvo pred eksplozijo
General Information
Frequently Asked Questions
ICS 13.230 is a classification code in the International Classification for Standards (ICS) system. It covers "Explosion protection". The ICS is a hierarchical classification system used to organize international, regional, and national standards, facilitating the search and identification of standards across different fields.
There are 306 standards classified under ICS 13.230 (Explosion protection). These standards are published by international and regional standardization bodies including ISO, IEC, CEN, CENELEC, and ETSI.
The International Classification for Standards (ICS) is a hierarchical classification system maintained by ISO to organize standards and related documents. It uses a three-level structure with field (2 digits), group (3 digits), and sub-group (2 digits) codes. The ICS helps users find standards by subject area and enables statistical analysis of standards development activities.
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This document specifies the requirements and classification for assessing the explosive resistance of windows, doors, shutters as well as curtain walling elements, complete with their frames, infills and fixings, for use in both internal and external locations in buildings, when submitted to a shock tube test in accordance with EN 13124-1:2025. This document gives no information on the explosion resistance capacity of the wall or other surrounding structure.
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the requirements and classification for assessing the explosive resistance of windows, doors, shutters as well as curtain walling elements, complete with their frames, infills and fixings, for use in both internal and external locations in buildings, when submitted to an arena test in accordance with EN 13124-2:2025. This document gives no information on the explosion resistance capacity of the wall or other surrounding structure.
- Standard13 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document defines a test method to permit a classification according to EN 13123-2:2025 for explosion resistance of windows, doors, shutters as well as curtain walling elements, complete with their frames, infills and fixings. This document gives no information on the ability of the surrounding wall or building structure to resist the direct or transmitted forces.
- Standard20 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document defines a test method to permit a classification according to EN 13123-1:2025 for explosion resistance of windows, doors, shutters as well as curtain walling elements, complete with their frames, infills and fixings. This document gives no information on the ability of the surrounding wall or building structure to resist the direct or transmitted forces.
- Standard19 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the requirements and classification for assessing the explosive resistance of windows, doors, shutters as well as curtain walling elements, complete with their frames, infills and fixings, for use in both internal and external locations in buildings, when submitted to an arena test in accordance with FprEN 13124-2:2025. This document gives no information on the explosion resistance capacity of the wall or other surrounding structure.
- Standard13 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the requirements and classification for assessing the explosive resistance of windows, doors, shutters as well as curtain walling elements, complete with their frames, infills and fixings, for use in both internal and external locations in buildings, when submitted to a shock tube test in accordance with EN 13124-1:2025. This document gives no information on the explosion resistance capacity of the wall or other surrounding structure.
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document defines a test method to permit a classification according to EN 13123-2:2025 for explosion resistance of windows, doors, shutters as well as curtain walling elements, complete with their frames, infills and fixings. This document gives no information on the ability of the surrounding wall or building structure to resist the direct or transmitted forces.
- Standard20 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document defines a test method to permit a classification according to EN 13123-1:2025 for explosion resistance of windows, doors, shutters as well as curtain walling elements, complete with their frames, infills and fixings. This document gives no information on the ability of the surrounding wall or building structure to resist the direct or transmitted forces.
- Standard19 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document describes the basic requirements for the design and application of explosion suppression systems. This document also specifies test methods for evaluating the effectiveness and the scaling up of explosion suppression systems against defined explosions. This document covers:
- general requirements for explosion suppression system parts;
- evaluating the effectiveness of an explosion suppression system;
- evaluating the scale up of an explosion suppression system to larger than tested volumes;
- development and evaluation of design tools for explosion suppression systems;
- installation, operation and maintenance instructions for an explosion suppression system.
This document is applicable only to explosion suppression systems intended for the protection of closed, or essentially closed, enclosures in which an explosion could result as a consequence of ignition of an explosible mixture, e.g. dust-air, gas(vapour)-air, dust-gas(vapour)-air and mist-air.
This document is not applicable for explosions of materials listed below, or for mixtures containing some of those materials:
- unstable materials that are liable to dissociate;
- explosive materials;
- pyrotechnic materials;
- pyrophoric materials.
- Standard46 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document describes the basic requirements for the design and application of explosion suppression systems. This document also specifies test methods for evaluating the effectiveness and the scaling up of explosion suppression systems against defined explosions. This document covers:
- general requirements for explosion suppression system parts;
- evaluating the effectiveness of an explosion suppression system;
- evaluating the scale up of an explosion suppression system to larger than tested volumes;
- development and evaluation of design tools for explosion suppression systems;
- installation, operation and maintenance instructions for an explosion suppression system.
This document is applicable only to explosion suppression systems intended for the protection of closed, or essentially closed, enclosures in which an explosion could result as a consequence of ignition of an explosible mixture, e.g. dust-air, gas(vapour)-air, dust-gas(vapour)-air and mist-air.
This document is not applicable for explosions of materials listed below, or for mixtures containing some of those materials:
- unstable materials that are liable to dissociate;
- explosive materials;
- pyrotechnic materials;
- pyrophoric materials.
- Standard46 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the requirements for equipment and protective systems for firedamp drainage at mines. It also contains requirements for the construction and monitoring of this equipment and protective systems (see EN 1127 2:2014).
This document does not apply to firedamp utilization systems beyond the utilization shut-off device.
- Standard35 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies terms and definitions (vocabulary) to be used in suitable standards dealing with equipment and protective systems intended for use in potentially explosive atmospheres within the scope of Directive 2014/34/EU.
NOTE Terms and definitions avoid misunderstandings that are important in relation to the essential health and safety requirements of Directive 2014/34/EU.
- Standard38 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the requirements for flame arresters that prevent flame transmission when explosive gas-air or vapour-air mixtures are present. It establishes uniform principles for the classification, basic construction and information for use, including the marking of flame arresters, and specifies test methods to verify the safety requirements and determine safe limits of use. This document is applicable to pressures ranging from 80 kPa to 160 kPa and temperatures ranging from -20 °C to +200 °C. This document does not apply to the following: - external safety-related measurement and control equipment that might be required to keep the operational conditions within the established safe limits; - flame arresters used for explosive mixtures of vapours and gases, which tend to self-decompose (for example, acetylene) or which are chemically unstable; - flame arresters used for carbon disulfide, due to its special properties; - flame arresters whose intended use is for mixtures other than gas-air or vapour-air mixtures (for example, higher oxygen-nitrogen ratio, chlorine as oxidant); - flame arrester test procedures for reciprocating internal combustion engines; - fast acting valves, extinguishing systems and other explosion isolating systems; - Flame arresters used in gas detectors (those being covered for example, by IEC 60079‑29‑1 and IEC 62990‑1). This edition cancels and replaces ISO 16852:2016, which has been technically revised. This edition constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to ISO 16852:2016: a) adaptation of the relevant IEC TC 31 requirements on standards; b) modification of the upper limit of the temperature range from 150 °C to 200 °C under the condition that T0 shall be not larger than 80 % of the auto ignition temperature of the gas-air-mixture; c) change of the term "explosion group" to "equipment group" due to editorial requirements in IEC/TC 31; d) clarification of the conditions and requirements for flame arresters whose intended operating conditions are outside the atmospheric conditions in 7.3.4 and 7.3.5; e) clarification of the requirements on the information for use in Clause 12 f) concerning the burn time; f) addition of a permission to the construction requirements both in 7.1 and 14.1 to substitute visual inspection by performing a flow test; g) addition of a flow chart for the evaluation of test results as Annex D
- Standard75 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies terms and definitions (vocabulary) to be used in suitable standards dealing with equipment and protective systems intended for use in potentially explosive atmospheres within the scope of Directive 2014/34/EU.
NOTE Terms and definitions avoid misunderstandings that are important in relation to the essential health and safety requirements of Directive 2014/34/EU.
- Standard38 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document is applicable to self-propelled and pedestrian propelled manual and semi-manual industrial trucks as defined in ISO 5053-1:2020 including their load handling devices and attachments (hereafter referred to as trucks) intended for use in potentially explosive atmospheres.
NOTE 1 Attachments mounted on the load carrier or on fork arms which are removable by the user are not considered to be a part of the truck.
This document specifies supplementary technical requirements for the prevention of the ignition of an explosive atmosphere of flammable gases, vapours, mists or dusts by industrial trucks of equipment group II and equipment category 2G, 3G, 2D or 3D.
NOTE 2 The relationship between an equipment category (hereafter referred to as category) and the corresponding zone (area classification) is shown in informative Annex B.
This document does not apply to:
- trucks of equipment group I;
- trucks of equipment group II, equipment category 1;
- trucks intended for use in potentially explosive atmospheres with hybrid mixtures;
- protective systems.
This document does not apply to trucks intended for use in potentially explosive atmospheres of carbon disulfide (CS2), carbon monoxide (CO) and/or ethylene oxide (C2H4O) due to the special properties of these gases.
Technical requirements relating to lithium-ion batteries and fuel cells as energy sources are not given in this document due to their specific hazards.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Most organic liquids and solids will ignite in a pressurized oxidizing gas atmosphere if heated to a sufficiently high temperature and pressure. This procedure provides a numerical value for the temperature at the onset of ignition under carefully controlled conditions. Means for extrapolation from this idealized situation to the description, appraisal, or regulation of fire and explosion hazards in specific field situations, are not established. Ranking of the ignition temperatures of several materials in the standard apparatus is generally in conformity with field experience.
4.2 The temperature at which material will ignite spontaneously (AIT) will vary greatly with the geometry of the test system and the rate of heating. To achieve good interlaboratory agreement of ignition temperatures, it is necessary to use equipment of approximately the dimensions described in the test method. It is also necessary to follow the described procedure as closely as possible.
4.3 The decomposition and oxidation of some fully fluorinated materials releases so little energy that there is no clear-cut indication of ignition. Nor will there be a clear indication of ignition if a sample volatilizes, distilling to another part of the reaction vessel, before reaching ignition temperature.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the temperature at which liquids and solids will spontaneously ignite. These materials must ignite without application of spark or flame in a high-pressure oxygen-enriched environment.
1.2 This test method is intended for use at pressures of 2.1 MPa to 20.7 MPa [300 psi to 3000 psi]. The pressure used in the description of the method is 10.3 MPa [1500 psi], and is intended for applicability to high pressure conditions. The test method, as described, is for liquids or solids with ignition temperature in the range from 60 °C to 500 °C [140 °F to 932 °F].
Note 1: Test Method G72/G72M normally utilizes samples of approximately 0.20 ± 0.03-g mass, a starting pressure of 10.3 MPa [1500 psi] and a temperature ramp rate of 5 °C/min. However, Autogenous Ignition Temperatures (AIT) can also be obtained under other test conditions. Testing experience has shown that AIT testing of volatile liquids can be influenced by the sample pre-conditioning and the sample mass. This will be addressed in the standard as Special Case 1 in subsection 8.2.2. Testing experience has also shown that AIT testing of solid or non-volatile liquid materials at low pressures (that is, 8.2.3. Since the AIT of a material is dependent on the sample mass/configuration and test conditions, any departure from the standard conditions normally used for Test Method G72/G72M testing should be clearly indicated in the test report.
1.3 This test method is for high-pressure pure oxygen. The test method may be used in atmospheres from 0.5 % to 100 % oxygen.
1.4 An apparatus suitable for these requirements is described. This test method could be applied to higher pressures and materials of higher ignition temperature. If more severe requirements or other oxidizers than those described are desired, care must be taken in selecting an alternative safe apparatus capable of withstanding the conditions.
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognize...
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- Standard6 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology defines terms related to the compatibility and sensitivity of materials in oxygen enriched atmospheres. It includes those standards under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G04.
1.2 The terminology concentrates on terms commonly encountered in and specific to practices and methods used to evaluate the compatibility and sensitivity of materials in oxygen. This evaluation is usually performed in a laboratory environment, and this terminology does not attempt to include laboratory terms.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is applicable to dusts and powders, and provides a procedure for performing laboratory tests to evaluate hot-surface ignition temperatures of dust layers.
5.2 The test data can be of value in determining safe operating conditions in industrial plants, mines, manufacturing processes, and locations of material usage and storage.
5.3 Due to variation of ignition temperature with layer thickness, the test data at one thickness may not be applicable to all industrial situations (see Appendix X1). Tests at various layer thicknesses may provide a means for extrapolation to thicker layers, as listed in the following for pulverized Pittsburgh bituminous coal dust (2). Mathematical modeling of layer ignition at various layer thicknesses is described in Ref. (3).
Layer Thickness, mm
Hot-Surface Ignition Temperature, °C
6.4
300
9.4
260
12.7
240
25.4
210
5.4 This hot plate test method allows for loss of heat from the top surface of the dust layer, and therefore generally gives a higher ignition temperature for a material than Test Method E771, which is a more adiabatic system.
5.5 This test method for dust layers generally will give a lower ignition temperature than Test Method E1491, which is for dust clouds. The layer ignition temperature is determined while monitoring for periods of minutes to hours, while the dust cloud is only exposed to the furnace for a period of seconds.
Note 1: Much of the literature data for layer ignition is actually from a basket in a heated furnace (4), known as the modified Godbert-Greenwald furnace test. Other data are from nonstandardized hot plates (5-9).
5.6 Additional information on the significance and use of this test method may be found in Ref. (10).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a laboratory procedure to determine the hot-surface ignition temperature of dust layers, that is, measuring the minimum temperature at which a dust layer will self-heat. The test consists of a dust layer heated on a hot plate.2,3
1.2 Data obtained from this test method provide a relative measure of the hot-surface ignition temperature of a dust layer.
1.3 This test method should be used to measure and describe the properties of materials in response to heat and flame under controlled laboratory conditions and should not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire hazard risk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. However, results of this test method may be used as elements of a fire risk assessment that takes into account all of the factors that are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard risk of a particular end use product.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 8.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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Inerting is a preventive measure to avoid explosions or fire to happen. By feeding inert gas into a system, which is to be protected against an explosion or a fire, the oxygen content is reduced below a certain limit or completely replaced by an inert gas, depending on the inert gas, on the fuel and the process until no explosion or fire can occur or develop.
Inerting can be used to prevent fire and explosion by reducing the O2 content.
NOTE Inerting can also be used to prevent and to extinguish smouldering nests and glowing fires which are a primary source of ignition in pulverized fuel storage and handling facilities, substituting air by sufficient inert gas inside the equipment.
The following cases are not covered by the guideline:
- admixture of an inert solid powder to a combustible dust;
- inerting of flammable atmospheres by wire mesh flame traps in open spaces of vessels and tanks;
- firefighting;
- avoiding an explosive atmosphere by exceeding the upper explosion limit of a flammable substance;
- anything related to product quality (oxidation or ingress of humidity) or product losses;
- any explosive atmosphere caused by other oxidizing agents than oxygen.
Other technologies might be used in combination with inerting such as floating screens made of independent collaborative floaters consisting of an array of small floaters non-mechanically linked but overlapping each other in order to form a continuous layer covering the liquid surface.
Product oxidation or evaporation reduction is directly proportional to the surface area covering ratio and quality of the inerting.
- Technical report63 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
Inerting is a preventive measure to avoid explosions or fire to happen. By feeding inert gas into a system, which is to be protected against an explosion or a fire, the oxygen content is reduced below a certain limit or completely replaced by an inert gas, depending on the inert gas, on the fuel and the process until no explosion or fire can occur or develop.
Inerting can be used to prevent fire and explosion by reducing the O2 content.
NOTE Inerting can also be used to prevent and to extinguish smouldering nests and glowing fires which are a primary source of ignition in pulverized fuel storage and handling facilities, substituting air by sufficient inert gas inside the equipment.
The following cases are not covered by the guideline:
- admixture of an inert solid powder to a combustible dust;
- inerting of flammable atmospheres by wire mesh flame traps in open spaces of vessels and tanks;
- firefighting;
- avoiding an explosive atmosphere by exceeding the upper explosion limit of a flammable substance;
- anything related to product quality (oxidation or ingress of humidity) or product losses;
- any explosive atmosphere caused by other oxidizing agents than oxygen.
Other technologies might be used in combination with inerting such as floating screens made of independent collaborative floaters consisting of an array of small floaters non-mechanically linked but overlapping each other in order to form a continuous layer covering the liquid surface.
Product oxidation or evaporation reduction is directly proportional to the surface area covering ratio and quality of the inerting.
- Technical report63 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document describes the recommendations for the design and use of screw conveyors and product receivers which can in addition be used as a means for explosion isolation to prevent a dust explosion transmission into connected plant items by using the bulk material which is inside.
The recommendations given in this document are procedural measures since the properties of the bulk material affect the efficacy of this measure essentially (e.g. flow and explosion characteristics). Product receivers and screw conveyors cannot be considered as protective systems under the scope of the ATEX Directive.
As far as screw conveyors are concerned, the scope of this document is limited to rigid, tubular, singular screw conveyors which consist of a spiral blade coiled around a shaft held by external bearings (the rotating part of the conveyor is sometimes called “auger”).
NOTE Additional internal bearings can be necessary if the tubular screw conveyor exceeds a certain length.
This document includes limits of application where a plug of bulk material in a screw conveyor is not possible/sufficient to achieve explosion isolation and also application ranges where a plug of bulk material is not necessary to achieve explosion isolation.
This document does not address the mandatory risk analysis and ignition hazard assessment, which are performed for the application of the screw conveyors and product receivers. The mandatory risk assessment includes start-up and shut-down conditions, when potentially no plug of material is present to prevent explosion propagation. To mitigate this residual risk, it is possible to use as an extra measure, e.g. a traditional gate valve which prevents flame transmission and is able to withstand the expected maximum explosion pressure.
- Technical report19 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a test method to determine the explosion limits of gases, vapours and their mixtures, mixed with a gaseous oxidizer or an oxidizer/inert gas mixture at pressures from 0,10 MPa to 10 MPa and for temperatures up to 400 °C.
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This document specifies a test method to determine the explosion limits of gases, vapours and their mixtures, mixed with a gaseous oxidizer or an oxidizer/inert gas mixture at pressures from 0,10 MPa to 10 MPa and for temperatures up to 400 °C.
- Standard19 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a test method that is designed to measure the explosion pressure and the maximum explosion pressure, the rate of explosion pressure rise and the maximum rate of explosion pressure rise of a quiescent flammable gas/air/inert mixture in closed volume at ambient temperature and pressure. In this document, the term “gas” includes vapours but not mists. Detonation and decomposition phenomena are not considered in this document.
The pressures and rates of pressure rise measured by the procedures specified in this document are not applicable to flameproof enclosures, i.e. enclosures intended to withstand an internal explosion and not to transmit it to an external explosive atmosphere, or any other closed volume where the internal geometry can result in pressure piling. Even in an enclosure of relatively simple geometry the disposition of the internal components can lead to rates of pressure rise significantly higher than those measured using this document. This document does not apply to the design and testing of flameproof enclosures in conformity with EN ISO 80079-37 (for non-electrical equipment) and EN 60079-1 (for electrical equipment).
- Standard41 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document describes the recommendations for the design and use of screw conveyors and product receivers which can in addition be used as a means for explosion isolation to prevent a dust explosion transmission into connected plant items by using the bulk material which is inside.
The recommendations given in this document are procedural measures since the properties of the bulk material affect the efficacy of this measure essentially (e.g. flow and explosion characteristics). Product receivers and screw conveyors cannot be considered as protective systems under the scope of the ATEX Directive.
As far as screw conveyors are concerned, the scope of this document is limited to rigid, tubular, singular screw conveyors which consist of a spiral blade coiled around a shaft held by external bearings (the rotating part of the conveyor is sometimes called “auger”).
NOTE Additional internal bearings can be necessary if the tubular screw conveyor exceeds a certain length.
This document includes limits of application where a plug of bulk material in a screw conveyor is not possible/sufficient to achieve explosion isolation and also application ranges where a plug of bulk material is not necessary to achieve explosion isolation.
This document does not address the mandatory risk analysis and ignition hazard assessment, which are performed for the application of the screw conveyors and product receivers. The mandatory risk assessment includes start-up and shut-down conditions, when potentially no plug of material is present to prevent explosion propagation. To mitigate this residual risk, it is possible to use as an extra measure, e.g. a traditional gate valve which prevents flame transmission and is able to withstand the expected maximum explosion pressure.
- Technical report19 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a procedure for performing laboratory tests to evaluate relative deflagration parameters of dusts.
5.2 The MEC as measured by this test method provides a relative measure of the concentration of a dust cloud necessary for an explosion.
5.3 Since the MEC as measured by this test method may vary with the uniformity of the dust dispersion, energy of the ignitor, and propagation criteria, the MEC should be considered a relative rather than absolute measurement.
5.4 If too weak an ignition source is used, the measured MEC would be higher than the “true” value. This is an ignitability limit rather than a flammability limit, and the test could be described as “underdriven.” Ideally, the ignition energy is increased until the measured MEC is independent of ignition energy. However, at some point the ignition energy may become too strong for the size of the test chamber, and the system becomes “overdriven.” When the ignitor flame becomes too large relative to the chamber volume, a test could appear to result in an explosion, while it is actually just dust burning in the ignitor flame with no real propagation beyond the ignitor.
5.5 The recommended ignition source for measuring the MEC of dusts in 20-L chambers is a 2500 or 5000 J pyrotechnic ignitor.4 Measuring the MEC at both ignition energies will provide information on the possible overdriving of the system.5 To evaluate the effect of possible overdriving in a 20-L chamber, comparison tests may also be made in a larger chamber, such as a 1 m3-chamber.
5.6 If a dust ignites with a 5000 J ignitor but not with a 2500 J ignitor in a 20-L chamber, this may be an overdriven system.5 In this case, it is recommended that the dust be tested with a 10 000 J ignitor in a larger chamber, such as a 1 m3-chamber, to determine if it is actually explosible.
5.7 The values obtained by this test method are specific to the sample tested (particularly the particle size distribution) and the met...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the minimum concentration of a dust-air mixture that will propagate a deflagration in a near-spherical closed vessel of 20 L or greater volume.
Note 1: The minimum explosible concentration (MEC) is also referred to as the lower explosibility limit (LEL) or lean flammability limit (LFL).
1.2 Data obtained from this test method provide a relative measure of the deflagration characteristics of dust clouds.
1.3 This test method should be used to measure and describe the properties of materials in response to heat and flame under controlled laboratory conditions and should not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire risk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. However, results of this test may be used as elements of a fire risk assessment that takes into account all of the factors that are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of a particular end use.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 8.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This document specifies a test method that is designed to measure the explosion pressure and the maximum explosion pressure, the rate of explosion pressure rise and the maximum rate of explosion pressure rise of a quiescent flammable gas/air/inert mixture in closed volume at ambient temperature and pressure. In this document, the term “gas” includes vapours but not mists. Detonation and decomposition phenomena are not considered in this document.
The pressures and rates of pressure rise measured by the procedures specified in this document are not applicable to flameproof enclosures, i.e. enclosures intended to withstand an internal explosion and not to transmit it to an external explosive atmosphere, or any other closed volume where the internal geometry can result in pressure piling. Even in an enclosure of relatively simple geometry the disposition of the internal components can lead to rates of pressure rise significantly higher than those measured using this document. This document does not apply to the design and testing of flameproof enclosures in conformity with EN ISO 80079-37 (for non-electrical equipment) and EN 60079-1 (for electrical equipment).
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This document specifies methods for the identification and assessment of hazardous situations leading to explosion and the design and construction measures appropriate for the required safety. This is achieved by:
- risk assessment;
- risk reduction.
The safety of equipment, protective systems and components can be achieved by eliminating hazards and/or limiting the risk, i.e. by:
a) appropriate design (without using safeguarding);
b) safeguarding;
c) information for use;
d) any other preventive measures.
Measures in accordance with a) (prevention) and b) (protection) against explosions are dealt with in Clause 6, measures according to c) against explosions are dealt with in Clause 7. Measures in accordance with d) are not specified in this document. They are dealt with in EN ISO 12100:2010, Clause 6.
The preventive and protective measures described in this document will not provide the required level of safety unless the equipment, protective systems and components are operated within their intended use and are installed and maintained according to the relevant codes of practice or requirements.
This document specifies general design and construction methods to help designers and manufacturers in achieving explosion safety in the design of equipment, protective systems and components.
This document is applicable to any equipment, protective systems and components intended to be used in potentially explosive atmospheres, under atmospheric conditions. These atmospheres can arise from flammable/combustible substances processed, used or released by the equipment, protective systems and components or from materials in the vicinity of the equipment, protective systems and components and/or from the materials of construction of the equipment, protective systems and components.
This document is applicable to equipment, protective systems and components at all stages of its use.
This document is only applicable to equipment group II which is intended for use in other places than underground parts of mines and those parts of surface installations of such mines endangered by firedamp and/or combustible dust.
This document is not applicable to:
1) medical devices intended for use in a medical environment;
2) equipment, protective systems and components where the explosion hazard results exclusively from the presence of explosive substances or unstable chemical substances;
3) equipment, protective systems and components where the explosion can occur by reaction of substances with other oxidizers than atmospheric oxygen or by other hazardous reactions or by other than atmospheric conditions;
4) equipment intended for use in domestic and non-commercial environments where potentially explosive atmospheres may only rarely be created, solely as a result of the accidental leakage of fuel gas;
5) personal protective equipment covered by Regulation (EU) 2016/425;
6) seagoing vessels and mobile offshore units together with equipment on board such vessels or units;
7) means of transport, i.e. vehicles and their trailers intended solely for transporting passengers by air or by road, rail or water networks, as well as means of transport insofar as such means are designed for transporting goods by air, by public road or rail networks or by water; vehicles intended for use in a potentially explosive atmosphere shall not be excluded;
8) the design and construction of systems containing desired, controlled combustion processes, unless they can act as ignition sources in potentially explosive atmospheres.
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This European Standard specifies analysis and evaluation procedures for determining self-ignition temperatures (TSI) of combustible dusts or granular materials as a function of volume by hot storage experiments in ovens of constant temperature. The specified test method is applicable to any solid material for which the linear correlation of lg (V/A) versus the reciprocal self-ignition temperature 1/TSI (with TSI in K) holds (i.e. not limited to only oxidatively unstable materials).
This European Standard is not applicable to the ignition of dust layers or bulk solids under aerated conditions (e.g. as in fluid bed dryer).
This European Standard shall not be applied to dusts like recognised explosives that do not require atmospheric oxygen for combustion, nor to pyrophoric materials.
NOTE Because of regulatory and safety reasons "recognised explosives" are not in the scope of this European Standard. In spite of that, substances which undergo thermal decomposition reactions and which are not "recognised explosives" but behave very similarly to self-ignition processes when they decompose are in the scope. If there are any doubts as to whether the dust is an explosive or not, experts should be consulted.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test standard describes how to evaluate the relative sensitivity of materials and components to dynamic pressure impacts by various gaseous fluid media (can include gas mixtures).
4.2 Changes or variations in test specimen configurations, thickness, preparation, and cleanliness can cause a significant change in their impact ignition sensitivity/reaction. For material tests, the test specimen configuration shall be specified on the test report.
4.3 Changes or variation in the test system configuration from that specified herein may cause a significant change in the severity produced by a dynamic pressure surge of the gaseous media.
4.4 A reaction is indicated by an abrupt increase in test specimen temperature, by obvious changes in odor, color, or material appearance, or a combination thereof, as observed during post-test examinations. Odor alone is not considered positive evidence that a reaction has occurred. When an increase in test specimen temperature is observed, a test specimen reaction must be confirmed by visual inspection. To aid with visual inspection, magnification less than 10× can be used.
4.5 When testing components, the test article must be disassembled and the nonmetallic materials examined for evidence of ignition after completion of the specified pressure surge cycles.
4.6 Ignition or precursors to ignition for any test sample shall be considered a failure and are indicated by burning, material loss, scorching, or melting of a test material detected through direct visual means. Ignition is often indicated by consumption of the non-metallic material under test, whether as an individual material or within a component. Partial ignition can also occur, as shown in Fig. 3a, b, and c, and shall also be considered an ignition (failure) for the purpose of this test standard.
FIG. 3 a Untested PCTFE (10X Magnification) (Polychlorotrifluoroethylene) Sample.
FIG. 3 b Untested Nylon (PA, polyamide) Valve Seat (10X magnification) (c...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a method to determine the relative sensitivity of nonmetallic materials (including plastics, elastomers, coatings, etc.) and components (including valves, regulators flexible hoses, etc.) to dynamic pressure impacts by gases such as oxygen, air, or blends of gases containing oxygen.
1.2 This test method describes the test apparatus and test procedures employed in the evaluation of materials and components for use in gases under dynamic pressure operating conditions up to gauge pressures of 69 MPa and at elevated temperatures.
1.3 This test method is primarily a test method for ranking of materials and qualifying components for use in gaseous oxygen. The material test method is not necessarily valid for determination of the sensitivity of the materials in an “as-used” configuration since the material sensitivity can be altered because of changes in material configuration, usage, and service conditions/interactions. However, the component testing method outlined herein can be valid for determination of the sensitivity of components under service conditions. The current provisions of this method were based on the testing of components having an inlet diameter (ID bore) less than or equal to 14 mm (see Note 1).
1.4 A 5 mm Gaseous Fluid Impact Sensitivity (GFIS) test system and a 14 mm GFIS test system are described in this standard. The 5 mm GFIS system is utilized for materials and components that are directly attached to a high-pressure source and have minimal volume between the material/component and the pressure source. The 14 mm GFIS system is utilized for materials and components that are attached to a high pressure source through a manifold or other higher volume or larger sized connection. Other sizes than these may be utilized but no attempt has been made to characterize the thermal profiles of other volumes and geometries (see Note 1).
Note 1: The energy delivered by this t...
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice may be used to accomplish several ends: to establish a worldwide frame of reference for terminology, metrics, and procedures for reliably determining trace detection performance of ETDs; as a demonstration by the vendor that the equipment is operating properly to a specified performance score; for a periodic verification by the user of detector performance after purchase; and as a generally-acceptable template adaptable by international agencies to specify performance requirements, analytes and dosing levels, background challenges, and operations.
5.2 It is expected that current ETD systems will exhibit wide ranges of performance across the diverse explosive types and compounds considered. As in previous versions, this practice establishes the minimum performance that is required for a detector to be considered effective in the detection of trace explosives. An explosives detector is considered to have “minimum acceptable performance” when it has attained a test score of at least 80.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice may be used for measuring, scoring, and improving the overall performance of detectors that alarm on traces of explosives on swabs. These explosive trace detectors (ETDs) may be based on, but are not limited to, chemical detection technologies such as ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) and mass spectrometry (MS).
1.2 This practice considers instrumental (post-sampling) trace detection performance, involving specific chemical analytes across eight types of explosive formulations in the presence of a standard background challenge material. This practice adapts Test Method E2677 for the evaluation of limit of detection, a combined metric of measurement sensitivity and repeatability, which requires ETDs to have numerical responses.
1.3 This practice considers the effective detection throughput of an ETD by factoring in the sampling rate, interrogated swab area, and estimated maintenance requirements during a typical eight hour shift.
1.4 This practice does not require, but places extra value on, the specific identification of targeted compounds and explosive formulations.
1.5 The functionality of multi-mode instruments (those that may be switched between detection of trace explosives, drugs of interest, chemical warfare agents, and other target compounds) may also be tested. A multi-mode instrument under test shall be set to the mode that optimizes operational conditions for the detection of trace explosives. This practice requires the use of a single set of ETD operational settings for calculating a system test score based on the factors described in 1.2, 1.3, and 1.4. A minimum acceptable score is derived from criteria established in Practice E2520 – 07, and an example of such a test is presented in Appendix X1 (Example 2).
1.6 Intended Users—ETD developers and manufacturers, testing laboratories, and international agencies responsible for enabling effective deterrents to terrorism.
1.7 Actual explosives as test samples would be preferable, but standard explosive formulations are not widely available, nor are methods for depositing these quantitatively and realistically on swabs. This practice considers sixteen compounds that are available from commercial suppliers. This does not imply that only these sixteen are important to trace detection. Most ETDs are able to detect many other compounds, but these are either chemically similar (hence redundant) to the ones considered, or are unavailable from commercial suppliers for reasons of stability and safety. Under typical laboratory practices, the sixteen compounds considered are safe to handle in the quantities used.
1.8 This practice is not intended to replace any current standard procedure employed by agencies to test performance of ETDs for specific applications. Those procedures may be more rigorous, use different compounds or actual explosive formulations, employ different or more realistic background...
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This European Standard specifies analysis and evaluation procedures for determining self-ignition temperatures (TSI) of combustible dusts or granular materials as a function of volume by hot storage experiments in ovens of constant temperature. The specified test method is applicable to any solid material for which the linear correlation of lg (V/A) versus the reciprocal self-ignition temperature 1/TSI (with TSI in K) holds (i.e. not limited to only oxidatively unstable materials).
This European Standard is not applicable to the ignition of dust layers or bulk solids under aerated conditions (e.g. as in fluid bed dryer).
This European Standard shall not be applied to dusts like recognised explosives that do not require atmospheric oxygen for combustion, nor to pyrophoric materials.
NOTE Because of regulatory and safety reasons "recognised explosives" are not in the scope of this European Standard. In spite of that, substances which undergo thermal decomposition reactions and which are not "recognised explosives" but behave very similarly to self-ignition processes when they decompose are in the scope. If there are any doubts as to whether the dust is an explosive or not, experts should be consulted.
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ISO/IEC 80079-34:2018 specifies particular requirements and information for establishing and maintaining a quality management system to manufacture Ex Products in accordance with the certificates. While it does not preclude the use of other quality management systems that are compatible with the objectives of ISO 9001:2015 and which provide equivalent results, the minimum requirements are given in this document.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition, published in 2011, and constitutes a full technical revision. The significant changes with respect to the previous edition should be considered as minor technical revisions. However, the clause numbering in regard to the previous edition has changed in order to be in line with ISO 9001:2015. The normal Table of Significant Changes has not been included for this reason.
This publication is published as a double logo standard. This standard should be read in conjunction with ISO 9001:2015
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2021-03-25 CV: rejected for OJEU citation but corrigenda are out of EY scope
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Commercial trace detectors are used by first responders, security screeners, the military, and law enforcement to detect and identify explosive threats and drugs of interest quickly. These trace detectors typically operate by detecting chemical agents in residues and particles sampled from surfaces and can have detection limits for some compounds extending below 1 ng. A trace detector is set to alarm when its response to any target analyte exceeds a programmed threshold level for that analyte. Factory settings of such levels typically balance sensitivity and selectivity assuming standard operating and deployment conditions.
5.2 The LOD for a substance is commonly accepted as the smallest amount of that substance that can be reliably detected in a given type of medium by a specific measurement process (2). The analytical signal from this amount shall be high enough above ambient background variation to give statistical confidence that the signal is real. Methods for determining nominal LOD values are well known but pitfalls exist in specific applications. Vendors of trace detectors often report detection limits for only a single compound without defining the meaning of terms or reference to the method of determination.
Note 2: There are several different “detection limits” that can be determined for analytical procedures. These include the minimum detectable value, the instrument detection limit, the method detection limit, the limit of recognition, the limit of quantitation, and the minimum consistently detectable amount. Even when the same terminology is used, there can be differences in the LOD according to nuances in the definition used, the assumed response model, and the type of noise contributing to the measurement.
5.3 When deployed, the individual performance of a trace detector (for example, realistic LODs) is influenced by: (1) manufacturing differences, history, and maintenance; (2) operating configurations (for example, thermal desorption tem...
SCOPE
1.1 In harmony with the Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology (JCGM) and detection concepts of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) (1, 2)2, this test method uses a series of replicated measurements of an analyte at dosage levels giving instrumental responses that bracket the critical value, a truncated normal distribution model, and confidence bounds to establish a standard for estimating practical and statistically robust limits of detection.
Note 1: Other standards are available that evaluate the general performance of detection technologies for various analytes in complex matrices (for example, Practice E2520).
1.2 Here, the limit of detection (LOD90) for a compound is defined to be the lowest mass of that compound deposited on a sampling swab for which there is 90 % confidence that a single measurement in a particular trace detector will have a true detection probability of at least 90 % and a true nondetection probability of at least 90 % when measuring a process blank sample.
1.3 This particular test method was chosen on the basis of reliability, practicability, and comprehensiveness across tested trace detectors, analytes, and deployment conditions. The calculations involved in this test method are published elsewhere (3), and are performed through an interactive web-based calculator available on the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) site: https://www-s.nist.gov/loda.
1.4 Intended Users—Trace detector developers and manufacturers, vendors, testing laboratories, and agencies responsible for public safety and enabling effective deterrents to terrorism.
1.5 While this test method may be applied to any detection technology that produces numerical output, the method is especially applicable to measurement systems influenced by heterogeneous error sources that lead to non-linear and heteroskedastic dose/response relationships and truncated or censored respons...
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a procedure for performing laboratory tests to evaluate deflagration parameters of dusts.
5.2 The data developed by this test method may be used for the purpose of sizing deflagration vents in conjunction with the nomographs and equations published in NFPA 68, ISO 6184/1, or VDI 3673.
5.3 The values obtained by this testing technique are specific to the sample tested and the method used and are not to be considered intrinsic material constants.
5.4 For dusts with low KSt values, discrepancies have been observed between tests in 20-L and 1-m3 chambers. A strong ignitor may overdrive a 20-L chamber, as discussed in Test Method E1515 and Refs (1-4).8 Conversely, more recent testing has shown that some metal dusts can be prone to underdriving in the 20-L chamber, exhibiting significantly lower KSt values than in a 1-m3 chamber (5). Ref (6) provides supporting calculations showing that a test vessel of at least 1-m3 of volume is necessary to obtain the maximum explosibility index for a burning dust cloud having an abnormally high flame temperature. In these two overdriving and underdriving scenarios described above, it is therefore recommended to perform tests in 1-m3 or larger calibrated test vessels in order to measure dusts explosibility parameters accurately.
Note 5: Ref (2) concluded that dusts with KSt values below 45 bar m/s when measured in a 20-L chamber with a 10 000-J ignitor, may not be explosible when tested in a 1-m3 chamber with a 10 000-J ignitor. Ref (2) and unpublished testing has also shown that in some cases the KSt values measured in the 20-L chamber can be lower than those measured in the 1-m3 chamber. Refs (1) and (3) found that for some dusts, it was necessary to use lower ignition energy in the 20-L chamber in order to match MEC or MIC test data in a 1-m3 chamber. If a dust has measurable (nonzero) Pmax and KSt values with a 5000 or 10 000-J ignitor when tested in a 20-L chamber but no measurable Pmax and ...
SCOPE
1.1 Purpose. The purpose of this test method is to provide standard test methods for characterizing the “explosibility” of dust clouds in two ways, first by determining if a dust is “explosible,” meaning a cloud of dust dispersed in air is capable of propagating a deflagration, which could cause a flash fire or explosion; or, if explosible, determining the degree of “explosibility,” meaning the potential explosion hazard of a dust cloud as characterized by the dust explosibility parameters, maximum explosion pressure, Pmax; maximum rate of pressure rise, (dP/dt)max; and explosibility index, KSt.
1.2 Limitations. Results obtained by the application of the methods of this standard pertain only to certain combustion characteristics of dispersed dust clouds. No inference should be drawn from such results relating to the combustion characteristics of dusts in other forms or conditions (for example, ignition temperature or spark ignition energy of dust clouds, ignition properties of dust layers on hot surfaces, ignition of bulk dust in heated environments, etc.)
1.3 Use. It is intended that results obtained by application of this test be used as elements of a dust hazard analysis (DHA) that takes into account other pertinent risk factors; and in the specification of explosion prevention systems (see, for example NFPA 68, NFPA 69, and NFPA 652) when used in conjunction with approved or recognized design methods by those skilled in the art.
Note 1: Historically, the evaluation of the deflagration parameters of maximum pressure and maximum rate of pressure rise has been performed using a 1.2-L Hartmann Apparatus. Test Method E789, which describes this method, has been withdrawn. The use of data obtained from the test method in the design of explosion protection systems is not recommended.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1....
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This document specifies methods for the identification and assessment of hazardous situations leading to explosion and the design and construction measures appropriate for the required safety. This is achieved by:
- risk assessment;
- risk reduction.
The safety of equipment, protective systems and components can be achieved by eliminating hazards and/or limiting the risk, i.e. by:
a) appropriate design (without using safeguarding);
b) safeguarding;
c) information for use;
d) any other preventive measures.
Measures in accordance with a) (prevention) and b) (protection) against explosions are dealt with in Clause 6, measures according to c) against explosions are dealt with in Clause 7. Measures in accordance with d) are not specified in this document. They are dealt with in EN ISO 12100:2010, Clause 6.
The preventive and protective measures described in this document will not provide the required level of safety unless the equipment, protective systems and components are operated within their intended use and are installed and maintained according to the relevant codes of practice or requirements.
This document specifies general design and construction methods to help designers and manufacturers in achieving explosion safety in the design of equipment, protective systems and components.
This document is applicable to any equipment, protective systems and components intended to be used in potentially explosive atmospheres, under atmospheric conditions. These atmospheres can arise from flammable/combustible substances processed, used or released by the equipment, protective systems and components or from materials in the vicinity of the equipment, protective systems and components and/or from the materials of construction of the equipment, protective systems and components.
This document is applicable to equipment, protective systems and components at all stages of its use.
This document is only applicable to equipment group II which is intended for use in other places than underground parts of mines and those parts of surface installations of such mines endangered by firedamp and/or combustible dust.
This document is not applicable to:
1) medical devices intended for use in a medical environment;
2) equipment, protective systems and components where the explosion hazard results exclusively from the presence of explosive substances or unstable chemical substances;
3) equipment, protective systems and components where the explosion can occur by reaction of substances with other oxidizers than atmospheric oxygen or by other hazardous reactions or by other than atmospheric conditions;
4) equipment intended for use in domestic and non-commercial environments where potentially explosive atmospheres may only rarely be created, solely as a result of the accidental leakage of fuel gas;
5) personal protective equipment covered by Regulation (EU) 2016/425;
6) seagoing vessels and mobile offshore units together with equipment on board such vessels or units;
7) means of transport, i.e. vehicles and their trailers intended solely for transporting passengers by air or by road, rail or water networks, as well as means of transport insofar as such means are designed for transporting goods by air, by public road or rail networks or by water; vehicles intended for use in a potentially explosive atmosphere shall not be excluded;
8) the design and construction of systems containing desired, controlled combustion processes, unless they can act as ignition sources in potentially explosive atmospheres.
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ISO 80079-37:2016 specifies the requirements for the design and construction of non-electrical equipment, intended for use in explosive atmospheres, protected by the types of protection
constructional safety "c", control of ignition source "b" and liquid immersion "k". This part of ISO/IEC 80079 supplements and modifies the requirements in ISO 80079-36. Where a requirement of this standard conflicts with the requirement of ISO 80079-36 the requirement of this standard takes precedence. Types of protection "c", "k" and "b" are not applicable for Group I, EPL Ma without
additional protective precautions. The types of ignition protection described in the standard can be used either on their own or in combination with each other to meet the requirements for equipment of Group I, Group II, and Group III depending on the ignition hazard assessment in ISO 80079-36.
Keywords: constructional safety "c", control of ignition source "b" and liquid immersion "k"
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ISO 80079-36:2016 specifies the basic method and requirements for design, construction, testing and marking of non-electrical Ex equipment, Ex Components, protective systems, devices and assemblies
of these products that have their own potential ignition sources and are intended for use in explosive atmospheres. Hand tools and manually operated equipment without energy storage are excluded from the scope of this standard. This standard does not address the safety of static autonomous process equipment when it is not part of equipment referred to in this standard. This standard does not specify requirements for safety, other than those directly related to the risk of ignition which may then lead to an explosion. The standard atmospheric conditions (relating to the explosion characteristics of the atmosphere) under which it may be assumed that equipment can be operated are:
- temperature -20 °C to 60 °C;
- pressure 80 kPa (0,8 bar) to 110 kPa (1,1 bar); and
- air with normal oxygen content, typically 21 % v/v. Such atmospheres can also exist inside the equipment. In addition, the external atmosphere can be drawn inside the equipment by natural breathing produced as a result of fluctuations in the equipment's internal operating pressure, and/or temperature. This part of ISO/IEC 80079 specifies the requirements for the design and
construction of equipment, intended for explosive atmospheres in conformity with all Equipment Protection Levels (EPLs) of Group I, II and III. This standard supplements and modifies the general
requirements of IEC 60079-0, as shown in Table 1 in the Scope of the document.
Keywords: mechanical explosion protected equipment
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice provides nine figures of merit which may be used to estimate the relative thermal hazard of thermally unstable materials. Since numerous assumptions must be made in order to obtain these figures of merit, care must be exercised to avoid too rigorous interpretation (or even misapplication) of the results.
5.2 This practice may be used for comparative purposes, specification acceptance, and research. It should not be used to predict actual performance.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the calculation of hazard potential figures of merit for exothermic reactions, including:
(1) Time-to-thermal-runaway,
(2) Time-to-maximum-rate,
(3) Critical half thickness,
(4) Critical temperature,
(5) Adiabatic decomposition temperature rise,
(6) Explosion potential,
(7) Shock sensitivity,
(8) Instantaneous power density, and
(9) National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) instability rating.
1.2 The kinetic parameters needed in this calculation may be obtained from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curves by methods described in other documents.
1.3 This technique is the best applicable to simple, single reactions whose behavior can be described by the Arrhenius equation and the general rate law. For reactions which do not meet these conditions, this technique may, with caution, serve as an approximation.
1.4 The calculations and results of this practice might be used to estimate the relative degree of hazard for experimental and research quantities of thermally unstable materials for which little experience and few data are available. Comparable calculations and results performed with data developed for well characterized materials in identical equipment, environment, and geometry are key to the ability to estimate relative hazard.
1.5 The figures of merit calculated as described in this practice are intended to be used only as a guide for the estimation of the relative thermal hazard potential of a system (materials, container, and surroundings). They are not intended to predict actual thermokinetic performance. The calculated errors for these parameters are an intimate part of this practice and must be provided to stress this. It is strongly recommended that those using the data provided by this practice seek the consultation of qualified personnel for proper interpretation.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This European Technical Report applies to bucket elevators that may handle combustible products capable of producing potentially explosive atmospheres of dust or powder inside the bucket elevator during its operation. The precautions to control ignition sources will also be relevant where the product in the bucket elevator creates a fire risk but not an explosion risk.
For the purposes of this report, a bucket elevator is defined as an item of bulk material handling equipment that carries material in powder form or as coarse products such as whole grain, wood chips or flakes, in a vertical direction by means of a continuous movement of open containers.
This Technical Report specifies the principles of and guidance for fire and explosion prevention and explosion protection for bucket elevators.
Prevention is based on the avoidance of effective ignition sources, either by the elimination of ignition sources or the detection of ignition sources.
Explosion protection is based on the application of explosion venting, explosion suppression or explosion containment and explosion isolation rules specifically adapted for bucket elevators. These specific rules may be based on agreed test methods.
This European Technical Report does not apply to products that do not require atmospheric oxygen for combustion.
- Technical report63 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Technical Report applies to bucket elevators that may handle combustible products capable of producing potentially explosive atmospheres of dust or powder inside the bucket elevator during its operation. The precautions to control ignition sources will also be relevant where the product in the bucket elevator creates a fire risk but not an explosion risk.
For the purposes of this report, a bucket elevator is defined as an item of bulk material handling equipment that carries material in powder form or as coarse products such as whole grain, wood chips or flakes, in a vertical direction by means of a continuous movement of open containers.
This Technical Report specifies the principles of and guidance for fire and explosion prevention and explosion protection for bucket elevators.
Prevention is based on the avoidance of effective ignition sources, either by the elimination of ignition sources or the detection of ignition sources.
Explosion protection is based on the application of explosion venting, explosion suppression or explosion containment and explosion isolation rules specifically adapted for bucket elevators. These specific rules may be based on agreed test methods.
This European Technical Report does not apply to products that do not require atmospheric oxygen for combustion.
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IEC/TS 60079-32-1:2013(E) gives guidance about the equipment, product and process properties necessary to avoid ignition and electrostatic shock hazards arising from static electricity as well as the operational requirements needed to ensure safe use of the equipment, product or process. It can be used in a risk assessment of electrostatic hazards or for the preparation of product family or dedicated product standards for electrical or non-electrical machines or equipment. The purpose of this document is to provide standard recommendations for the control of static electricity, such as earthing of conductors, reduction of charging and restriction of chargeable areas of insulators. In some cases static electricity plays an integral part of a process, e.g. electrostatic coating, but often it is an unwelcome side effect and it is with the latter that this guidance is concerned. If the standard recommendations given in this document are fulfilled it can be expected that the risk of hazardous electrostatic discharges in an explosive atmosphere is at an acceptably low level. Keywords: risk assessment of electrostatic hazards, static electricity
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a procedure for performing laboratory tests to determine the minimum autoignition temperature (MAIT) of a dust cloud.
5.2 The test data developed from this test method can be used to limit the temperature to which a dust cloud is exposed so as to prevent ignition of the cloud. Because of the short duration of the test, the data obtained are most applicable to industrial equipment where dust is present as a cloud for a short time. Because of the small scale of the test and the possible variation of the MAIT value with scale, the data obtained by this test method may not be directly applicable to all industrial conditions.
5.3 The MAIT data can also be used in conjunction with minimum spark ignition data to evaluate the hazards of grinding and impact sparks in the presence of dust clouds (1 and 2).3
5.4 The test values obtained are specific to the sample tested, the method used, and the test equipment utilized. The test values are not to be considered intrinsic material constants, but may be used as a relative measure of the temperature at which a dust cloud self ignites.
5.5 The test data are for cloud ignition. Dust in the form of a layer may ignite at significantly lower temperatures than the same dust in the form of a cloud (3). For liquid chemicals, see Test Method E659.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the minimum temperature at which a given dust cloud will autoignite when exposed to air heated in a furnace at local atmospheric pressure.
1.2 Data obtained from this test method provide a relative measure of dust cloud autoignition temperatures.
1.3 This test method should be used to measure and describe the properties of materials, products, or assemblies in response to heat and flame under controlled laboratory conditions and should not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire risk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. However, results of this test method may be used as elements of a fire risk assessment which takes into account all of the factors which are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of a particular end use.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a procedure for performing laboratory tests to evaluate relative deflagration parameters of dusts.
5.2 Knowledge of the limiting oxygen (oxidant) concentration is needed for safe operation of some chemical processes. This information may be needed in order to start up, shut down or operate a process while avoiding the creation of flammable dust-gas atmospheres therein, or to pneumatically transport materials safely. NFPA 69 provides guidance for the practical use of LOC data, including the appropriate safety margin to use.
5.3 Since the LOC as measured by this method may vary with the energy of the ignitor and the propagation criteria, the LOC should be considered a relative rather than absolute measurement.
5.4 If too weak an ignition source is used, the measured LOC would be higher than the “true” value and would not be sufficiently conservative. This is an ignitability limit rather than a flammability limit, and the test could be described as “underdriven.” Ideally, the ignition energy is increased until the measured LOC is independent of ignition energy (that is, the “true” value). However, at some point the ignition energy may become too strong for the size of the test chamber, and the system becomes “overdriven.” When the ignitor flame becomes too large relative to the chamber volume, a test could appear to result in an explosion, while it is actually just dust burning in the ignitor flame with no real propagation beyond the ignitor (1-3).5 This LOC value would be overly conservative.
5.5 The recommended ignition source for measuring the LOC of dusts in 20-L chambers is a 2500-J pyrotechnic ignitor.6 This ignitor contains 0.6 g of a powder mixture of 40 % zirconium, 30 % barium nitrate, and 30 % barium peroxide. Measuring the LOC at several ignition energies will provide information on the possible overdriving of the system to evaluate the effect of possible overdriving in a 20-L chamber, comparison tests may also be m...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is designed to determine the limiting oxygen concentration of a combustible dust dispersed in a mixture of air with an inert/nonflammable gas in a near-spherical closed vessel of 20 L or greater volume.
1.2 Data obtained from this method provide a relative measure of the deflagration characteristics of dust clouds.
1.3 This test method should be used to measure and describe the properties of materials in response to heat and flame under controlled laboratory conditions and should not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire risk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. However, results of this test may be used as elements of a fire risk assessment that takes into account all of the factors that are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of a particular end use.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 8.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a procedure for performing laboratory tests to determine the minimum ignition energy of a dust cloud.
Note 1: For gases and vapors, see Test Method E582.
5.2 The data developed by this test method may be used to assess the spark ignitibility of a dust cloud. Additional guidance on the significance of minimum ignition energy is in X1.1.
5.3 The values obtained are specific to the sample tested, the method used and the test equipment used. The values are not to be considered intrinsic material constants.
5.4 The MIE of a dust as determined using this procedure can be compared with the MIE's of reference dusts (using the same procedure) to obtain the relative sensitivity of the dust to spark ignition. An understanding of the relative sensitivity to spark ignition can be used to minimize the probability of explosions due to spark ignition.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the minimum ignition energy of a dust cloud in air by a high voltage spark.
1.2 The minimum ignition energy (MIE) of a dust-cloud is primarily used to assess the likelihood of ignition during processing and handling. The likelihood of ignition is used to evaluate the need for precautions such as explosion prevention systems. The MIE is determined as the electrical energy stored in a capacitor which, when released as a high voltage spark, is just sufficient to ignite the dust cloud at its most easily ignitable concentration in air. The laboratory test method described in this standard does not optimize all test variables that affect MIE. Smaller MIE values might be determined by increasing the number of repetitions or optimizing the spark discharge circuit for each dust tested.
1.3 In this test method, the test equipment is calibrated using a series of reference dusts whose MIE values lie within established limits. Once the test equipment is calibrated, the relative ignition sensitivity of other dusts can be found by comparing their MIE values with those of the reference dusts or with dusts whose ignition sensitivities are known from experience. X1.1 of this test method includes guidance on the significance of minimum ignition energy with respect to electrostatic discharges.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 8.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard9 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document provides protocol guidelines for determining explosivity and flammability characteristics of powders containing manufactured nano-objects. These explosivity and flammability characteristics are needed for safety data sheets for safe storage, handling and transport of any powder.
In particular, this document will provide protocol guidelines concerning:
- the determination of flammability characteristics of powders containing nano-objects with regard to sensitivity to ignition sources;
- the ability of a powder containing nano-objects to generate an explosive atmosphere and the assessment of its explosion characteristics.
This document is not suitable for use with recognized explosives, such as gunpowder and dynamite, explosives which do not require oxygen for combustion, or substances or mixtures of substances which may under some circumstances behave in a similar manner. Where any doubt exists about the existence of hazard due to explosive properties, it is best to seek expert advice.
- Technical specification31 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies minimum requirements and tests for electrical apparatus for the detection and measurement of combustible gases, toxic gases or oxygen using software and/or digital technologies.
This European Standard is applicable to fixed, transportable and portable apparatus intended for use in domestic premises as well as commercial and industrial applications.
This European Standard does not apply to external sampling systems, or to apparatus of laboratory or scientific type, or to apparatus used only for process control purposes.
This European Standard supplements the requirements of the European Standards for the detection and measurement of flammable gases and vapours (e.g. EN 60079 29 1, EN 60079-29-4, EN 50194 1, EN 50194 2), toxic gases (e.g. EN 45544 series, EN 50291 1, EN 50291 2) or oxygen (e.g. EN 50104).
NOTE 1 These European Standards will be mentioned in this European Standard as "metrological standards".
NOTE 2 The examples above show the state of the standardisation for gas detection apparatus at the time of publishing this European Standard. There may be other metrological standards for which this European Standard is also applicable.
This European Standard is a product standard which is based on EN 61508 series. It covers part of the phase 10 "realisation" of the overall safety life cycle defined in EN 61508 1.
Additional requirements are specified if compliance with safety integrity level 1 (SIL 1) according to EN 61508 series is claimed for fixed or transportable apparatus for low demand mode of operation.
NOTE 3 Compliance with safety integrity level 1 (SIL 1) for portable apparatus is not considered because portable apparatus cannot make an automatic executive action.
It is recommended to apply this European Standard for apparatus used for safety applications with SIL-requirement 1 instead of EN 50402. However, the technical requirements of EN 50271 and EN 50402 are the same for SIL 1.
NOTE 4 For apparatus used for safety applications with SIL-requirements higher than 1 EN 50402 is applicable.
- Standard32 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies requirements for explosion resistant equipment which will be able to withstand an internal explosion without rupturing and will not give rise to dangerous effects to the surroundings. It is applicable to equipment (vessels and systems) where explosions are considered to be an exceptional load case.
There are two types of explosion resistant equipment: explosion pressure resistant and explosion pressure shock-resistant equipment (see Figure 1).
(...)
Explosion pressure resistant equipment is designed to withstand the explosion pressure without permanent deformation and will not give rise to dangerous effects to the surroundings. Since the design and calculation methods for explosion pressure resistant equipment are similar to those described in EN 13445-1 to -6 "Unfired pressure vessels" they are not repeated in this standard.
For explosion pressure shock resistant equipment permanent deformation is allowed provided the equipment will not give rise to dangerous effects to the surroundings. This design has been developed especially for explosion protection purposes. This standard focusses on the requirements for explosion pressure shock resistant equipment.
This standard is valid for atmospheres having absolute pressures ranging from 800 mbar to 1 100 mbar and temperatures ranging from −20 °C to +60 °C. This standard may also be helpful for the design, construction, testing and marking of equipment intended for use in atmospheres outside the validity range stated above, as far as this subject is not covered by specific standards.
This standard applies to equipment and combinations of equipment where deflagrations may occur and is not applicable to equipment and combination of equipment where detonations may occur. In this case, different design criteria for the required explosion resistance are applicable which are not covered by this standard.
It is not applicable to equipment which is designed according to type of protection, flameproof enclosures "d" (EN 13463-3 or EN 60079-1).
This standard does not apply to offshore situations.
This standard is only applicable for equipment where metallic materials provide the explosion resistance. This standard does not cover fire risk associated with the explosions, neither with the materials processed nor with the materials used for construction.
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