ISO/TC 46 - Information and documentation

This document specifies the requirements for archival paper. It is applicable to unprinted papers intended for documents and publications required for permanent retention and frequent use. For these documents and publications, paper of high permanence and high durability is required. NOTE 1 Archival paper is primarily required for documents and publications intended to be kept permanently because of their high historical, legal or other significant value. Archival paper is for special purposes, not for common use. The use of the term “archival paper” does not imply that all papers kept in archives are “archival papers”. NOTE 2 For relationships between International Standards on paper permanence (ISO 9706), on archival paper permanence and durability (ISO 11108), and on paper stability for general graphic applications (ISO 20494), refer to Annex B.

This document specifies the requirements for permanent paper intended for documents. It is applicable to unprinted papers. It is not applicable to boards. NOTE 1 The terms paper and board are defined in ISO 4046-3. This document is not intended for judging the permanence of papers stored under hostile conditions, such as high humidity that can promote microbiological attack, excessive heat, radiation (light or other), high levels of atmospheric pollutants, or the influence of water. NOTE 2 For information on International Standards on paper permanence (ISO 9706), on archival paper permanence and durability (ISO 11108), and on paper stability for general graphic applications (ISO 20494), refer to Annex D.

This document defines methods for measuring and assessing the impact of museums on individuals and on society. The methods described can be used for identifying areas of influence of museums and their services, and for reporting such influence to stakeholders and the general public. This document does not intend to exclude the use of further instruments for assessing the impact of museums. This document does not deal with quality indicators for museums (see ISO 21246). Not all methods described can apply to all museums at any time. Limitations on the applicability of individual methods are specified in the descriptions of the methods in this document.

This document specifies the syntax, description and resolution functional components of the digital object identifier system. It specifies the general principles for the creation, registration and administration of DOI names (where DOI is an initialism for “digital object identifier”). This document defines the syntax for a DOI name, which is used for the identification of an object of any material form (non-physical or physical) or an abstraction (such as a textual work) where there is a functional need to distinguish it from other objects. The DOI name does not replace, nor is it an alternative for, an identifier used in another scheme, such as the schemes defined by ISO/TC 46/SC 9. This document describes how the DOI system can be used in conjunction with another identifier scheme (for example, to provide additional functionality, such as resolution, where this is not already available), and how the character string of that other scheme can be integrated into the DOI system through system metadata or the DOI syntax or both. This document does not specify particular technologies to implement the syntax, description and resolution functional components of the digital object identifier system.

This document analyses challenges, considerations, and potential benefits of blockchain and distributed ledger technology (DLT) in relation to records management standards and related standards for systems that: — create records that are required to be authoritative records; — can be used as records systems; or — can be used for records management, including records controls. The target audience of this document includes records managers and allied professionals, IT professionals and application developers, legal and compliance professionals, researchers, educators and other interested parties.

This document specifies the International Standard name identifier (ISNI) for the identification of public identities of parties, i.e. the identities used publicly by parties involved throughout the media content industries in the creation, production, management and content distribution chains. The ISNI system uniquely identifies public identities across multiple fields of creative activity and provides a tool for disambiguating public identities that might otherwise be confused. The ISNI is not intended to provide direct access to comprehensive information about a public identity but can provide links to other systems where such information is held.

This document provides a data model and encoding rules for the use of radio frequency identification (RFID) tags for items appropriate for the needs of all types of libraries (including national, academic, public, corporate, special, and school libraries). This document specifies the rules for encoding — a subset of data elements taken from the total set of data elements listed in ISO 28560-1 into a basic block, and — other data elements into extension blocks onto the RFID tag. A source of additional information about implementation issues is provided in Annex A.

This document specifies the required characteristics of repositories used for the long-term storage of archive and library materials. It covers the siting, construction and renovation of the storage facility, and the installation and equipment to be used both within and around the building. This document applies to all archive and library materials held in repositories, where mixed media can be stored together with paper-based materials. It does not preclude the establishment of separate areas or compartments within individual repositories, where the environment can be controlled to create conditions suitable for the needs of specific archive materials. This document does not specify exhibition or display guidelines.

This document identifies the purpose and benefits of disposition and provides organizations with guidance about how to manage disposition-related processes. In particular, it: — specifies responsibilities for records disposition processes; — provides guidance on the key areas against which records disposition processes can be assessed; — provides requirements and guidance for those implementing disposition processes; and — provides guidance on how to integrate records disposition processes into an organization’s operations.

This document specifies the syntax and structure of the International Standard Content Code (ISCC), as an identification system for digital assets (including encodings of text, images, audio, video or other content across all media sectors). It also describes ISCC metadata and the use of ISCC in conjunction with other schemes, such as DOI, ISAN, ISBN, ISRC, ISSN and ISWC. An ISCC applies to a specific digital asset and is a data-descriptor deterministically constructed from multiple hash digests using the algorithms and rules in this document. This document does not provide information on registration of ISCCs.

This document identifies issues and considerations for managing records in structured data environments.

The document: a) provides methods for identifying and documenting risks related to records, records processes, controls and systems (records risks); b) provides techniques for analysing records risks; c) provides guidelines for conducting an evaluation of records risks. This document intends to assist organizations in assessing records risks so they can ensure records continue to meet identified business needs as long as required. This document can be used by all organizations regardless of size, nature of their activities, or complexity of their functions and structure. This document does not directly address the mitigation of risks, as methods for these vary from organization to organization. It can be used by records professionals or people who have responsibility for records and records processes, controls and/or systems in their organizations, and by auditors or managers who have responsibility for risk management programs in their organizations.

This document gives a curated, factual knowledge about the past at a human scale. It specifies all information required for the exchange and integration of heterogeneous scientific and scholarly documentation about the past at a human scale and the available documented and empirical evidence for this. A more detailed and useful definition can be articulated by defining both the intended scope, a broad and maximally-inclusive definition of general application principles, and the practical scope, which is expressed by the overall scope of a growing reference set of specific, identifiable documentation standards and practices that this document aims to semantically describe, restricted, always, in its details to the limitations of the intended scope. The practical scope of this document is expressed in terms of the set of reference standards and de facto standards for documenting factual knowledge. This document covers the same domain of discourse as the union of these reference standards; this means that for data correctly encoded according to these documentation formats there can be an ISO 21127-compatible expression that conveys the same meaning.

This document defines rules for ISO 28560-1 data elements to be encoded in radio frequency identification (RFID) tags with a memory structure that is partitioned into four memory banks. This primarily applies to ISO/IEC 18000-63 (previously known as ISO/IEC 18000-6 Type C) operating in the UHF frequency, but not necessarily restricted to this technology. The rules for encoding a subset of data elements taken from the total set of data elements defined in ISO 28560-1 are based on ISO/IEC 15962, which uses an object identifier structure to identify data elements. This document defines the rules for encoding a unique item identifier in a specific memory bank, known as MB 01, taking into account different requirements for privacy. It also defines the rules for encoding other relevant data in a separate memory bank, known as MB 11. Each of these memory banks is addressable using different command set of the appropriate RFID technology. As with other parts of ISO 28560, this document is appropriate for the needs of all types of libraries (including academic, public, corporate, special, and school libraries). This document provides essential standards-based information about RFID in libraries. A source of additional information about implementation issues is provided in Annex A.

This document specifies a data model and encoding rules for the use of radio frequency identification (RFID) tags for items appropriate for the needs of all types of libraries (including national, academic, public, corporate, special, and school libraries). The rules for encoding a subset of data elements taken from the total set of data elements defined in ISO 28560-1 are based on ISO/IEC 15962, which uses an object identifier structure to identify data elements. This document defines the technical characteristics required to encode the data elements defined in ISO 28560-1 according to ISO/IEC 15962. These subsets of data elements can be different on different items in the same library. The encoding rules also enable the optional data to be organized on the RFID tag in any sequence. In addition, the encoding rules provide for flexible encoding of variable length and variable format data. This document provides essential standards-based information about RFID in libraries. A source of additional information about implementation issues is provided in Annex A.

This document specifies a model for the use of radio frequency identification (RFID) tags for items appropriate for the needs of all types of libraries, including national, academic, public, corporate, special, and school. It provides the framework to ensure interoperability between libraries that exchange library items with RFID tags, the freedom of the library to acquire or renew equipment or library items from different vendors, and interoperability of a single RFID application from the vendor's perspective. This document specifies a set of data elements and general guidelines for implementation, to meet the needs for: — circulation of library items; — acquisition of library items; — interlibrary loan processes; — data requirements of publishers, printers, and other suppliers of library items; — inventory and stock checking of items. This document gives guidelines for item security, profiles, privacy, implementation, migration, label design, and location of the RFID label. It specifies the data model, system data elements, and user data elements to be used in conjunction with ISO 28560-2, ISO 28560-3, and any future parts of the ISO 28560 series. A source of additional information about implementation issues is provided in Annex A.

This document specifies requirements and test methods for evaluation of the permanence and durability of writing, printing and copying on paper stored in libraries, archives, and other protected environments for long periods of time, in which the information recorded on paper must be retained but not necessarily the full artistic quality. It is applicable to: — images on white permanent paper according to ISO 9706 or ISO 11108; — recording obtained from pens, stamps, copying machines and printers (that can produce monocoloured and/or multicoloured images). It does not apply to: — documents stored under harmful conditions, such as high humidity that promotes microbiological attack, excessive heat, radiation (e.g. light), high levels of pollutants, or the risk of water damage (or water contact). Since documents might be kept in non-protected environments before being transferred to protected environments, resistance to water and light is, however, of importance; — legal documents, e.g. banking documents, where the authenticity is of primary interest; — documents where the information contents are influenced by small colour changes; — documents within the scope of ISO/TC 42, Photography.

This document specifies the requirements of a performance indicator for libraries and establishes a set of indicators to be used by libraries of all types. It also provides guidance on how to implement performance indicators in libraries where such indicators are not already in use. This document is applicable to all types of libraries in all countries. However, not all performance indicators apply to all libraries. Limitations on the applicability of individual performance indicators are listed in the scope clause of the description of each indicator (see Annex A). This document provides a standardized terminology and concise definitions of the performance indicators. Furthermore, it contains detailed descriptions of the indicators and of the collection and the analysis of data needed. This document is not intended to exclude the use of performance indicators not specified in it.

This document specifies requirements for boxes, file covers and other enclosures made of cellulosic material, to be used for long term storage of documents on paper or parchment. This document is applicable to boxes made of solid or corrugated board and to file covers and other enclosures made of paper or board. This document can also be applicable to other types of enclosures for long term storage such as cases, portfolios, tubes and envelopes made of cellulosic material. This document is not applicable to storage of photographic materials. NOTE ISO 18902 contains requirements on storage materials for photographs.

This document provides a data model and encoding rules for the use of radio frequency identification (RFID) tags for items appropriate for the needs of all types of libraries (including national, academic, public, corporate, special, and school libraries). This document specifies the rules for encoding — a subset of data elements taken from the total set of data elements listed in ISO 28560‑1 into a basic block, and — other data elements into extension blocks onto the RFID tag. A source of additional information about implementation issues is provided in Annex A.

This document establishes a system for the transliteration of the Arabic characters (often called Perso-Arabic script) used to write in the Persian language into Latin characters. This modification of the stringent rules established by ISO 233:1984 is specifically intended to facilitate the processing of bibliographic information (e.g. catalogues, indices, citations, etc.).

This document establishes a voluntary system for the identification of versions of audiovisual works and other content derived from or closely related to an audiovisual work (see Annex A). It is based on the International Standard Audiovisual Number (ISAN) system defined in ISO 15706-1. An ISAN combined with the version segment specified in Clause 4 constitutes an ISAN version identifier, hereinafter referred to as a V-ISAN. A V-ISAN is a registered, globally unique identifier for versions of an audiovisual work and related content. A V-ISAN identifies a specific version or other content related to an audiovisual work throughout its life. It is intended for use wherever precise and unique identification of a specific version or other content related to an audiovisual work would be desirable, such as in audiovisual production and distribution systems, broadcasting applications, digital platforms and electronic program guides. A V-ISAN identifies a specific version or other content related to an audiovisual work as the unique compound of its component elements (e.g. its artistic content, languages, editing and technical format) throughout its life and independent of any physical form in which that version or related content is distributed. The assignment of a V-ISAN to a version or other content related to an audiovisual work does not constitute evidence of the ownership of rights to either that version or related content or to the audiovisual work itself. This document specifies the basic systems and procedures to support the issuance and administration of V-ISANs.

This document establishes and defines a voluntary standard numbering system for the unique and international identification of audiovisual works (as defined in 3.1). An International Standard Audiovisual Number (ISAN) identifies an audiovisual work throughout its life and is intended for use wherever precise and unique identification of an audiovisual work would be desirable. As an identifier, it can be used for various purposes, such as to assist allocation of royalties among right holders, to track the use of audiovisual works, for information retrieval and for anti-piracy purposes, such as verifying title registrations. The ISAN can also provide a basis for supplementary identification systems when version or product information is required (e.g. for applications such as broadcast automation and automated storage and retrieval systems). An ISAN is applied to the audiovisual work itself. It is not related to the physical medium of such an audiovisual work, or the identification of that medium. Annex A specifies examples of audiovisual works for which an ISAN can be issued and examples of works for which ISAN are not issued. The issuance of an ISAN is in no way related to any process of copyright registration, nor does the issuance of an ISAN provide evidence of the ownership of rights in an audiovisual work.

This document defines the use and structure of the Research Activity Identifier (RAiD) system. The RAiD system includes a registry which supports the identification of research projects, i.e. projects managed in a scholarly or industrial environment which are expected to lead to specified outputs. It also specifies the RAiD metadata record which holds key metadata relating to the identified project and indicates relationships to other entities and their persistent identifiers and metadata. RAiD is an identifier for research projects and sub projects or tasks within such projects. It is not itself an identifier for any individual, group or institution, it is not a repository for project documentation or deliverables, nor is it a repository, platform or storage method. It does not apply to research outputs.

This document specifies a means of uniquely identifying a musical work. It standardizes and promotes internationally the use of a standard identification code so that musical works can be uniquely distinguished from one another within computer databases and related documentation and for the purposes of collecting societies involved in the administration of rights to such works. The International Standard Musical Work Code (ISWC) identifies musical works as intangible creations. It is not used to identify manifestations of, or objects related to a musical work. Such manifestations and objects are the subject of separate identification systems, such as the International Standard Recording Code (ISRC) for sound recordings, the International Standard Music Number (ISMN) for printed music, and the International Standard Audiovisual Number (ISAN) for audiovisual works.

This document provides principles for establishing codes for the representation of written language conversion systems. The codes are devised for usage in any application requiring the expression of written language conversion systems, including transliteration and romanization systems, in coded form.

This document specifies the planning issues, requirements and procedures for the conversion and/or migration of digital records in order to preserve the authenticity, reliability, integrity and usability of such records as evidence of business functions, processes, activities and transactions. These procedures do not comprehensively cover: — backup systems; — preservation of digital records; — functionality of trusted digital repositories; — the process of converting analogue formats to digital formats and vice versa.

This document specifies rules for the library and information services community on the collection and reporting of statistics: — for the purposes of international reporting; — to ensure conformity between countries for those statistical measures that are frequently used by library managers, but do not qualify for international reporting; — to encourage good practice in the use of statistics for the management of library and information services.

This document specifies the syntax, description and resolution functional components of the digital object identifier system. It specifies the general principles for the creation, registration and administration of DOI names (where DOI is an initialism for “digital object identifier”). This document defines the syntax for a DOI name, which is used for the identification of an object of any material form (digital or physical) or an abstraction (such as a textual work) where there is a functional need to distinguish it from other objects. The DOI name does not replace, nor is it an alternative for, an identifier used in another scheme, such as the schemes defined by ISO/TC 46/SC 9. This document describes how the DOI system can be used in conjunction with another identifier scheme (for example, to provide additional functionality, such as resolution, where this is not already available), and how the character string of that other scheme can be integrated into the DOI system through the DOI metadata record or the DOI syntax or both. This document does not specify particular technologies to implement the syntax, description and resolution functional components of the digital object identifier system.

This document defines and promotes the use of a standard code (ISSN) for the unique identification of serials and other continuing resources. Each International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) is a unique identifier for a serial or other continuing resource in a defined medium whether print or electronic. This document also allows for grouping related continuing resources into clusters identified by a separately-prefixed ISSN as defined in this document. ISSNs are applicable to serials and to other continuing resources, whatever the business model or modes of distribution (e.g. free, open access, on subscription, etc.) and irrespective of whether the serial is currently in publication, has ceased publication, or publication is planned for the foreseeable future. Continuing resources include whatever the medium of production (print or electronic): — serials, such as newspapers, periodicals, journals, magazines, blogs, conference proceedings, monographic series with no predetermined conclusion, annual or other periodic reports, and — ongoing integrating resources that are updated, such as loose-leaf publications, updating websites, institutional repositories, directories and databases. Monographs, sound and video recordings, notated music publications, audiovisual works, textual works and musical works have their own standard identifiers and are not specifically mentioned in this document. Such items can carry an ISSN in addition to their appropriate identifiers when they are part of a continuing resource. NOTE This document does not contain any operational guidance for its practical implementation.

This document defines the philosophy of why identifiers exist and why they are valuable for trade and information management. It establishes a core set of relevant characteristics and expectations for identifiers and the general business case of guidelines for identifiers. This document explains the reason identifiers are structured the way they are and for what purpose, while acknowledging other communities define identifiers differently.

This document establishes concepts and principles for Information Governance. This document applies to the governance of the organisation's past, current and future information assets. It applies to organisations of all sizes in all sectors, including public and private companies, government entities, and not-for-profit organisations.

This document gives guidance for the implementation of an MSR in accordance with ISO 30301. This document is intended to be used in conjunction with ISO 30301. It describes the activities to be undertaken when designing, implementing and monitoring an MSR. This document is intended to be used by any organization, or across organizations, implementing an MSR. It is applicable to all types of organization (e.g. commercial enterprises, government agencies, non-profit organizations) of all sizes. This document is intended to be used by those responsible for leading the implementation and maintenance of the MSR. It can also help top management in making decisions on the establishment, scope and implementation of management systems in their organization.

This document provides a code for the presentation of names of scripts. The codes were devised for use in terminology, lexicography, bibliography, and linguistics, but they can be used for any application requiring the expression of scripts in coded form. This document also includes guidance on the use of script codes in some of these applications.

This document specifies the competence requirements for personnel involved in the audit and certification process for management systems for records (MSR). It complements the existing requirements of ISO/IEC 17021-1. NOTE This document is applicable for auditing and certification of MSR based on ISO 30301. It can also be used for other MSR applications.

This document specifies the transactions between libraries or libraries and other agencies to handle requests for library items and the following exchange of messages.

ISO 10957:2009 specifies the International standard music number (ISMN), which is a means of uniquely identifying editions of notated music. It specifies the assignment of a unique ISMN on such editions so as to distinguish one edition of a title or one separate component of an edition from all other editions. ISO 10957:2009 also specifies the construction of an ISMN and its location on editions of notated music. ISO 10957:2009 is applicable to editions of notated music. The ISMN can also be used to identify editions of notated music that are presented with other media to form an integrated whole (e.g. an edition that, together with a sound recording, forms a single product). The ISMN is not suitable for the identification of material in other media that are issued separately, such as sound or audiovisual products (e.g. CDs or DVDs), for which other standards such as ISO 3901 (International Standard Recording Code) and ISO 15706 (International Standard Audiovisual Number) are applicable. The ISMN is not suitable for the identification of the products themselves (CDs or DVDs), for which the European article numbering (EAN) 13-digit bar code can be used.

This document establishes a framework for defining metadata elements consistent with the principles and implementation considerations outlined in ISO 23081-1. The purpose of this framework is to: a) enable standardized description of records and critical contextual entities for records; b) provide common understanding of fixed points of aggregation to enable interoperability of records and information relevant to records between organizational systems; and c) enable reuse and standardization of metadata for managing records over time, space and across applications. It further identifies some of the critical decision points that need to be addressed and documented to enable implementation of metadata for managing records. It aims to: — identify the issues that need to be addressed in implementing metadata for managing records; — identify and explain the various options for addressing the issues; and — identify various paths for making decisions and choosing options in implementing metadata for managing records.

This document describes a set of principles, guidelines, and requirements for the preparation of bibliographic references and citations in works that are not themselves primarily bibliographical. It is applicable to bibliographic references and citations for all kinds of information resources, including but not limited to monographs, serials, contributions within monographs and serials, patents, cartographic materials, artworks, performances and diverse electronic resources, such as research datasets, databases, programs and applications, Web archives and social media, music, recorded sound, prints, photographs, graphic and audio-visual materials, archival sources and moving images. This document provides a system for citing information resources that renders deterministic output, such that a citation generated by this system can be uniquely mapped back to the originally defined set of source elements. This system is intended to be applicable across multiple languages. Citations generated by this system are machine-parseable. The citation system described in this document can be used as a configurable framework for building citation styles. This document does not specify a data model for machine‑readable citations, although such specification may be provided in a separate document or added to a later edition of ISO 690. Guidelines for legal citations, such as references to cases, statutes or treatises, are not addressed in this document, since such guidelines are usually country-specific1. Recommendations with regards to what kind of information resources may or may not be cited, or describing the risks involved with, for example, citing social media, are not within the scope of this document2. 1 For example, the ALWD Guide to Legal Citation, and Bluebook, are commonly used in the USA depending on jurisdiction acceptance. 2 Academic institutions or scientific publishers may not accept references for some information resources such as Wikipedia articles for research papers and other scientific documents.

This document describes a method for analysing imaging systems quality in the area of cultural heritage imaging. The method described analyses multiple imaging systems quality characteristics from a single image of a specified test target. The specification states which characteristics are measured, how they are measured, and how the results of the analysis need to be presented. This specification applies to scanners and digital cameras used for digitization of cultural heritage material. NOTE This document addresses imaging of reflective originals, a future part two will address imaging of transparent originals.

This document specifies guidelines for the archives community on the collection and reporting of statistics for the following purposes: — strategic planning and internal management of archives; — aggregating and comparing operational and performance statistics at regional, national, and international levels; — reporting to stakeholders such as funding institutions, politicians, researchers, and the general public; — promoting the role and value of archives for advancing learning and research, education and culture, and social and economic life; — improving the management of processes, reinforcing transparency and supporting good governance. This document does not apply to records centres responsible for records that are still in the legal custody of the organization that created or received them, although it is recognized that some archives also have responsibilities for appraising, acquiring, and managing the current records of organizations that can or not be transferred to the archives for permanent retention. When applying this document to archives that also perform records management functions, the archives can exclude statistics that pertain to its records management functions, including measures pertaining to holdings and their usage and preservation, funding and expenditures, space and facilities, staffing and management.

This document specifies content conformance requirements for verifying the accessibility of EPUB publications. It also specifies accessibility metadata requirements for the discoverability of EPUB publications.

This document provides guidance for decision making and processes associated with the selection, design, implementation and maintenance of software for managing records, according to the principles specified in ISO 15489-1. This document is applicable to any kind of records system supported by software, including paper records managed by software, but is particularly focused on software for managing digital records. This document provides guidance to records professionals charged with, or supporting the selection, design, implementation and maintenance of systems for managing records using a variety of software. It can also provide assistance to information technology professionals such as solution architects/designers, IT procurement decision makers, business analysts, business owners and software developers and testers seeking to understand records requirements.

This document presents a model for cloud records management and outlines the risks and issues that are considered by records managers before adopting cloud services for records management. The model for cloud records management includes a stakeholder model, processes, metadata, architecture, and use cases. Risks and issues are classified into those originating from cloud services internally and those originating from cloud services externally. Internal risks are associated with cloud services, systems and stakeholders. External risks and issues can occur in the social and legal context in which cloud services operate. The target audience of this document includes: — records, information, knowledge, and governance professionals; — cloud service architects; — archivists using cloud services for managing records; — developers of cloud-deployed records management software; — ICT staff; and — providers of cloud-based records management services.

This document specifies basic guidelines for the implementation and maintenance of codes for formerly used names of countries. This code is intended to represent non-current country names, i.e. the country names deleted from ISO 3166 since its first publication in 1974.

This document specifies basic guidelines for the implementation and maintenance of country codes. This code is intended for use in any application requiring the expression of current country names in coded form.