ISO 690:2021
(Main)Information and documentation - Guidelines for bibliographic references and citations to information resources
Information and documentation - Guidelines for bibliographic references and citations to information resources
This document describes a set of principles, guidelines, and requirements for the preparation of bibliographic references and citations in works that are not themselves primarily bibliographical. It is applicable to bibliographic references and citations for all kinds of information resources, including but not limited to monographs, serials, contributions within monographs and serials, patents, cartographic materials, artworks, performances and diverse electronic resources, such as research datasets, databases, programs and applications, Web archives and social media, music, recorded sound, prints, photographs, graphic and audio-visual materials, archival sources and moving images. This document provides a system for citing information resources that renders deterministic output, such that a citation generated by this system can be uniquely mapped back to the originally defined set of source elements. This system is intended to be applicable across multiple languages. Citations generated by this system are machine-parseable. The citation system described in this document can be used as a configurable framework for building citation styles. This document does not specify a data model for machine‑readable citations, although such specification may be provided in a separate document or added to a later edition of ISO 690. Guidelines for legal citations, such as references to cases, statutes or treatises, are not addressed in this document, since such guidelines are usually country-specific1. Recommendations with regards to what kind of information resources may or may not be cited, or describing the risks involved with, for example, citing social media, are not within the scope of this document2. 1 For example, the ALWD Guide to Legal Citation, and Bluebook, are commonly used in the USA depending on jurisdiction acceptance. 2 Academic institutions or scientific publishers may not accept references for some information resources such as Wikipedia articles for research papers and other scientific documents.
Information et documentation — Principes directeurs pour la rédaction des références bibliographiques et des citations des ressources d'information
Informatika in dokumentacija - Smernice za bibliografske navedbe in citiranje virov informacij
General Information
- Status
- Published
- Publication Date
- 10-Jun-2021
- Technical Committee
- ISO/TC 46/SC 9 - Identification and description
- Drafting Committee
- ISO/TC 46/SC 9 - Identification and description
- Current Stage
- 6060 - International Standard published
- Start Date
- 11-Jun-2021
- Due Date
- 24-Feb-2021
- Completion Date
- 11-Jun-2021
Relations
- Effective Date
- 06-Jun-2022
- Effective Date
- 10-Dec-2016
Overview - ISO 690:2021 (bibliographic references & citations)
ISO 690:2021 provides international guidelines for bibliographic references and citations to information resources. It defines principles, requirements and a configurable citation system that produces deterministic, machine-parseable citations. Applicable across languages and resource types, ISO 690 covers monographs, serials, datasets, databases, software, cartographic materials, recordings, photographs, archives, social media and more. It does not cover legal citation rules (country‑specific) and does not itself define a machine‑readable data model - though it supports machine parsing and can be used to build citation styles.
Keywords: ISO 690:2021, bibliographic references, citation guidelines, machine-parseable citations, citation styles, metadata, persistent identifiers.
Key topics and technical requirements
- Principles for creating references: accuracy of metadata, prioritizing identification and retrieval, uniform presentation, and appropriate specificity.
- Guidelines for reference construction: how to reflect the specific content used, reference manifestations and items, handle derivative works, unpublished resources and access constraints.
- Metadata handling: provenance of metadata, verification, and conflict resolution to ensure citation reliability.
- Data elements and architecture: structured elements such as creator, title, edition/version, dates, production information, numeration/pagination, identifiers and availability/location.
- Identifiers and persistence: treatment of international standard identifiers and persistent identifiers to support long-term retrievability.
- Network and access aspects: network location, access restrictions, permanent links and considerations for archived or extinct resources.
- Machine‑parseability & determinism: the system is designed so a generated citation can be uniquely mapped back to its source elements and parsed by software; it serves as a framework for building standardized citation styles.
Practical applications & who uses ISO 690:2021
- Academic publishers and journals - to standardize citations and enable automated reference checks.
- Libraries, archives and institutional repositories - for consistent cataloging and resource linking.
- Researchers and authors - to create accurate, retrievable bibliographic references across media (datasets, software, web content).
- Reference management and discovery tool developers - to implement machine‑parseable citation output and configurable citation styles.
- Data curators and research data managers - for citing datasets, databases and software in reproducible research.
- Standards organizations and style committees - as a basis for national or domain-specific citation styles.
Related standards (if applicable)
- National or disciplinary style guides that implement or adapt ISO 690.
- Standards and identifiers that support citations (e.g., ISBN, DOI) - referenced in ISO 690 for identifier handling.
ISO 690:2021 is a practical, modern foundation for interoperable, machine-friendly citation practices across diverse information resources.
Frequently Asked Questions
ISO 690:2021 is a standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Its full title is "Information and documentation - Guidelines for bibliographic references and citations to information resources". This standard covers: This document describes a set of principles, guidelines, and requirements for the preparation of bibliographic references and citations in works that are not themselves primarily bibliographical. It is applicable to bibliographic references and citations for all kinds of information resources, including but not limited to monographs, serials, contributions within monographs and serials, patents, cartographic materials, artworks, performances and diverse electronic resources, such as research datasets, databases, programs and applications, Web archives and social media, music, recorded sound, prints, photographs, graphic and audio-visual materials, archival sources and moving images. This document provides a system for citing information resources that renders deterministic output, such that a citation generated by this system can be uniquely mapped back to the originally defined set of source elements. This system is intended to be applicable across multiple languages. Citations generated by this system are machine-parseable. The citation system described in this document can be used as a configurable framework for building citation styles. This document does not specify a data model for machine‑readable citations, although such specification may be provided in a separate document or added to a later edition of ISO 690. Guidelines for legal citations, such as references to cases, statutes or treatises, are not addressed in this document, since such guidelines are usually country-specific1. Recommendations with regards to what kind of information resources may or may not be cited, or describing the risks involved with, for example, citing social media, are not within the scope of this document2. 1 For example, the ALWD Guide to Legal Citation, and Bluebook, are commonly used in the USA depending on jurisdiction acceptance. 2 Academic institutions or scientific publishers may not accept references for some information resources such as Wikipedia articles for research papers and other scientific documents.
This document describes a set of principles, guidelines, and requirements for the preparation of bibliographic references and citations in works that are not themselves primarily bibliographical. It is applicable to bibliographic references and citations for all kinds of information resources, including but not limited to monographs, serials, contributions within monographs and serials, patents, cartographic materials, artworks, performances and diverse electronic resources, such as research datasets, databases, programs and applications, Web archives and social media, music, recorded sound, prints, photographs, graphic and audio-visual materials, archival sources and moving images. This document provides a system for citing information resources that renders deterministic output, such that a citation generated by this system can be uniquely mapped back to the originally defined set of source elements. This system is intended to be applicable across multiple languages. Citations generated by this system are machine-parseable. The citation system described in this document can be used as a configurable framework for building citation styles. This document does not specify a data model for machine‑readable citations, although such specification may be provided in a separate document or added to a later edition of ISO 690. Guidelines for legal citations, such as references to cases, statutes or treatises, are not addressed in this document, since such guidelines are usually country-specific1. Recommendations with regards to what kind of information resources may or may not be cited, or describing the risks involved with, for example, citing social media, are not within the scope of this document2. 1 For example, the ALWD Guide to Legal Citation, and Bluebook, are commonly used in the USA depending on jurisdiction acceptance. 2 Academic institutions or scientific publishers may not accept references for some information resources such as Wikipedia articles for research papers and other scientific documents.
ISO 690:2021 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 01.140.20 - Information sciences. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
ISO 690:2021 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to ISO 15384:2018/Amd 1:2021, ISO 690:2010. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
You can purchase ISO 690:2021 directly from iTeh Standards. The document is available in PDF format and is delivered instantly after payment. Add the standard to your cart and complete the secure checkout process. iTeh Standards is an authorized distributor of ISO standards.
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-oktober-2021
Nadomešča:
SIST ISO 690:2010
Informatika in dokumentacija - Smernice za bibliografske navedbe in citiranje virov
informacij
Information and documentation -- Guidelines for bibliographic references and citations to
information resources
Information et documentation -- Principes directeurs pour la rédaction des références
bibliographiques et des citations des ressources d'information
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 690:2021
ICS:
01.140.20 Informacijske vede Information sciences
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 690
Fourth edition
2021-06
Information and documentation —
Guidelines for bibliographic
references and citations to
information resources
Information et documentation — Principes directeurs pour la
rédaction des références bibliographiques et des citations des
ressources d'information
Reference number
©
ISO 2021
© ISO 2021
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .viii
Introduction .ix
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Principles for creating references . 8
4.1 Purpose . 8
4.2 Principle 1: Ensure metadata accuracy . 8
4.3 Principle 2: Prioritize identification and retrieval . 9
4.4 Principle 3: Unify reference presentation . 9
4.5 Principle 4: Determine appropriate specificity . 9
5 Guidelines for creating references . 9
5.1 General . 9
5.2 Facilitate location of the cited information resource . 9
5.3 Reflect the content used accurately .10
5.4 Reference derivative works alongside the original .10
5.5 Faithfully reference the manifestation and item .10
5.6 Consider retrievability of unpublished information resources .11
5.7 Adopt a uniform presentation scheme .11
5.8 Accurately indicate specificity level .11
6 Metadata .11
6.1 General .11
6.2 Data source .11
6.2.1 General.11
6.2.2 Cited information resource .12
6.2.3 External metadata sources .12
6.3 Verifying correctness and completeness .13
6.4 Handling conflicting data .13
7 Data elements .13
7.1 General .13
7.1.1 Architecture of a citation .13
7.1.2 Common rules .14
7.1.3 Manifestation and item.23
7.2 Creator . .25
7.2.1 General.25
7.2.2 Roles .25
7.2.3 Selection .26
7.2.4 Personal names .26
7.2.5 Organization or group names .30
7.2.6 Multiple creators .32
7.2.7 Pseudonyms .34
7.2.8 Anonymous works .34
7.3 Title .35
7.3.1 Preferred form .35
7.3.2 Alternative forms .35
7.3.3 Popular or original title .35
7.3.4 Long title .36
7.3.5 Additional title parts .36
7.3.6 Ambiguous or incorrect title .36
7.3.7 No title .36
7.3.8 Translated title .37
7.3.9 Titles of translated works .37
7.3.10 Representation .37
7.4 Component parts .38
7.4.1 General.38
7.4.2 Representation .38
7.5 Formats and resource types .40
7.5.1 Formats .40
7.5.2 Resource types .41
7.5.3 Digital file formats .42
7.5.4 Migrated medium .43
7.6 Edition and version .43
7.6.1 Edition .43
7.6.2 Version .44
7.6.3 Differentiated and adaptive content .45
7.6.4 Publication stages .45
7.7 Date .45
7.7.1 General.45
7.7.2 Representation .46
7.7.3 Date of publication .48
7.7.4 Date of citation.48
7.7.5 Reissuance and surrogate dates .48
7.7.6 Incorrect dates .49
7.8 Production information .49
7.8.1 General.49
7.8.2 Roles .49
7.8.3 Place .51
7.9 Numeration and pagination .53
7.9.1 General.53
7.9.2 Part cited .54
7.9.3 Plain citations and references .54
7.10 Serials and series .54
7.10.1 General.54
7.10.2 Qualifiers for titles .55
7.10.3 Key title and the abbreviated key title .55
7.10.4 Earlier titles .56
7.10.5 Conference information .56
7.10.6 Series title and numbering .56
7.10.7 New series .56
7.11 Identifiers .57
7.11.1 General.57
7.11.2 International standard identifiers .58
7.11.3 Persistent identifiers .59
7.12 Availability and location .60
7.12.1 Physical location.60
7.12.2 Network location and access .63
7.12.3 Permanent links and URL shorteners .66
7.12.4 Access restrictions and extinct resources .67
7.13 Item and event attributes .68
7.13.1 General.68
7.13.2 Item attributes .68
7.13.3 Event attributes .69
7.14 Relationship .70
7.14.1 General.70
7.14.2 Translation .70
7.14.3 Commentary .71
7.14.4 Annotated editions .72
7.14.5 Arranger .72
7.14.6 Abridgement and adaptation .72
7.14.7 Reviews and critiques .73
iv © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
7.14.8 Surrogate .74
7.14.9 Inclusion .75
7.14.10 Performance.76
7.14.11 Multiple relationships .76
7.15 Other elements .76
7.15.1 General.76
7.15.2 Subject.76
7.15.3 Dimensions and size .77
7.15.4 File size .78
7.15.5 Price .78
7.15.6 Registered trademark .78
7.15.7 Rights metadata .78
7.15.8 Provenance and authenticity .79
7.15.9 System requirements .80
7.15.10 Restoration .81
7.15.11 Other information .81
8 Resource categories .81
8.1 General .81
8.1.1 Purpose .81
8.1.2 Metadata elements to display .81
8.2 Monographs .81
8.2.1 Metadata elements .81
8.2.2 Simple monographs .82
8.2.3 Composed of multiple volumes .83
8.2.4 E-books . . .83
8.2.5 Audiobooks .83
8.2.6 Plays, librettos and scripts .83
8.2.7 Item .84
8.3 Monograph components .84
8.3.1 Metadata elements .84
8.3.2 Component parts of a monograph .86
8.4 Serials and their component parts .86
8.4.1 General.86
8.4.2 Metadata elements .86
8.4.3 Serials and their component parts .88
8.4.4 Newspaper articles .89
8.4.5 Monograph series and their component parts .90
8.5 Programs and applications .90
8.5.1 General.90
8.5.2 Metadata elements .90
8.5.3 Data elements and guidance specific to type .91
8.5.4 Operating systems .92
8.5.5 General programs .93
8.5.6 Games .93
8.6 Cartographic material .93
8.6.1 General.93
8.6.2 Metadata elements .93
8.6.3 Data elements and guidance specific to type .94
8.6.4 Separately issued cartographic resources .96
8.6.5 As a component part . . .97
8.6.6 Electronic cartographic resources .97
8.7 Events, performances, recordings and audio-visual materials .97
8.7.1 General.97
8.7.2 Metadata elements .98
8.7.3 Data elements and guidance specific to type .99
8.7.4 Motion pictures and videos .101
8.7.5 Broadcasts .102
8.7.6 Component parts .103
8.7.7 Performance, productions and events .103
8.7.8 Performance recordings .105
8.7.9 Performance-related artefacts .105
8.7.10 Exhibitions .106
8.8 Art, graphic material and collectables .106
8.8.1 General.106
8.8.2 Metadata elements .106
8.8.3 Data elements and guidance specific to type .107
8.8.4 Individual works .111
8.8.5 As a component part . . .113
8.8.6 Permanent structures and installations .113
8.8.7 Temporary or destroyed work .114
8.9 Music material .114
8.9.1 General.114
8.9.2 Metadata elements .114
8.9.3 Data elements and guidance specific to type .115
8.9.4 Performed and recorded music .116
8.9.5 Musical score .117
8.9.6 As a component part . . .118
8.10 Patents .118
8.10.1 General.118
8.10.2 Metadata elements .118
8.10.3 Data elements and guidance specific to type .119
8.10.4 Patent applications .120
8.10.5 Issued patents .120
8.11 Reports in series and similar information resources .120
8.11.1 General.120
8.11.2 Metadata elements .120
8.11.3 Data elements and guidance specific to type .121
8.11.4 Standards.122
8.12 Archival materials .125
8.12.1 General.125
8.12.2 Metadata elements .126
8.12.3 Data elements and guidance specific to type .126
8.12.4 Individual documents .127
8.12.5 Collections .127
8.12.6 Privately-owned documents and ephemera .127
8.13 Research datasets .128
8.13.1 General.128
8.13.2 Metadata elements .128
8.13.3 Data elements and guidance specific to type .129
8.14 Web sites and their component parts .132
8.14.1 General.132
8.14.2 Metadata elements .132
8.14.3 Data elements and guidance specific to type .133
8.14.4 Web site .133
8.14.5 Web archives .134
8.14.6 Web page .134
8.14.7 Component part of a Web page .135
8.15 Social media and services .135
8.15.1 General.135
8.15.2 Metadata elements .135
8.15.3 Data elements and guidance specific to type .136
8.15.4 Services .138
8.15.5 Stream of records .138
8.15.6 Individual records .139
8.15.7 Posting of content belonging to an original creator .140
8.16 Unpublished information resources.140
vi © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
8.16.1 General.140
8.16.2 Metadata elements .140
8.16.3 Data elements and guidance specific to type .141
8.16.4 Personal communications .141
8.16.5 Group communications .142
8.16.6 Dissertations and theses .142
8.16.7 Manuscript .142
8.16.8 Preprint .142
8.16.9 Phone calls .
...
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 690
Fourth edition
2021-06
Information and documentation —
Guidelines for bibliographic
references and citations to
information resources
Information et documentation — Principes directeurs pour la
rédaction des références bibliographiques et des citations des
ressources d'information
Reference number
©
ISO 2021
© ISO 2021
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .viii
Introduction .ix
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Principles for creating references . 8
4.1 Purpose . 8
4.2 Principle 1: Ensure metadata accuracy . 8
4.3 Principle 2: Prioritize identification and retrieval . 9
4.4 Principle 3: Unify reference presentation . 9
4.5 Principle 4: Determine appropriate specificity . 9
5 Guidelines for creating references . 9
5.1 General . 9
5.2 Facilitate location of the cited information resource . 9
5.3 Reflect the content used accurately .10
5.4 Reference derivative works alongside the original .10
5.5 Faithfully reference the manifestation and item .10
5.6 Consider retrievability of unpublished information resources .11
5.7 Adopt a uniform presentation scheme .11
5.8 Accurately indicate specificity level .11
6 Metadata .11
6.1 General .11
6.2 Data source .11
6.2.1 General.11
6.2.2 Cited information resource .12
6.2.3 External metadata sources .12
6.3 Verifying correctness and completeness .13
6.4 Handling conflicting data .13
7 Data elements .13
7.1 General .13
7.1.1 Architecture of a citation .13
7.1.2 Common rules .14
7.1.3 Manifestation and item.23
7.2 Creator . .25
7.2.1 General.25
7.2.2 Roles .25
7.2.3 Selection .26
7.2.4 Personal names .26
7.2.5 Organization or group names .30
7.2.6 Multiple creators .32
7.2.7 Pseudonyms .34
7.2.8 Anonymous works .34
7.3 Title .35
7.3.1 Preferred form .35
7.3.2 Alternative forms .35
7.3.3 Popular or original title .35
7.3.4 Long title .36
7.3.5 Additional title parts .36
7.3.6 Ambiguous or incorrect title .36
7.3.7 No title .36
7.3.8 Translated title .37
7.3.9 Titles of translated works .37
7.3.10 Representation .37
7.4 Component parts .38
7.4.1 General.38
7.4.2 Representation .38
7.5 Formats and resource types .40
7.5.1 Formats .40
7.5.2 Resource types .41
7.5.3 Digital file formats .42
7.5.4 Migrated medium .43
7.6 Edition and version .43
7.6.1 Edition .43
7.6.2 Version .44
7.6.3 Differentiated and adaptive content .45
7.6.4 Publication stages .45
7.7 Date .45
7.7.1 General.45
7.7.2 Representation .46
7.7.3 Date of publication .48
7.7.4 Date of citation.48
7.7.5 Reissuance and surrogate dates .48
7.7.6 Incorrect dates .49
7.8 Production information .49
7.8.1 General.49
7.8.2 Roles .49
7.8.3 Place .51
7.9 Numeration and pagination .53
7.9.1 General.53
7.9.2 Part cited .54
7.9.3 Plain citations and references .54
7.10 Serials and series .54
7.10.1 General.54
7.10.2 Qualifiers for titles .55
7.10.3 Key title and the abbreviated key title .55
7.10.4 Earlier titles .56
7.10.5 Conference information .56
7.10.6 Series title and numbering .56
7.10.7 New series .56
7.11 Identifiers .57
7.11.1 General.57
7.11.2 International standard identifiers .58
7.11.3 Persistent identifiers .59
7.12 Availability and location .60
7.12.1 Physical location.60
7.12.2 Network location and access .63
7.12.3 Permanent links and URL shorteners .66
7.12.4 Access restrictions and extinct resources .67
7.13 Item and event attributes .68
7.13.1 General.68
7.13.2 Item attributes .68
7.13.3 Event attributes .69
7.14 Relationship .70
7.14.1 General.70
7.14.2 Translation .70
7.14.3 Commentary .71
7.14.4 Annotated editions .72
7.14.5 Arranger .72
7.14.6 Abridgement and adaptation .72
7.14.7 Reviews and critiques .73
iv © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
7.14.8 Surrogate .74
7.14.9 Inclusion .75
7.14.10 Performance.76
7.14.11 Multiple relationships .76
7.15 Other elements .76
7.15.1 General.76
7.15.2 Subject.76
7.15.3 Dimensions and size .77
7.15.4 File size .78
7.15.5 Price .78
7.15.6 Registered trademark .78
7.15.7 Rights metadata .78
7.15.8 Provenance and authenticity .79
7.15.9 System requirements .80
7.15.10 Restoration .81
7.15.11 Other information .81
8 Resource categories .81
8.1 General .81
8.1.1 Purpose .81
8.1.2 Metadata elements to display .81
8.2 Monographs .81
8.2.1 Metadata elements .81
8.2.2 Simple monographs .82
8.2.3 Composed of multiple volumes .83
8.2.4 E-books . . .83
8.2.5 Audiobooks .83
8.2.6 Plays, librettos and scripts .83
8.2.7 Item .84
8.3 Monograph components .84
8.3.1 Metadata elements .84
8.3.2 Component parts of a monograph .86
8.4 Serials and their component parts .86
8.4.1 General.86
8.4.2 Metadata elements .86
8.4.3 Serials and their component parts .88
8.4.4 Newspaper articles .89
8.4.5 Monograph series and their component parts .90
8.5 Programs and applications .90
8.5.1 General.90
8.5.2 Metadata elements .90
8.5.3 Data elements and guidance specific to type .91
8.5.4 Operating systems .92
8.5.5 General programs .93
8.5.6 Games .93
8.6 Cartographic material .93
8.6.1 General.93
8.6.2 Metadata elements .93
8.6.3 Data elements and guidance specific to type .94
8.6.4 Separately issued cartographic resources .96
8.6.5 As a component part . . .97
8.6.6 Electronic cartographic resources .97
8.7 Events, performances, recordings and audio-visual materials .97
8.7.1 General.97
8.7.2 Metadata elements .98
8.7.3 Data elements and guidance specific to type .99
8.7.4 Motion pictures and videos .101
8.7.5 Broadcasts .102
8.7.6 Component parts .103
8.7.7 Performance, productions and events .103
8.7.8 Performance recordings .105
8.7.9 Performance-related artefacts .105
8.7.10 Exhibitions .106
8.8 Art, graphic material and collectables .106
8.8.1 General.106
8.8.2 Metadata elements .106
8.8.3 Data elements and guidance specific to type .107
8.8.4 Individual works .111
8.8.5 As a component part . . .113
8.8.6 Permanent structures and installations .113
8.8.7 Temporary or destroyed work .114
8.9 Music material .114
8.9.1 General.114
8.9.2 Metadata elements .114
8.9.3 Data elements and guidance specific to type .115
8.9.4 Performed and recorded music .116
8.9.5 Musical score .117
8.9.6 As a component part . . .118
8.10 Patents .118
8.10.1 General.118
8.10.2 Metadata elements .118
8.10.3 Data elements and guidance specific to type .119
8.10.4 Patent applications .120
8.10.5 Issued patents .120
8.11 Reports in series and similar information resources .120
8.11.1 General.120
8.11.2 Metadata elements .120
8.11.3 Data elements and guidance specific to type .121
8.11.4 Standards.122
8.12 Archival materials .125
8.12.1 General.125
8.12.2 Metadata elements .126
8.12.3 Data elements and guidance specific to type .126
8.12.4 Individual documents .127
8.12.5 Collections .127
8.12.6 Privately-owned documents and ephemera .127
8.13 Research datasets .128
8.13.1 General.128
8.13.2 Metadata elements .128
8.13.3 Data elements and guidance specific to type .129
8.14 Web sites and their component parts .132
8.14.1 General.132
8.14.2 Metadata elements .132
8.14.3 Data elements and guidance specific to type .133
8.14.4 Web site .133
8.14.5 Web archives .134
8.14.6 Web page .134
8.14.7 Component part of a Web page .135
8.15 Social media and services .135
8.15.1 General.135
8.15.2 Metadata elements .135
8.15.3 Data elements and guidance specific to type .136
8.15.4 Services .138
8.15.5 Stream of records .138
8.15.6 Individual records .139
8.15.7 Posting of content belonging to an original creator .140
8.16 Unpublished information resources.140
vi © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
8.16.1 General.140
8.16.2 Metadata elements .140
8.16.3 Data elements and guidance specific to type .141
8.16.4 Personal communications .141
8.16.5 Group communications .142
8.16.6 Dissertations and theses .142
8.16.7 Manuscript .142
8.16.8 Preprint .142
8.16.9 Phone calls .143
8.16.10 Presentation .143
Annex A (informative) Citation systems .144
Annex B (informative) Persistent references to Internet resources .151
Bibliography .157
Foreword
ISO (the International Organiz
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The standard ISO 690:2021 provides comprehensive guidelines for bibliographic references and citations, catering to a wide array of information resources. Its extensive scope covers everything from traditional formats like monographs and serials to modern digital formats such as databases, web archives, and social media content. This breadth of coverage ensures that it is relevant in today's information-rich environment, making it a critical resource for researchers, academics, and professionals looking to properly cite a diverse range of works. One of the standout strengths of ISO 690:2021 is its provision of a deterministic citation system. This system allows for unique mapping back to source elements, promoting accuracy and reliability in bibliographic references. The machine-parseable nature of citations generated by this standard enhances its usability in digital platforms, facilitating integration with various citation management tools and systems. Furthermore, the standard's adaptability across multiple languages broadens its applicability, making it accessible to a global audience. While ISO 690:2021 sets forth a robust framework for citation styles, it notably leaves out specific guidelines for legal citations, focusing instead on general information resources. This decision underscores the importance of context-specific citation practices that vary by jurisdiction, thus paving the way for future developments or revisions that may address these specific needs. Also, while the standard refrains from stipulating what can or cannot be cited, it emphasizes the importance of understanding the implications of citing different resources, particularly in academic contexts. Overall, ISO 690:2021 emerges as a crucial standard for anyone engaged in the documentation and citation of information. Its clear guidelines, systematic approach to citation, and relevance to a wide variety of formats solidify its position as a key reference point in the realm of information documentation.
ISO 690:2021は、情報および文書に関する規格として、文献参照および情報資源への引用に関する包括的なガイドラインを提供しています。この規格は、主に文献的でない作品においての文献参照や引用のための原則、ガイドライン、要件を定義しており、その適用範囲は非常に広範です。単行本、定期刊行物、単行本および定期刊行物内の寄稿、特許、地図資料、芸術作品、パフォーマンス、研究データセット、データベース、プログラム、ウェブアーカイブ、ソーシャルメディア、音楽、録音、印刷物、写真、視覚および音響資料、アーカイブ資料、動画像など、さまざまな情報資源に対して文献参照を行うことができます。 この文書の最大の強みは、情報資源を引用するためのシステムを提供することで、出力が決定的であり、生成された引用は元の要素セットに一意的にマッピングできる点です。また、この引用システムは多言語に対応し、機械可読性も高いことから、引用スタイルを構築するための設定可能なフレームワークとして利用できるため、国際的な利用にも適しています。 ISO 690:2021は、法律に関する引用（ケースや法令、論文など）についてのガイドラインは含まれていないため、国ごとの特異性を意識した適用が可能です。また、社交メディアの引用のリスクや、どの情報資源を引用しても良いのかといった推奨事項も取り扱っていないため、引用の適切性については別途、各機関や出版社の方針に従う必要があります。 このように、ISO 690:2021は、広範な情報資源に対して文献参照や引用を行うための信頼性の高い基準を提供し、引用管理の標準化を進める上での重要な文書です。この規格を活用することで、学術的なコミュニケーションの質を向上させ、より良い情報資源の利用が促進されるでしょう。
ISO 690:2021은 정보 자원에 대한 서지 참조 및 인용을 위한 지침을 제공하는 문서로, 그 적용 범위가 매우 넓습니다. 이 표준은 단행본, 연속 간행물, 특허, 지형도, 예술 작품, 공연 및 다양한 전자 자원(연구 데이터셋, 데이터베이스, 프로그램, 웹 아카이브 및 소셜 미디어 등)을 포함한 모든 종류의 정보 자원에 대한 서지 참조 및 인용의 준비를 위한 원칙과 지침을 기술합니다. 이 표준의 강점 중 하나는 서지 참조 시스템이 결정론적 출력을 제공하여, 생성된 인용이 원래 정의된 소스 요소 집합과 고유하게 매핑될 수 있다는 점입니다. 이는 정보 자원 인용의 일관성을 높이고, 연구 및 참고 문헌의 신뢰성을 증대시킵니다. 또한, 다양한 언어에 적용 가능하여 국제적인 활용도를 높이는 점도 중요한 특징입니다. 기계 파서블한 인용이 가능하다는 점은 자동화된 시스템이나 데이터베이스에 통합할 수 있는 유연성을 제공합니다. 이 시스템은 구성 가능 프레임워크로서 인용 스타일 구축에 활용될 수 있어, 사용자가 필요에 맞게 조정할 수 있는 이점을 가집니다. ISO 690:2021은 법적 인용에 대한 지침이나 특정 정보 자원의 인용 가능성에 대한 권장사항을 다루지 않지만, 이는 지역별 특성을 반영하여 다양한 법적 시스템에서 발생할 수 있는 혼란을 피하는 데 기여합니다. 이로 인해, 연구소나 학술 출판사에서 특정 정보 자원을 수용하지 않을 수 있는 관행을 반영하고 있습니다. 결론적으로, ISO 690:2021은 신뢰할 수 있는 서지 참조 및 인용 시스템을 제공하며, 연구자나 정보 관리자가 정보 자원을 정확하게 인용하고 문서화할 수 있도록 지원하는 필수적인 표준입니다. 이 표준은 정보와 문서화에 대한 국제적 기준을 설정함으로써, 학술 및 연구 영역에서 그 중요성이 더욱 부각되고 있습니다.
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