SC 65E - Devices and integration in enterprise systems

IEC TS 62453-43:2024 specifies how the common FDT principles are implemented based on the CLI technology and web technologies for graphical user interfaces. The specification includes the object behaviour and object interaction via. NET Standard interfaces and JavaScript APIs. Emphasis has been placed on support of distributed Frame Application architectures.
This document specifies FDT version 3.0.

IEC 63261:2024 provides requirements for the E&I objects of a digital 3D plant model, used in the engineering phase to design and construct a process plant and its instrumentation. It provides guidance how to model plants and their electrical and instrumentation equipment.
This document also specifies the content and the possible output of the 3D plant model at project milestones.
This document can be used by the contractual partners to agree upon the content of the 3D plant model to be delivered at specified milestones.
This document does not specify the transfer and format of digital 3D plant models.
This document does not specify definitions or instructions to equipment representations and details of elements in the 3D plant model not belonging to electrical and instrumentation domains.

IEC 61987-1:2024 defines a generic structure in which product features of industrial process measurement devices shall be arranged, in order to facilitate the understanding of product descriptions when they are transferred from one party to another. It applies to the production of catalogues supplied by the manufacturer of such devices and helps the user to formulate their requirements. This document will also serve as a reference document for all future standards which are concerned with process measuring equipment.
In addition, this document also provides a basic structure for the production of further standards listing the properties of process control equipment, for example, for actuators and infrastructure devices.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
a) Addition of a subclause “Digital communication” in Clause 5, in order to allow a more comprehensive description of the properties of such an interface;
b) Alignment of clause headings, as described in the introduction, to correspond with those of the IEC CDD.

IEC 62382:2024 defines procedures and specifications for loop check, which comprises the activities between the completion of the loop construction (including installation and point-to-point checks) and the beginning of cold commissioning. This document is applicable for the construction of new plants and for expansion or retrofits (i.e. revamping) of electrical and instrument (E&I) installations in existing plants (including PLC, DCS, panel-mounted and field instrumentation). It does not include a detailed checkout of power distribution systems, except as they relate to the loops being checked (i.e. a motor starter or a power supply to a four-wire transmitter). Loop checks can be performed throughout the lifecycle of the plant. This document is also applicable when loop checks are performed after commissioning. This document describes what is intended to be tested but not how the test is performed, due to the wide range of technologies and equipment available.
The intent of this document is to provide a means for all parties, including the owner, the installer and the vendor, to clearly establish and agree on the scope of activities and responsibilities involved in performing these tests in order to achieve a timely delivery and acceptance of the automation system. The activities described in this document can be taken as a guideline and adapted to the specific requirements of the process, plant or equipment.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
a) general re-organization of the content of the previous edition, moving informative content to the annexes;
b) replacing the forms based on I/O type in IEC 62382:2012, Annex A to Annex E with an example of a generic loop check form;
c) providing additional references to other applicable standards.

IEC 63082-2:2024 specifies requirements and recommendations for establishing and maintaining intelligent device management (IDM) as outlined in IEC TR 63082-1 in an enterprise having one or more facilities.
The following topics are included in the scope of this document:
- optimizing functionality and performance of intelligent devices for their use;
- managing information related to IDM;
- integrating intelligent devices into industrial automation and control systems (IACS) in facilities;
- exchanging information between stakeholders that achieve and sustain IDM;
- coordinating multiple asynchronous IDM life cycles.
The following topics are outside the scope of this document:
- defining and determining the function and performance of intelligent devices;
- defining and specifying technologies and tools that provide, preserve and manage information related to IDM such as FDT, FDI, portable on-line and off-line tools, configuration tools, historians, and maintenance planning tools;
- defining and specifying technologies and tools that are used to design intelligent devices;
- defining and specifying communication network architecture, communication technologies, cybersecurity requirements, and network management requirements.

IEC 62381:2024 defines requirements and checklists for the factory acceptance test (FAT), the factory integration test (FIT), the site acceptance test (SAT), and the site integration test (SIT). These tests are carried out to demonstrate that the automation system meets the requirements of the applicable specification. This document provides a means for all parties, including the owner, the buyer, and the vendor, to clearly establish and agree on the scope of activities and responsibilities involved in performing these tests in order to achieve a timely delivery and acceptance of the automation system. The activities specified in this document can be used to develop test plans adapted to the specific requirements of the process/plant/equipment. The annexes of this document contain checklists which are available for consideration when preparing specific test procedures and documentation for a specific automation system.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
a) General re-organization of the standard;
b) Current technology incorporated;
c) Optional factory integration test (FIT) added;
d) Replaced the forms in the annexes with detailed checklists of activities which can be used to develop project-specific test plans; and
e) Provided additional references to other applicable standards.

IEC 61987-32:2024 This part of IEC 61987 provides an operating list of properties (OLOP) for the description of the operating parameters and the collection of requirements for I/O modules and a device list of properties (DLOP) for the description of a range of I/O module types.
The structures of the OLOP and the DLOPs correspond to the general structures defined in IEC 61987-11 and agree with the fundamentals for the construction of LOPs defined in IEC 61987-10.
Aspects other than the OLOP, needed in different electronic data exchange processes and described in IEC 61987-10 and IEC 61987-11, are published in IEC 61987-92.
The locations of the libraries of properties and of blocks used in the LOPs concerned are listed in Annex C and Annex D.

IEC 61406-2:2024 complements IEC 61406-1 by providing additional requirements for those cases where data elements are encoded within the Structured Identification Link string with standardized syntax and semantics.
In addition, this document covers cases where the uniqueness relates to product types/models or lots/batches. The default assumption is that the Identification Link identifies unique objects such as unique serialized products, assets, persons or packages, unless otherwise identified.

IEC 62453-302:2023 provides information for integrating the CIP™ technology into the FDT interface specification (IEC 62453‑2). Communication Profile Family 2 (commonly known as CIP™[1]) defines communication profiles based on IEC 61158-2 Type 2, IEC 61158-3-2, IEC 61158-4-2, IEC 61158-5-2, IEC 61158-6-2, and IEC 62026-3. The basic profiles CP 2/1 (ControlNet™[2]), CP 2/2 (EtherNet/IP™[3]), and CP 2/3 (DeviceNet™1) are defined in IEC 61784‑1 and IEC 61784‑2. An additional communication profile (CompoNet™1), also based on CIP™, is defined in IEC 62026-7. This part of IEC 62453 specifies communication and other services. This specification neither contains the FDT specification nor modifies it.
[1] CIP™ (Common Industrial Protocol), DeviceNet™ and CompoNet™ are trade names of Open DeviceNet Vendor Association, Inc (ODVA). This information is given for the convenience of users of this document and does not constitute an endorsement by IEC of the trade name holder or any of its products. Compliance to this standard does not require use of the trade names CIP™, DeviceNet™ or CompoNet™. Use of the trade names CIP™, DeviceNet™ or CompoNet™ requires permission of Open DeviceNet Vendor Association, Inc.
[2] ControlNet™ is a trade name of ControlNet International, Ltd. This information is given for the convenience of users of this document and does not constitute an endorsement by IEC of the trademark holder or any of its products. Compliance to this profile does not require use of the trade name ControlNet™. Use of the trade name ControlNet™ requires permission of ControlNet International, Ltd.
[3] EtherNet/IP™ is a trade name of ControlNet International, Ltd. and Open DeviceNet Vendor Association, Inc. This information is given for the convenience of users of this document and does not constitute an endorsement by IEC of the trademark holder or any of its products. Compliance to this profile does not require use of the trade name EtherNet/IP™. Use of the trade name EtherNet/IP™ requires permission of either ControlNet International, Ltd. or Open DeviceNet Vendor Association, Inc.

IEC 62453-71:2023 specifies an OPC UA Information Model to represent the device information based on FDT-defined device integration.

IEC 62769-150-1:2023 specifies an FDI profile of IEC 62769 for IEC 62734 (ISA100.11a)[1].
[1] ISA100 WIRELESSTM is a trade name of the non-profit consortium Wireless Compliance Institute. This information is given for the convenience of users of this standard and does not constitute an endorsement by IEC of the trademark holder or any of its products. Compliance does not require use of the trade name. Use of the trade name requires permission of the trade name holder.

IEC 62769-103-4:2023 specifies an FDI®[1] profile of IEC 62769 for IEC 61784-2_CP 3/4, IEC 61784-2_CP3/5 and IEC 61784-2_CP3/6 (PROFINET[2]).
[1] FDI is a registered trademark of the non-profit organization Fieldbus Foundation, Inc. This information is given for the convenience of users of this document and does not constitute an endorsement by IEC of the trademark holder or any of its products. Compliance does not require use of the trade name. Use of the trade name requires permission of the trade name holder.
[2] PROFINET is the trade name of the non-profit consortium PROFIBUS & PROFINET International. This information is given for the convenience of users of this technical report and does not constitute an endorsement by IEC of the trademark holder or any of its products. Compliance does not require use of the trade name. Use of the trade name requires permission of the trade name holder.

IEC 62769-109-1:2023 specifies an FDI®[1] profile of IEC 62769 for IEC 61784‑1_CP 9/1 (HART®)[2] and IEC 61784‑1_CP 9/2 (WirelessHART®)[3].
[1] FDI is a registered trademark of the non-profit organization Fieldbus Foundation, Inc. This information is given for the convenience of users of this document and does not constitute an endorsement by IEC of the trademark holder or any of its products. Compliance does not require use of the trade name. Use of the trade name requires permission of the trade name holder.
[2] HART is the trade name of the non-profit consortium FieldComm Group. This information is given for the convenience of users of this technical report and does not constitute an endorsement by IEC of the trademark holder or any of its products. Compliance does not require use of the trade name. Use of the trade name requires permission of the trade name holder.
[3] WirelessHART is the trade name of the non-profit consortium FieldComm Group. This information is given for the convenience of users of this technical report and does not constitute an endorsement by IEC of the trademark holder or any of its products. Compliance does not require use of the trade name. Use of the trade name requires permission of the trade name holder.

IEC 62769-103-1:2023 specifies an FDI®[1] profile of IEC 62769 for IEC 61784-1_CP 3/1 (PROFIBUS DP)[2] and IEC 61784-1_CP3/2 (PROFIBUS PA).
[1] FDI is a registered trademark of the non-profit organization Fieldbus Foundation, Inc. This information is given for the convenience of users of this document and does not constitute an endorsement by IEC of the trademark holder or any of its products. Compliance does not require use of the trade name. Use of the trade name requires permission of the trade name holder.
[2] PROFIBUS is the trade name of the non-profit consortium PROFIBUS & PROFINET International. This information is given for the convenience of users of this technical report and does not constitute an endorsement by IEC of the trademark holder or any of its products. Compliance does not require use of the trade name. Use of the trade name requires permission of the trade name holder.

IEC 62769-101-1:2023 specifies an FDI®[1] profile of IEC 62769 for IEC 61784‑1_CP 1/1 (Foundation™ Fieldbus H1)[2].
[1] FDI is a registered trademark of the non-profit organization Fieldbus Foundation, Inc. This information is given for the convenience of users of this document and does not constitute an endorsement by IEC of the trademark holder or any of its products. Compliance does not require use of the trade name. Use of the trade name requires permission of the trade name holder.
[2] Foundation™ Fieldbus is the trade name of the non-profit consortium Fieldbus Foundation. This information is given for the convenience of users of this standard and does not constitute an endorsement by IEC of the trademark holder or any of its products. Compliance does not require use of the trade name. Use of the trade name requires permission of the trade name holder.

IEC 62769-6-100:2023 specifies the technology mapping for the concepts described in the Field Device Integration (FDI®[1]) standard. The technology mapping focuses on implementation regarding the components FDI® Client and User Interface Plug-in (UIP) using the Runtime .NET. This runtime is specific only to the WORKSTATION platform as defined in IEC 62769‑4.
[1] FDI is a registered trademark of the non-profit organization Fieldbus Foundation, Inc. This information is given for the convenience of users of this document and does not constitute an endorsement by IEC of the trademark holder or any of its products. Compliance does not require use of the trade name. Use of the trade name requires permission of the trade name holder.

IEC 62769-6-200:2023 specifies the technology mapping for the concepts described in the Field Device Integration (FDI®[1]) standard. The technology mapping focuses on implementation regarding the components FDI® Client and User Interface Plug-in (UIP) for the Runtime HTML5.
[1] FDI is a registered trademark of the non-profit organization Fieldbus Foundation, Inc. This information is given for the convenience of users of this document and does not constitute an endorsement by IEC of the trademark holder or any of its products. Compliance does not require use of the trade name. Use of the trade name requires permission of the trade name holder.

IEC 62769-101-2:2023 specifies the IEC 62769 profile for IEC 61784‑1, CP 1/2 (Foundation™ Fieldbus HSE)[1].
[1] Foundation™ Fieldbus is the trade name of the non-profit consortium Fieldbus Foundation. This information is given for the convenience of users of this technical report and does not constitute an endorsement by IEC of the trademark holder or any of its products. Compliance does not require use of the trade name. Use of the trade name requires permission of the trade name holder.

IEC 62769-151-1:2023 defines the protocol-specific definitions (PSDs) as defined in IEC 62769‑7 for the OPC UA protocol.

IEC 62769-102-2:2023 defines the protocol-specific definitions (PSDs) as defined in IEC 62769‑100 (annex on generic protocol extensions) for the Ethernet/IP protocol.

IEC 62769-100:2023 specifies an FDI®[1] profile of IEC 62769 for Generic Protocols. That means that all interfaces are defined and a host can add support for more protocols without changing its implementation. Nevertheless, there are some protocol specific definitions (PSD) that need to be specified per protocol using this profile. Annex C specifies what PSD need to be defined per protocol so that FDI® Device Packages, FDI® Communication Packages for Gateways and FDI® Communication Servers, FDI® Communication Server, Gateways and Devices supporting such a protocol can work together in a host not aware about this specific protocol.

IEC 62769-7:2023 specifies the elements implementing communication capabilities called Communication Devices. The overall FDI®[1] architecture is illustrated in Figure 1. The architectural components that are within the scope of this document have been highlighted in this illustration. The document scope with respect to FDI® Packages is limited to Communication Devices. The Communication Server shown in Figure 1 is an example of a specific Communication Device.
[1] FDI® is a registered trademark of the non-profit organization Fieldbus Foundation, Inc. This information is given for the convenience of users of this document and does not constitute an endorsement by IEC of the trademark holder or any of its products. Compliance does not require use of the trade name. Use of the trade name requires permission of the trade name holder.

IEC 62769-6:2023 specifies the technology mapping for the concepts described in the Field Device Integration (FDI®[1]) standard. The technology mapping focuses on implementation of the components FDI® Client and User Interface Plug-in (UIP) in the specified technologies for the WORKSTATION platform and the MOBILE platform as defined in IEC 62769-4. There are individual subparts for the currently supported technologies .NET and HTML5.

IEC 62769-8:2023 specifies how the internal view of a device model represented by the EDD can be transferred into an external view as an OPC-UA information model by mapping EDD constructs to OPC-UA objects.

IEC 62769-5:2023 defines the FDI®[1] Information Model. One of the main tasks of the Information Model is to reflect the topology of the automation system. Therefore, it represents the devices of the automation system as well as the connecting communication networks including their properties, relationships, and the operations that can be performed on them. The types in the AddressSpace of the FDI® Server constitute some kind of catalogue, which is built from FDI® Packages. The fundamental types for the FDI® Information Model are well defined in OPC UA for Devices (IEC 62541‑100). The FDI® Information Model specifies extensions for a few special cases and otherwise explains how these types are used and how the contents are built from elements of DevicePackages.
[1] FDI® is a registered trademark of the non-profit organization Fieldbus Foundation, Inc. This information is given for the convenience of users of this document and does not constitute an endorsement by IEC of the trademark holder or any of its products. Compliance does not require use of the trade name. Use of the trade name requires permission of the trade name holder.

IEC 62769-4:2023 specifies the FDI®[1] Packages. The overall FDI® architecture is illustrated in Figure 1. The architectural components that are within the scope of this document have been highlighted in Architecture diagram figure.
[1] FDI® is a registered trademark of the non-profit organization Fieldbus Foundation, Inc. This information is given for the convenience of users of this document and does not constitute an endorsement by IEC of the trademark holder or any of its products. Compliance does not require use of the trade name. Use of the trade name requires permission of the trade name holder.

IEC 62769-3:2023 specifies the FDI®[1] Server. The overall FDI® architecture is illustrated in Figure 1. The architectural components that are within the scope of this document have been highlighted in this figure. Annex A provides a functional description of the FDI® Server.
[1] FDI® is a registered trademark of the non-profit organization Fieldbus Foundation, Inc. This information is given for the convenience of users of this document and does not constitute an endorsement by IEC of the trademark holder or any of its products. Compliance does not require use of the trade name. Use of the trade name requires permission of the trade name holder.

IEC 62769-1:2023 describes the concepts and overview of the Field Device Integration (FDI®[1]) specifications. The detailed motivation for the creation of this technology is also described . Reading this document is helpful to understand the other parts of this multi-part standard.
[1] FDI® is a registered trademark of the non-profit organization Fieldbus Foundation, Inc. This information is given for the convenience of users of this document and does not constitute an endorsement by IEC of the trademark holder or any of its products. Compliance does not require use of the trade name. Use of the trade name requires permission of the trade name holder.

IEC 62769-2:2023 specifies the FDI®[1] Client. See Annex C for some typical FDI® Client use cases. The overall FDI® architecture is illustrated in Figure 1. The architectural components that are within the scope of this document have been highlighted in Figure 1.
[1] FDI® is a registered trademark of the non-profit organization Fieldbus Foundation, Inc. This information is given for the convenience of users of this document and does not constitute an endorsement by IEC of the trademark holder or any of its products. Compliance does not require use of the trade name. Use of the trade name requires permission of the trade name holder.

IEC 61987-31:2022 provides
a characterization for the integration of infrastructure devices in the Common Data Dictionary (CDD);
generic structures in conformance with IEC 61987-10 for Operating Lists of Properties (OLOPs) and Device Lists of Properties (DLOPs) of infrastructure devices.
The generic structures for the OLOP and DLOP contain the most important blocks for infrastructure devices. Blocks pertaining to a specific equipment type will be described in the corresponding part of the IEC 61987 series. Similarly, equipment properties are not part of this part of IEC 61987. For instance, the OLOP and DLOP for I/O-modules are to be found in IEC 61987-32.

IEC 62714-2:2022 specifies normative as well as informative AML libraries for the modelling of engineering information for the exchange between engineering tools in the plant automation area by means of AML. Moreover, it presents additional user-defined libraries as an example. Its provisions apply to the export/import applications of related tools.
This part of IEC 62714 specifies AML role class libraries and the usage of AML attributes to represent semantic information. Role classes provide semantics to AML objects, attribute types provide semantics to AML attributes. The association of role classes to AML objects or attribute types to AML attributes represent the possibility to add (also external) semantic information to it. By associating a role class to an AML object or an attribute type to an AML attribute, it gets semantic information. This part of IEC 62714 does not define details of the data exchange procedure or implementation requirements for the import/export tools.

IEC 63365:2022 applies to products used in the process measurement, control and automation industry. It establishes a concept and requirements for the digital nameplate and provides alternative electronically readable solutions (e.g. 2D codes, RFID or firmware) to current conventional plain text marking on the nameplate or packaging of products.
The digital nameplate information is contained in the electronically readable medium affixed to the product, the packaging or accompanying documents. The digital nameplate information is available offline without Internet connection. After electronic reading, all digital nameplate information is displayed in a human readable text format. The digital nameplate also includes the Identification Link String according to IEC 61406-1 which provides additional online information for the product.
This document does not specify the contents of the conventional nameplate, which are subject to regional or national regulations and standards.

IEC 61406-1:2022 specifies minimum requirements for a globally unique identification of physical objects which also constitutes a link to its related digital information. This identification is designated hereinafter as "Identification Link" (IL), with the encoded data designated as IL string. The IL string has the data-format of a link (URL). The IL is machine-readable and is attached to the physical object in a 2D symbol or NFC tag. The requirements in this standard apply to physical objects:
- that are provided by the manufacturer as an individual unit,
- and that have already been given a unique identity by the manufacturer.
This document does not specify any requirements on the content and the layout of nameplates/typeplates (e.g. spatial arrangement, content of the plain texts, approval symbols etc.).

Communication Profile Family 9 (commonly known as HART® ) defines communication profiles based on IEC 61158 5 20 and IEC 61158 6 20. The basic profile CP 9/1 is defined in IEC 61784 1. IEC 62453-309:2022 (EN) provides information for integrating the HART® technology into the FDT standard (IEC 62453-2). This part of the IEC 62453 specifies communication and other services. This document neither contains the FDT specification nor modifies it.

IEC 62453-2:2022 explains the common principles of the field device tool concept. These principles can be used in various industrial applications such as engineering systems, configuration programs and monitoring and diagnostic applications. This document specifies the general objects, general object behavior and general object interactions that provide the base of FDT.

IEC 62714-5:2022 Engineering processes of technical systems and their embedded automation systems are executed with increasing efficiency and quality. Especially since the project duration tends to increase as the complexity of the engineered system increases. To solve this problem, the engineering process is more often being executed by exploiting software based engineering tools exchanging engineering information and artefacts along the engineering process related tool chain.

IEC 62769-7:2021 specifies the elements implementing communication capabilities called Communication Devices (IEC 62769-5).
The overall FDI architecture is illustrated in Figure 1. The architectural components that are within the scope of this document have been highlighted in this illustration. The document scope with respect to FDI Packages is limited to Communication Devices. The Communication Server shown in Figure 1 is an example of a specific Communication Device.

IEC 62769-4:2021 specifies the FDI Packages. The overall FDI architecture is illustrated in Figure 1. The architectural components that are within the scope of this document have been highlighted in Figure 1.

IEC 62769-5:2021 defines the FDI Information Model. One of the main tasks of the Information Model is to reflect the topology of the automation system. Therefore, it represents the devices of the automation system as well as the connecting communication networks including their properties, relationships, and the operations that can be performed on them. The types in the AddressSpace of the FDI Server constitute a catalogue, which is built from FDI Packages. The fundamental types for the FDI Information Model are well defined in OPC UA for Devices (IEC 62541-100). The FDI Information Model specifies extensions for a few special cases and otherwise explains how these types are used and how the contents are built from elements of DevicePackages. The overall FDI architecture is illustrated in Figure 1. The architectural components that are within the scope of this document have been highlighted in this illustration.

IEC 62769-3:2021 specifies the FDI Server. The overall FDI architecture is illustrated in Figure 1. The architectural components that are within the scope of this document have been highlighted in this figure.

IEC 62769-1:2021 describes the concepts and overview of the Field Device Integration (FDI) specifications. The detailed motivation for the creation of this technology is also described (see 4.1). Reading this document is helpful to understand the other parts of this multi-part standard.

IEC 62769-2:2021 specifies the FDI Client. The overall FDI architecture is illustrated in Figure 1. The architectural components that are within the scope of this document have been highlighted in this figure.

IEC 62769-6:2021 specifies the technology mapping for the concepts described in the Field Device Integration (FDI) standard. The technology mapping focuses on implementation regarding the components FDI Client and User Interface Plug-in (UIP) that are specific only to the WORKSTATION platform/.NET as defined in IEC 62769-4.

IEC 62769-150-1:2021 specifies an FDI profile for IEC 62734 (ISA100 WIRELESS)

IEC 62769-101-2:2020 specifies the IEC 62769 profile for IEC 61784 1, CP 1/2 (FOUNDATION™ Fieldbus HSE).

IEC 62769-101-1:2020 specifies the IEC 62769 profile for IEC 61784 1_CP 1/1 (FOUNDATION™ Fieldbus H1) .

IEC 62541-1:2020 presents the concepts and overview of the OPC Unified Architecture (OPC UA). Reading this document is helpful to understand the remaining parts of this multi-part document set. Each of the other parts of IEC 62451 is briefly explained along with a suggested reading order.

IEC 62541-2:2020 describes the OPC Unified Architecture (OPC UA) security model. It describes the security threats of the physical, hardware, and software environments in which OPC UA is expected to run. It describes how OPC UA relies upon other standards for security. It provides definition of common security terms that are used in this and other parts of the OPC UA specification. It gives an overview of the security features that are specified in other parts of the OPC UA specification. It references services, mappings, and Profiles that are specified normatively in other parts of the OPC UA Specification. It provides suggestions or best practice guidelines on implementing security. Any seeming ambiguity between this part and one of the other normative parts does not remove or reduce the requirement specified in the other normative part.

IEC 62769-115-2:2020 defines the protocol-specific definitions (PSDs) as defined in IEC 62769-7 on generic protocol extensions for the Modbus® -RTU protocol in accordance with CPF 15 in IEC 61784 2.