IEC TR 61000-1-8:2019

IEC TR 61000-1-8 ®
Edition 1.0 2019-01
TECHNICAL
REPORT
colour
inside
Electromagnetic compatibility –
Part 1-8: General – Phase angles of harmonic current emissions and voltages in
the public supply networks – Future expectations
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IEC TR 61000-1-8 ®
Edition 1.0 2019-01
TECHNICAL
REPORT
colour
inside
Electromagnetic compatibility –

Part 1-8: General – Phase angles of harmonic current emissions and voltages in

the public supply networks – Future expectations

INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
ICS 33.100.10, 33.100.01 ISBN 978-2-8322-6416-4

– 2 – IEC TR 61000-1-8:2019  IEC 2019
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 6
INTRODUCTION . 8
0.1 Series overview . 8
0.2 Purpose of this document . 8
1 Scope . 10
2 Normative references . 10
3 Terms and definitions . 10
4 Summary of field measurements and data analysis . 12
4.1 Field measurement methods and concepts . 12
4.2 Summary of measurement results, analysis, and conclusions . 14
5 Critical appraisal of potential economic impact . 18
5.1 General . 18
5.2 Dependencies on electrical parameters . 19
5.3 Dependencies on non-electrical influence quantities . 19
5.3.1 General . 19
5.3.2 Development of economic sectors and demand of energy . 19
5.3.3 Consumer durables . 21
5.3.4 Capital-income ratio in rich industrial countries . 25
6 Data evaluation concepts and principles . 27
6.1 Concept of data evaluation . 27
6.2 Principles of statistical survey . 28
6.2.1 Correlation . 28
6.2.2 Review of correlation coefficient calculation with complex numerical
series . 29
6.2.3 Prevailing phase angle and prevailing vector . 32
7 Detailed analysis of data . 35
7.1 Overview. 35
7.2 Time series analysis of electrical basic parameters and concept of statistical
survey . 35
7.3 Time series analysis of selected harmonics . 36
7.4 Phase angle of selected harmonic currents . 44
7.4.1 Time series analysis of phase angle . 44
7.4.2 Phase angle in polar coordinates . 46
7.5 Harmonic spectra . 49
7.6 Correlations . 51
8 Empirical evidence . 54
8.1 Inductive versus deductive approach . 54
8.2 Laboratory tests . 55
8.3 Field measurements . 57
9 Conclusions and recommendations. 60
Annex A (informative) Prevailing vectors at test sites . 61
A.1 Prevailing vectors at test sites M1 to M16 . 61
A.2 Prevailing vectors at test site M17 . 65
Bibliography . 67

th
Figure 1 – Definition of the 5 harmonic current phase angle (I leads U , α > 0) . 11
5 p1 5
Figure 2 – Polar diagrams with prevailing vector for each of the three phases of the
rd th th
3 , 5 and 7 harmonic currents at test site M1 . 15
Figure 3 – Polar diagrams with prevailing vector for each of the three phases of the
rd th th
3 , 5 and 7 harmonic currents at test site M7 . 15
Figure 4 – Polar diagrams with prevailing vector for each of the three phases of the
rd th th
3 , 5 and 7 harmonic currents at test site M16 . 16
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Figure 5 – Computed prevailing phase angle of the 5 harmonic current . 16
th
Figure 6 – Computed in-phase factor of the 5 harmonic current . 17
rd
Figure 7 – Prevailing vectors of the 3 harmonic current (three phases, all test sites) . 17
th
Figure 8 – Prevailing vectors of the 5 harmonic current (three phases, all test sites) . 17
th
Figure 9 – Prevailing vectors of the 7 harmonic current (three phases, all test sites) . 18
Figure 10 – Development of demand of energy . 20
Figure 11 – Development of economic sectors in industrial countries . 20
Figure 12 – Growth rates of product ownership of electrical household appliances . 22
Figure 13 – Growth rates of product ownership of ICT . 23
Figure 14 – Growth rates of product ownership of entertainment electronics . 24
Figure 15 – Capital income ratio [5] . 26
Figure 16 – Capital share of national income [5] . 26
Figure 17 – Representative prevailing vector . 34
Figure 18 – Unrepresentative prevailing vector . 35
th
Figure 19 – Diurnal cycle of magnitude of the 5 harmonic current at test site M1 . 36
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Figure 20 – Diurnal cycle of magnitude of the 5 harmonic voltage at test site M1 . 37
Figure 21 – Diurnal cycle of total harmonic current distortion in percent at test site M1 . 37
Figure 22 – Diurnal cycle of total harmonic voltage distortion in percent at test site M1 . 37
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Figure 23 – Minimum-maximum envelope of the 5 harmonic phase angle curve at
site M1 . 38
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Figure 24 – Minimum-maximum envelope curves of the 5 harmonic current level at

site M1 . 38
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Figure 25 – Minimum-maximum envelope curves of the 5 harmonic voltage level at
test site M1 . 39
Figure 26 – Minimum-maximum envelope curves of the total harmonic current
distortion at site M1 . 39
Figure 27 – Minimum-maximum envelope curves of the total harmonic voltage

distortion at site M1 . 40
th
Figure 28 – Histogram of the 5 harmonic current phase angle at test site M1 . 40
th
Figure 29 – Histogram of the 5 harmonic current level in percent at test site M1 . 41
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Figure 30 – Histogram of the 5 harmonic voltage level in percent at test site M1 . 41
Figure 31 – Histogram of total harmonic current distortion in percent at test site M1 . 42
Figure 32 – Histogram of total harmonic voltage distortion in percent at test site M1 . 42
th
Figure 33 – Cumulative frequency of the 5 harmonic current phase angle at site M1 . 43
th
Figure 34 – Cumulative frequency of the 5 harmonic current level at test site M1 . 43
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Figure 35 – Cumulative frequency of the 5 harmonic voltage level at test site M1 . 43
Figure 36 – Cumulative frequency of the total harmonic current distortion at test
site M1 . 44
Figure 37 – Cumulative frequency of the total harmonic voltage distortion at test
site M1 . 44

– 4 – IEC TR 61000-1-8:2019  IEC 2019
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Figure 38 – Daily cycle of the 5 harmonic current phase angle at test site M1 . 45
th
Figure 39 – Daily cycle of the 5 harmonic current magnitude (level) at test site M1 . 45
th
Figure 40 – Minimum-maximum envelope of the 5 harmonic phase angle curve at
site M1 . 46
rd
Figure 41 – Phase angle of the 3 harmonic current at test site M1 . 47
th
Figure 42 – Phase angle of the 5 harmonic current at test site M1 . 47
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Figure 43 – Phase angle of the 7 harmonic current at test site M1 . 48
rd
Figure 44 – Dispersion factor of the phase angle of the 3 harmonic current . 48
th
Figure 45 – Dispersion factor of the phase angle of the 5 harmonic current . 48
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Figure 46 – Dispersion factor of the phase angle of the 7 harmonic current . 49
Figure 47 – Harmonic current spectrum including level distribution at test site M1 . 50
Figure 48 – Harmonic voltage spectrum including level distribution at test site M1 . 50
Figure 49 – Harmonic phase angles including phase distribution at test site M1 . 51
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Figure 50 – Correlations between the 5 harmonic current phase angle and the 5
harmonic current H05i . 52
th th
Figure 51 – Correlations between the 5 harmonic current phase angle and the 5
harmonic voltage H05u . 52
th
Figure 52 – Correlations between the 5 harmonic current phase angle and THDI . 52
th
Figure 53 – Correlations between the 5 harmonic current phase angle and THDV . 53
th
Figure 54 – Correlations between the 5 harmonic current phase angle and apparent
power S . 53
th
Figure 55 – Correlation trace between the 5 harmonic current phase angle and THD-I . 54
th
Figure 56 – Correlation trace between the 5 harmonic current phase angle and P, Q

and S . 54
rd th th
Figure A.1 – Prevailing vectors of the 3 , 5 and 7 harmonic current at test site M1 . 61
rd th th
Figure A.2 – Prevailing vectors of the 3 , 5 and 7 harmonic current at test site M2 . 61
rd th th
Figure A.3 – Prevailing vectors of the 3 , 5 and 7 harmonic current at test site M3 . 62
rd th th
Figure A.4 – Prevailing vectors of the 3 , 5 and 7 harmonic current at test site M4 . 62
rd th th
Figure A.5 – Prevailing vectors of the 3 , 5 and 7 harmonic current at test site M5 . 62
rd th th
Figure A.6 – Prevailing vectors of the 3 , 5 and 7 harmonic current at test site M6 . 63
rd th th
Figure A.7 – Prevailing vectors of the 3 , 5 and 7 harmonic current at test site M7 . 63
rd th th
Figure A.8 – Prevailing vectors of the 3 , 5 and 7 harmonic current at test site M8 . 63
rd th th
Figure A.9 – Prevailing vectors of the 3 5 and 7 harmonic current at test site M13 . 64
rd th th
Figure A.10 – Prevailing vectors of the 3 , 5 and 7 harmonic current at test
site M14 . 64
rd th th
Figure A.11 – Prevailing vectors of the 3 , 5 and 7 harmonic current at test
site M15 . 64
rd th th
Figure A.12 – Prevailing vectors of the 3 , 5 and 7 harmonic current at test
site M16 . 65
rd th th
Figure A.13 – Prevailing vectors of the 3 , 5 and 7 harmonic voltage at test
site M17 . 66
rd th th
Figure A.14 – Prevailing vectors of the 3 , 5 and 7 harmonic current at test
site M17 . 66

Table 1 – Structure of test (measurement) sites . 14
Table 2 – Product ownership of electrical household appliances . 22

Table 3 – Product ownership of information and communication technology. 23
Table 4 – Product ownership of entertainment electronics . 24
Table 5 – Example of weighting factor for a prevailing vector . 34
Table 6 – Comparison between CFL, SSL and electronic devices [10] . 56
Table 7 – Comparison between combinations of superpositions [10] . 56
Table 8 – Structure of network [1] . 58
Table 9 – Structure of load [1] . 58
Table 10 – Structure of generation [1] . 58
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Table 11 – Dispersion of phase angle of the 3 harmonic current . 58
th
Table 12 – Dispersion of phase angle of the 5 harmonic current . 59
rd th th
Table A.1 – In-phase factor and prevailing vector of the 3 , 5 and 7 harmonic
current per test-site. 65
rd th th
Table A.2 – In-phase factor and prevailing vector of the 3 , 5 and 7 harmonic

current and voltage at test site M17 . 66

– 6 – IEC TR 61000-1-8:2019  IEC 2019
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY –

Part 1-8: General – Phase angles of harmonic current emissions and
voltages in the public supply networks – Future expectations

FOREWORD
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8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
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9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of
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The main task of IEC technical committees is to prepare International Standards. However, a
technical committee may propose the publication of a Technical Report when it has collected
data of a different kind from that which is normally published as an International Standard, for
example "state of the art".
IEC TR 61000-1-8, which is a Technical Report, has been prepared by subcommittee 77A:
EMC – Low frequency phenomena, of IEC technical committee 77: Electromagnetic
compatibility.
The text of this Technical Report is based on the following documents:
Draft TR Report on voting
77A/1002/DTR 77A/1012/RVDTR
Full information on the voting for the approval of this Technical Report can be found in the
report on voting indicated in the above table.

This document has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
A list of all parts in the IEC 61000 series, published under the general title Electromagnetic
compability, can be found on the IEC website.
The committee has decided that the contents of this document will remain unchanged until the
stability date indicated on the IEC website under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data related to
the specific document. At this date, the document will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
A bilingual version of this publication may be issued at a later date.

IMPORTANT – The 'colour inside' logo on the cover page of this publication indicates
that it contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct
understanding of its contents. Users should therefore print this document using a
colour printer.
– 8 – IEC TR 61000-1-8:2019  IEC 2019
INTRODUCTION
0.1 Series overview
IEC 61000 is published in separate parts, according to the following structure:
Part 1: General
General considerations (introduction, fundamental principles)
Definitions, terminology
Part 2: Environment
Description of the environment
Classification of the environment
Compatibility levels
Part 3: Limits
Emission limits
Immunity limits (in so far as they do not fall under the responsibility of the product
committees)
Part 4: Testing and measurement techniques
Testing techniques
Part 5: Installation and mitigation guidelines
Installation guidelines
Mitigation methods and devices
Part 6: Generic standards
Part 9: Miscellaneous
Each part is further subdivided into several parts, published either as international standards
or as technical specifications or technical reports, some of which have already been published
as sections. Others will be published with the part number followed by a dash and a second
number identifying the subdivision (example: 61000-6-1).
0.2 Purpose of this document
This part of IEC 61000 documents measurements at a number of public supply networks in
Germany, and explains the analysis of the obtained data. Data were acquired under certain
conditions. These conditions include categories of different network structures, load
structures and power generation structures, especially including a review of networks with
varying degrees of renewable energy. The loads in various networks include mainly

consumers, office buildings, and retail/shopping centres, and thus represent several
categories of technologies in the input circuit of the electrical devices.
This document provides statistical evaluations aimed at quantifying the level of diversification
of the prevailing harmonic current phase angles, and, where possible, to identify methods to
reduce the overall emissions of dominant harmonics in the network.
For that purpose, the existing prevailing phase angle in the network at this time is analysed,
and the type of prevailing phase angle expected in the future is evaluated. In particular, the
potential changes in phase angle that can be expected, because of new technologies and/or
network structures, are of interest. This would mean determining what harmonic
compensation, if any, can be expected from various products. The goal is to determine or
th
verify the existing phase angle (mainly of the 5 harmonic) and to assess the possible
influences of future developments – such as changes in lighting types and other electronic
equipment.
This document is exclusively applicable to public low-voltage electricity supply networks.

– 10 – IEC TR 61000-1-8:2019  IEC 2019
ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY –

Part 1-8: General – Phase angles of harmonic current emissions and
voltages in the public supply networks – Future expectations

1 Scope
The objective of this part of IEC 61000 is to provide information about the current conditions,
rd th
and project future developments, of prevailing phase angles, predominantly for the 3 and 5
harmonic currents, on public supply networks. This objective is accomplished by monitoring a
number of networks, and efforts to forecast the effects of changes in technologies.
This document presents information to guide the discussion about the effectiveness of
potential mitigation techniques and the generalisation of effects of the prevailing angle
positions of selected current harmonics.
rd th
This document mainly deals with the phase angles of the 3 and 5 harmonic currents, but
also contains information about other harmonics.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following
addresses:
• IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
3.1
phase angle of I related to the fundamental phase-to-neutral voltage U
5 p1
th
phase angle of the 5 harmonic current determined as described in Figure 1
[SOURCE: IEC 61000-3-12:2011, 3.16, modified – the reference to Figure 2 has been
removed.]
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Figure 1 – Definition of the 5 harmonic current phase angle (I leads U , α > 0)
5 p1 5
3.2
prevailing vector
jx
vs_ph
x = xe⋅ (1)
pv qm
where the quadratic mean of magnitudes is
n
(2)
xx=
( )
qm ∑ i
n
i=1
with x as the magnitude (absolute value) of the complex value 𝑥𝑥,
( )
i
and where the phase of the vectoral sum is the phase of the prevailing vector:
n

Im x
( )
∑ i
−1
i=1

x = tan
(3)
vs_ph
n

Re x
( )
∑ i
i=1
Note 1 to entry: The phase of the vectoral sum is different from the definition of the vectoral mean: this is the
arithmetic mean of the real-part and the arithmetic mean of the imaginary-part.
Note 2 to entry: See 6.2.3 for details.
3.3
in-phase factor
x
vs_mg
r =
(4)
in_phase
x
as_mg
where the magnitude of the vectoral sum is:

– 12 – IEC TR 61000-1-8:2019  IEC 2019
nn
   
(5)
x Re x+ lm xb
( ) ( )
vs_mg ∑∑ii  
ii11
   
and the arithmetic sum of magnitudes is:
n
x = x (6)
as_mg ∑ i
i=1
Note 1 to entry: See 6.2.3 for details.
3.4
dispersion factor
deviation factor
subtraction of the in-phase factor from digit 1:
x
vs_mg
r 1−
(7)
disp_phase
x
as_mg
Note 1 to entry: See 6.2.3 for details.
3.5
total harmonic current
THC
total RMS value of the harmonic current components of orders 2 to 40:
THC = I (8)
∑ h
h=2
3.6
total harmonic distortion
THD
ratio of the RMS value of the sum of the harmonic components (in this context harmonic
current components I of orders 2 to 40) to the RMS value of the fundamental component:
h
 
I
h
(9)
THD =
 
∑
I
h=2
 1 
4 Summary of field measurements and data analysis
4.1 Field measurement methods and concepts
All measurements reported in this document have originated from an initiative by Forum
Netztechnik/Netzbetrieb (FNN) and within the scope of a research assignment financed by
FNN and assigned to the University of Technology of Dresden. The network operating
authority N-ERGIE (today MDN) was involved, along with several other network operating
authorities in the realisation of the measuring campaign. Data have been handed over to the
research partner, but the network authorities could carry out their own analyses as well. Apart
from the task of the research partner, additional test sites have been examined by N-ERGIE
and data analyses continue, with emphasis on correlation aspects.
=
==
=
This document is based primarily on the results of the N-ERGIE investigations which are
consistent, nevertheless, with the results of the larger FNN studies. The data pool of FNN
offers the big advantage of a large number of random tests (within Germany). The enormous
amount of data necessitates substantial compression for a meaningful presentation, and
admittedly leads to a less-detailed consideration of the results. More detailed analysis has
also been carried out, however, particularly concerning correlation, and that analysis is
presented as well.
Test sites were chosen according to criteria from [1] with regard to network structure, load
structure and generator structure. These diverse test sites, representing various topologies
and load types in the network area of the N-ERGIE are listed in Table 1.
Thus, eight residential area networks (e.g. “A1” and “A2” in the column “Category” of Table 1,
see Table 9 for definitions) and four networks that include commercial offices, trade, and retail
stores, were examined. Additionally, one of the last four networks was a repetition of M9
concerning the phase angle of the harmonic voltage instead of the phase angle of the
harmonic current, listed as M17. At the test sites M1 to M8, measurements were made from
the middle of December 2012 to the middle of January, 2013, with a duration of 35 days to 40
days. The measurements at the test sites M9 to M12 followed in May 2013. These were
repeated at the same test sites in July 2013, listed as M13 to M16, with a modified interval
time of measurement (60 s instead of 1 s) at M10 to M12, respectively M14 to M16. These
test sites (M9 to M12) are listed as M13 to M16, mainly as a means of differentiation. With a
choice of the measuring period, the opportunity was consciously taken to measure, on the one
hand, during the winter months and summer months and to measure, on the other hand, in a
time window with varying users' behaviour (work times and holidays about the turn of the
year). The background is to identify network parameter dependencies, specifically the
prevailing phase angle of harmonics, resulting from the users' behaviour and load structure.
As follows from Table 1, the 16 measurement sites are representative of a good cross section
of the public supply, and as follows from the more detailed data review, the analysis includes
a statistically meaningful sample set that can be extrapolated to the 220/230 V 50 Hz public
supply networks in general. No attempt is made to extrapolate the findings to other network
topologies, but given that the load structures are similar in 120 V 60 Hz networks, the findings
of this document can apply to some extent to those other networks as well.
The field measurements included exclusively the public low-voltage network at the terminals
of the local network transformers. Current and voltage were measured in each of the three
phases, and included magnitude and phase. The measurement window was 200 ms with a
sampling rate of 100 kS/s. The measurement repetition rate amounted to 1 min, except with
M10 to M12 where data were acquired with 1 s intervals. The measuring instruments used by
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N-ERGIE recorded the harmonics up to the 50 order and the basic electrical parameters,
including phase angle information for current and voltage. The harmonic currents phase
angles are measured with reference to the zero crossing of the fundamental of the voltage
according to 61000-3-12 [3] (positive zero crossing).
In 4.2, a brief summary of the measurement results is presented, along with a summary
review of the potential future impact of technologies and societal developments. The data are
then analysed in detail, and technology and economic factors are analysed in more detail, to
further explain the summary findings.
___________
Numbers in square brackets refer to the Bibliography.

– 14 – IEC TR 61000-1-8:2019  IEC 2019
Table 1 – Structure of test (measurement) sites
Test Number
a
Network Load Generation Category
site of days
M1 Mid-sized network SFH, small residential No renewables N2 A1S E1
area 40
SFH, small residential
M2 Large-sized network Sporadic renewables N3 A1S E2
area
M3 Large-sized network SFH, Mid residential Sporadic renewables N3 A1M E2
area 43
M4 Large-sized network SFH, Mid residential A few renewables N3 A1M E3
area
M5 Large-sized network SFH, Large residential A few renewables N3 A1L E3
area
M6 Large-sized network MFH, Mid residential No renewables N3 A2M E1
area 41
M7 Large-sized network MFH, Large residential No renewables N3 A2L E1
area
M8 Large-sized network MFH, Large residential A few renewables N3 A2L E3
area
M9 Mid-sized network Office No renewables N2 A4 E1 10
b
M10 Small-sized network Stores No renewables N1 A3 E1 1
b
M11 Small-sized network Stores A lot of renewables N1 A3 E4 1
b
M12 Mid-sized network Office A lot of renewables N2 A4 E4 1
M13 Mid-sized network Office No renewables N2 A4 E1 27
M14 Small-sized network Stores No renewables N1 A3 E1 26
M15 Small-sized network Stores A lot of renewables N1 A3 E4 27
M16 Mid-sized network Office A lot of renewables N2 A4 E4 26
M17 Mid-sized network Office No renewables N2 A4 E1 12
a
The description of 'Category' is given in Table 8, Table 9 and Table 10.
b
For these measurements, an aggregation time of 1 s was used instead of 60 s.

4.2 Summary of measurement results, analysis, and conclusions
Harmonic emission standards, such as [2] and [3], are based on past analysis by various
experts and institutions. It was found, through a number of measurements and long-time
monitoring on the networks, that the lower order harmonics H3 and H5 are dominant and
represent the highest impact on voltage distortion. Consequently, network operators and
authorities are mainly concerned with emission levels at H3 and H5, and to some extent H7.
During the last 10 years, several IEC working groups considered that it might be possible to
“guide” developments in technology or network topology and structure, to achieve
compensation of emissions, in the sense that the emissions of one product group or specific
technology might compensate for the prevailing harmonics on the network. If, therefore, the
prevailing phase angle on the network can reliably be established, and is sufficiently
consistent, it might be possible to devise products or product technologies with power input
topologies that – if any – generate harmonic emissions that oppose, i.e. compensate for, the
distortion on the networks.
The results of the measurement campaign explained in 4.1 appear to dispel the possibility of
“guided compensation” of prevailing distortion in the network. Figure 2, Figure 3 and Figure 4
with the measurement results from 3 of the 16 measurement sites, M1 – M7 – M16, are used
to illustrate this initial observation.

Prior to the measurement campaign, it was assumed that harmonic emissions were such that
the lower order harmonics (H3 and H5) had a relatively narrow distribution, such as shown for
the test site M16 below (Figure 4). The measurements at other test sites, however, show a
broad dispersion of emission phase angles and amplitudes. High dispersion for H3 and a
moderate level of dispersion for H5 are observed at test site M1. A very wide distribution of
th th
(and 7 ) harmonic is observed for test site
emissions, both in amplitude and phase for the 5
M7. In addition, the prevailing phase angle for H5, with moderate dispersion at test site M1,
opposes the prevailing phase angle with narrow dispersion at M7. Likewise, the main
amplitudes of the highly dispersed H5 emissions at test site M7 oppose the narrow distribution
of H5 at test site M16.
Similar conclusions can be drawn when comparing other test sites, such as M15 and M16
(see Annex A).
rd
Figure 2 – Polar diagrams with prevailing vector for each of the three phases of the 3 ,
th th
5 and 7 harmonic currents at test site M1

rd
Figure 3 – Polar diagrams with prevailing vector for each of the three phases of the 3 ,
th th
5 and 7 harmonic currents at test site M7

– 16 – IEC TR 61000-1-8:2019  IEC 2019

rd
Figure 4 – Polar diagrams with prevailing vector for each of the three phases of the 3 ,
th th
5 and 7 harmonic currents at test site M16
rd th th
Whereas the harmonic current phase angles show a wide variety, the 3 , 5 , and 7
harmonic voltage phase angles vary by measurement site as well. This is depicted in several
forms in Figure 5 to Figure 9.

th
harmonic current
Figure 5 – Computed prevailing phase angle of the 5

Note 1 to entry: The term in-phase factor is defined in 3.3. The term prevailing ratio is not used in this document.
th
Figure 6 – Computed in-phase factor of the 5 harmonic current

rd
Figure 7 – Prevailing vectors of the 3 harmonic current (three phases, all test sites)

th
Figure 8 – Prevailing vectors of the 5 harmonic current (three phases, all test sites)

– 18 – IEC TR 61000-1-8:2019  IEC 2019

th
Figure 9 – Prevailing vectors of the 7 harmonic current (three phases, all test sites)
As is already evident from the foregoing figures, “guided compensation” in the form of
recommending specific technologies, or network topologies, appears to be a very difficult –if
not impossible – task. The voltage (and current) distortion at various measurement sites
vary(ies) so much, that what “compensates’ for one site, can exacerbate distortion at another
site.
In other words, to achieve compensation of certain products for the emissions of others or
compensation for global distortion levels in the network does not seem to be a possibility,
except perhaps for very much localized situations.
To numerically quantify the measured data, that data are analysed in substantial detail, and
evaluation of various calculated parameters is performed. The methodology and analysis
techniques are explained in Clauses 6 and 7. Subsequently, somewhat more detailed
conclusions are presented.
Before going into great detail on the technical and data analysis aspects of the survey, it is
appropriate to evaluate economic and societal conditions and assess whether or not a major
shift in electricity demand and/or type of loads is to be expected because of economic
reasons, such as disrupting new technologies and/or widespread adoption of products that
significantly alter power demand.
5 Critical appraisal of potential economic impact
5.1 General
Electricity consumption and demand is relatively stable in the developed nations. Even though
new technologies, such as solid state lighting, can have some impact, lighting represents less
than 10 % of the electricity consumption, and solid state lighting is just a part of that
percentage. Similar considerations apply to renewable energy and the effect of energy
efficient motor drives. Because each sector represents only a fraction of the total demand,
and changes in each sector represent only a small part of the applicable sector, no significant
shift in either consumption of electricity or emission patterns in developed countries is to be
expected. A possible exception could be the widespread adoption of electrical vehicles, and
associated battery chargers, but any such development will take at least 5 years to 10 years
to even emerge. Even if such developments take place, industry p
...