27.060.10 - Liquid and solid fuel burners
ICS 27.060.10 Details
Liquid and solid fuel burners
Feuerungen fur flussige und feste Brennstoffe
Bruleurs a combustible liquide et solide
Gorilniki na tekoče in trdo gorivo
General Information
Frequently Asked Questions
ICS 27.060.10 is a classification code in the International Classification for Standards (ICS) system. It covers "Liquid and solid fuel burners". The ICS is a hierarchical classification system used to organize international, regional, and national standards, facilitating the search and identification of standards across different fields.
There are 194 standards classified under ICS 27.060.10 (Liquid and solid fuel burners). These standards are published by international and regional standardization bodies including ISO, IEC, CEN, CENELEC, and ETSI.
The International Classification for Standards (ICS) is a hierarchical classification system maintained by ISO to organize standards and related documents. It uses a three-level structure with field (2 digits), group (3 digits), and sub-group (2 digits) codes. The ICS helps users find standards by subject area and enables statistical analysis of standards development activities.
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This document specifies the minimum requirements for rubber hoses and hose assemblies for use in oil burners.
The following two types of hose assembly are specified:
— Type 1: Hose assemblies for flux and reflux, but not for insertion between the oil burner pump and the atomizing connection; maximum working pressure 1,0 MPa (10 bar); maximum oil temperature 100 °C;
— Type 2: Hose assemblies for insertion between the oil burner pump and the atomizing connection; maximum working pressure 4,0 MPa (40 bar); maximum oil temperature 100 °C.
The hose assemblies specified in this document are not intended to be used, without special assessment, for purposes other than oil burner installations.
- Standard21 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the minimum requirements for rubber hoses and hose assemblies for use in oil burners.
The following two types of hose assembly are specified:
— Type 1: Hose assemblies for flux and reflux, but not for insertion between the oil burner pump and the atomizing connection; maximum working pressure 1,0 MPa (10 bar); maximum oil temperature 100 °C;
— Type 2: Hose assemblies for insertion between the oil burner pump and the atomizing connection; maximum working pressure 4,0 MPa (40 bar); maximum oil temperature 100 °C.
The hose assemblies specified in this document are not intended to be used, without special assessment, for purposes other than oil burner installations.
- Standard21 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the minimum requirements for rubber hoses and hose assemblies for use in oil burners. The following two types of hose assembly are specified: - Type 1: Hose assemblies for flux and reflux, but not for insertion between the oil burner pump and the atomizing connection; maximum working pressure 1,0 MPa (10 bar); maximum oil temperature 100 °C; - Type 2: Hose assemblies for insertion between the oil burner pump and the atomizing connection; maximum working pressure 4,0 MPa (40 bar); maximum oil temperature 100 °C. The hose assemblies specified in this document are not intended to be used, without special assessment, for purposes other than oil burner installations.
- Standard14 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test methods to determine oxygenates, benzene, and the aromatic content of gasoline are necessary to assess product quality and to meet new fuel regulations.
5.2 This test method can be used for gasolines that contain oxygenates (alcohols and ethers) as additives. It has been determined that the common oxygenates found in finished gasoline do not interfere with the analysis of benzene and other aromatics by this test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the quantitative determination of oxygenates: methyl-t-butylether (MTBE), di-isopropyl ether (DIPE), ethyl-t-butylether (ETBE), t-amylmethyl ether (TAME), methanol (MeOH), ethanol (EtOH), 2-propanol (2-PrOH), t-butanol (t-BuOH), 1-propanol (1-PrOH), 2-butanol (2-BuOH), i-butanol (i-BuOH), 1-butanol (1-BuOH); benzene, toluene and C8–C12 aromatics, and total aromatics in finished motor gasoline by gas chromatography/Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (GC/FTIR).
1.2 This test method covers the following concentration ranges: 0.1 % to 20 % by volume per component for ethers and alcohols; 0.1 % to 2 % by volume benzene; 1 % to 15 % by volume for toluene, 10 % to 40 % by volume total (C6–C12) aromatics.
1.3 The method has not been tested by ASTM for refinery individual hydrocarbon process streams, such as reformates, fluid catalytic cracking naphthas, etc., used in blending of gasolines.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This European Standard specifies the terminology, the general requirements for the construction and operation of forced draught oil burners and also the provision of control and safety devices, and the test procedure for these burners.
This European Standard applies to forced draught oil burners supplied with:
- fuel based on first raffinates and their mixtures with biogenous liquid fuels having a viscosity at the burner inlet of 1,6 mm2/s (cSt) up to 6 mm2/s (cSt) at 20 °C, and
- higher boiling petroleum based first raffinates (viscosity greater than 6 mm2/s), that require preheating for proper atomization.
This European Standard is applicable to:
- single burners fitted to a single combustion chamber;
- single burners fitted to an appliance with additional requirements;
NOTE When additional requirements apply which are not identified or specified in this standard, the specification of the required safety measures and/or protective devices and compliance with them is outside the scope of this standard.
- single-fuel and dual-fuel burners when operating on oil only;
- the oil function of dual-fuel burners designed to operate simultaneously on gaseous and liquid fuels.
This European Standard deals with all significant machine hazards, hazardous situations and events relevant to burners, when they are used as intended and under conditions of misuse which are reasonably foreseeable, see Annex J.
This European Standard also deals with the additional requirements for the burners in the scope with pressurized parts and/or firing pressurized bodies, see Annex K.
This European Standard specifies the requirements to ensure the safety during commissioning, start-up, operation, shut-down and maintenance.
This European Standard deals also with forced draught burners intended to be used with biogenous liquid fuels, mixtures.
This European Standard deals also with burners and their equipment to increase the total appliance efficiency, see Annex M.
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EN 13611:2019, Clause 1 is replaced by the following:
This document specifies the safety, design, construction and performance requirements, and testing for automatic burner control systems, programming units, flame detector devices and High Temperature Operation (HTO) detectors, intended for use with gas and oil burners and gas and oil burning appliances, with or without fans and similar use.
This document is applicable to automatic burner control systems that include additional functions.
This document is not applicable to automatic burner control systems utilizing thermo-electric flame supervision devices.
NOTE Standards for burners, appliances or processes which use automatic burner control systems, programming units, flame detectors or HTO detectors can override the requirements of this document.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended for use in the laboratory or field in evaluating distillate fuel cleanliness.
5.2 A change in filtration performance after storage, pretreatment, or commingling can be indicative of changes in fuel condition.
5.3 Relative filterability of fuels may vary depending on filter porosity and structure and may not always correlate with results from this test method.
5.4 Causes of poor filterability in industrial/refinery filters include fuel degradation products, contaminants picked up during storage or transfer, incompatibility of commingled fuels, or interaction of the fuel with the filter media. Any of these could correlate with orifice or filter system plugging, or both.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the filterability of distillate fuel oils within the viscosity range from 1.70 mm2/s to 6.20 mm2/s (cSt) at 40 °C.
Note 1: ASTM specification fuels falling within the scope of this test method are Specification D396 Grade No. 2, Specification D975 Grade No. 2-D, and Specification D2880 Grade No. 2-GT.
Note 2: The test method has been used with lower viscosity middle distillate fuels such as Specification D396 Grade No. 1, Specification D975 Grade No. 1-D, and Specification D2880 Grade No. 1-GT, but the precision has not been studied and therefore the stated precision has not been validated for these grades.
1.2 This test method is not applicable to fuels that contain undissolved water.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
1.3.1 Non-SI units, specifically U.S. customary units such as temperature in degrees Fahrenheit and pressure in pounds per square inch gauge (psig), are included for information.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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ABSTRACT
This specification covers four grades of fuel oil made in whole or in part with hydrocarbon-based used or reprocessed lubricating oil or functional fluids, such as preservative and hydraulic fluids. Grades RFO4, RFO5L, RFO5H, and RFO6 are of increasing viscosity and are intended for use in various types of fuel-oil-burning industrial equipment under various climatic and operating conditions, and are not intended for use in residential heaters, small commercial boilers, combustion engines, or marine applications. Detailed requirements for each grade of lubricating oil shall be tested accordingly, and are as follows: viscosity; flash point; water and sediment content; pour point; density; ash content; sulphur content; extracted pH; and gross heating value.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers four grades of fuel oil made in whole or in part with hydrocarbon-based used or reprocessed lubricating oil or functional fluids, such as preservative and hydraulic fluids. The four grades of fuel are intended for use in various types of fuel-oil-burning industrial equipment under various climatic and operating conditions. These fuels are not intended for use in residential heaters, small commercial boilers, combustion engines, or marine applications,
1.1.1 Grades RFO4, RFO5L, RFO5H, and RFO6 are used lubricating oil blends, with or without distillate or residual fuel oil, or both, of increasing viscosity and are intended for use in industrial burners equipped to handle these types of recycled fuels.
Note 1: For information on the significance of the terminology and test methods used in this specification, see Appendix X1.
1.2 This specification is for use in contracts for the purchase of fuel oils derived from used lubricating oil and for the guidance of consumers of such fuels. This specification does not address the frequency with which any particular test must be run.
1.3 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance of national or local regulations, which can be more restrictive. In some jurisdictions, used oil is considered a hazardous waste and fuels from used oil are required to meet certain criteria before use as a fuel.
Note 2: For United States federal requirements imposed on used oil generators, transporters and transfer facilities, reprocessors, marketers, and burners, see 40 CFR 279.
Note 3: The generation and dissipation of static electricity can create problems in the handling of distillate burner fuel oils. For more information on the subject, see Guide D4865.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard; non-SI units, when given, are for information only.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Technical specification6 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies safety, constructional and performance requirements and testing of automatic and semi-automatic valves for oil.
It applies to automatic and semi-automatic valves which are:
— normally closed;
— used in combustion plants to interrupt the oil flow with or without delay on closing;
— for use with oil types (e.g. middle distillate fuel oil, crude oil, heavy fuel oil or kerosene) without gasoline;
NOTE 1 For other oil types (e.g. oil emulsions), additional test methods can be agreed between the manufacturer and the test authority.
NOTE 2 Oil types from petroleum refining processes are classified ISO-F-D in ISO 8216-99 and form part of a device having other function(s), such as oil pumps. In this case, the test methods apply to those parts or components of the device forming the automatic and semi-automatic valves, i.e. those parts which are necessary for the closing function.
— for use on burners or in appliances using oil;
— directly or indirectly operated, electrically or by mechanical or hydraulic means;
— fitted with or without closed-position indicator switches.
This document covers type testing only.
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ABSTRACT
This specification covers the use of purchasing agencies in formulating specifications for purchases of aviation turbine fuel under contract. This specification defines type Jet B wide-cut aviation turbine fuel intended for use in aircraft that are certified to use such fuel. This fuel has advantages for operations in very low temperature environments compared with other fuels. The aviation turbine fuel shall consist of blends of refined hydrocarbons derived from crude petroleum, natural gasoline, or blends thereof with synthetic hydrocarbons. Additives such as antioxidants, metal deactivator, electrical conductivity additive, leak detection additive, and other additives including biocidal additive and fuel system icing inhibitor, may be added to the aviation turbine fuel in the amount and of the composition specified. The aviation turbine fuel shall conform to the requirements prescribed for the following: aromatics, mercaptan sulfur content, sulfur content, distillation temperature, distillation residue, distillation loss, density, vapor pressure, freezing point, net heat of combustion, smoke point and naphthalene content, copper strip corrosion, thermal stability such as filter pressure drop and tube deposits, existent gum, electrical conductivity, and microseparometer rating. The test methods for determining conformance to these specified requirements are given.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the use of purchasing agencies in formulating specifications for purchases of aviation turbine fuel under contract.
1.2 This specification defines one specific type of aviation turbine fuel for civil use. This fuel has advantages for operations in very low temperature environments compared with other fuels described in Specification D1655. This fuel is intended for use in aircraft that are certified to use such fuel.
1.3 This specification does not define the quality assurance testing and procedures necessary to ensure that fuel in the distribution system continues to comply with this specification after batch certification. Such procedures are defined elsewhere, for example in ICAO 9977, EI/JIG Standard 1530, JIG 1, JIG 2, API 1543, API 1595, and ATA-103.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This European Standard specifies the safety and performance requirements and tests methods for the components for supply systems. Their intended use is the supply with liquid fuel for one or more consuming units from one or more tanks.
This European Standard applies to pressurised, negative pressurised, unpressurised, underground, above ground, inside and/or outside systems to supply liquid fuels.
The components for supply systems covered by this standard are piping kits/systems and their components.
Not covered by this standard are items belonging to the consuming unit (e. g.: heating/cooling appliances in buildings) and items used for the mounting and support of components.
Not covered by this standard are items with the intended use of gas for building heating/cooling systems and any items of heating networks.
Not covered are items used for drainage (including highways) and disposal of other liquids and gaseous waste, supply of gases, pressure and vacuum systems, communications, sanitary and cleaning fixtures and storage fixtures.
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- Standard220 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides an indication of thermal oxidative stability of distillate fuels when heated to high temperatures that simulate those that may occur in some types of recirculating engine or burner fuel delivery systems. Results have not been substantially correlated to engine or burner operation. The test method can be useful for investigation of operational problems related to fuel thermal stability.
5.2 When the test method is used to monitor manufacture or storage of fuels, changes in filter rating values can indicate a relative change in inherent stability. Storage stability predictions are more reliable when correlated to longer-term storage tests, for example, Test Method D4625, or other lower temperature, long-term tests. When fuel samples are freshly produced, aging for 180 min, instead of the traditional 90 min interval, tends to give a result correlating more satisfactorily with the above methods (see Appendix X2).
5.3 The test method uses a filter paper with a nominal porosity of 11 μm, which will not capture all of the sediment formed during aging but allows differentiation over a broad range. Reflectance ratings are also affected by the color of filterable insolubles, which may not correlate to the mass of the material filtered from the aged fuel sample. Therefore, no quantitative relationship exists between the pad rating and the gravimetric mass of filterable insolubles.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers relative stability of middle distillate fuels under high temperature aging conditions with limited air exposure. This test method is suitable for all No. 1 and No. 2 grades in Specifications D396, D975, D2880, and D3699. It is also suitable for similar fuels meeting other specifications.
1.2 This test method is not suitable for fuels whose flash point, as determined by Test Methods D56, D93, or D3828, is less than 38 °C. This test method is not suitable for fuels containing residual oil.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3.1 Exception—The maximum vacuum includes inch-pound units in 6.5 and 11.2.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Residual fuel oils can contain H2S in the liquid phase, and this can result in hazardous vapor phase levels of H2S in storage tank headspaces. The vapor phase levels can vary significantly according to the headspace volume, fuel temperature, and agitation. Measurement of H2S levels in the liquid phase provides a useful indication of the residual fuel oil’s propensity to form high vapor phase levels, and lower levels in the residual fuel oil will directly reduce risk of H2S exposure. It is critical, however, that anyone involved in handling fuel oil, such as vessel owners and operators, continue to maintain appropriate safety practices designed to protect the crew, tank farm operators and others who can be exposed to H2S.
5.1.1 The measurement of H2S in the liquid phase is appropriate for product quality control, while the measurement of H2S in the vapor phase is appropriate for health and safety purposes.
5.2 This test method was developed so refiners, fuel terminal operators and independent testing laboratory personnel can analytically measure the amount of H2S in the liquid phase of residual fuel oils.
Note 1: Test Method D6021 is one of three test methods for quantitatively measuring H2S in residual fuels:
1) Test Method D5705 is a simple field test method for determining H2S levels in the vapor phase.
2) Test Method D7621 is a rapid test method to determine H2S levels in the liquid phase.
5.3 H2S concentrations in the liquid and vapor phase attempt to reach equilibrium in a static system. However, this equilibrium and the related liquid and vapor concentrations can vary greatly depending on temperature and the chemical composition of the liquid phase. A concentration of 1 mg/kg (μg/g) (ppmw) of H2S in the liquid phase of a residual fuel can typically generate an actual gas concentration of >50 μL/L(ppmv) to 100 μL/L(ppmv) of H2S in the vapor phase, but the equilibrium of the vapor phase is disrupted the moment a vent or access point is opened ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a method suitable for measuring the total amount of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in heavy distillates, heavy distillate/residual fuel blends, or residual fuels as defined in Specification D396 Grade 4, 5 (Light), 5 (Heavy), and 6, when the H2S concentration in the fuel is in the 0.01 μg/g (ppmw) to 100 μg/g (ppmw) range.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 7.5, 8.2, 9.2, 10.1.4, and 11.1.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This document specifies safety, constructional and performance requirements and testing of automatic and semi-automatic valves for oil.
It applies to automatic and semi-automatic valves which are:
— normally closed;
— used in combustion plants to interrupt the oil flow with or without delay on closing;
— for use with oil types (e.g. middle distillate fuel oil, crude oil, heavy fuel oil or kerosene) without gasoline;
NOTE 1 For other oil types (e.g. oil emulsions), additional test methods can be agreed between the manufacturer and the test authority.
NOTE 2 Oil types from petroleum refining processes are classified ISO-F-D in ISO 8216-99 and form part of a device having other function(s), such as oil pumps. In this case, the test methods apply to those parts or components of the device forming the automatic and semi-automatic valves, i.e. those parts which are necessary for the closing function.
— for use on burners or in appliances using oil;
— directly or indirectly operated, electrically or by mechanical or hydraulic means;
— fitted with or without closed-position indicator switches.
This document covers type testing only.
- Standard54 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies safety, constructional and performance requirements and testing of automatic and semi-automatic valves for oil. It applies to automatic and semi-automatic valves which are: - normally closed; - used in combustion plants to interrupt the oil flow with or without delay on closing; - for use with oil types (e.g. middle distillate fuel oil, crude oil, heavy fuel oil or kerosene) without gasoline; NOTE 1 For other oil types (e.g. oil emulsions), additional test methods can be agreed between the manufacturer and the test authority. NOTE 2 Oil types from petroleum refining processes are classified ISO-F-D in ISO 8216-99 and form part of a device having other function(s), such as oil pumps. In this case, the test methods apply to those parts or components of the device forming the automatic and semi-automatic valves, i.e. those parts which are necessary for the closing function. - for use on burners or in appliances using oil; - directly or indirectly operated, electrically or by mechanical or hydraulic means; - fitted with or without closed-position indicator switches. This document covers type testing only.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Ampulization is desirable in order to minimize variability and maximize the integrity of calibration standards or RMs, or both, being used in calibration of analytical instruments and in validation of analytical test methods in round-robin or interlaboratory cross-check programs. This practice is intended to be used when the highest degree of confidence in integrity of a material is desired.
5.2 This practice is intended to be used when it is desirable to maintain the long term storage of gasoline and related liquid hydrocarbon RMs, controls, or calibration standards for retain or repository purposes.
5.3 This practice may not be applicable to materials that contain high percentages of dissolved gases, or to highly viscous materials, due to the difficulty involved in transferring such materials without encountering losses of components or ensuring sample homogeneity.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a general guide for the ampulization and storage of gasoline and related hydrocarbon mixtures that are to be used as calibration standards or reference materials. This practice addresses materials, solutions, or mixtures, which may contain volatile components. This practice is not intended to address the ampulization of highly viscous liquids, materials that are solid at room temperature, or materials that have high percentages of dissolved gases that cannot be handled under reasonable cooling temperatures and at normal atmospheric pressure without losses of these volatile components.
1.2 This practice is applicable to automated ampule filling and sealing machines as well as to manual ampule filling devices, such as pipettes and hand-operated liquid dispensers.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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2021-01-15 - JE- TC - Corrects the wording related to Formula (6) in 5.5.1.2.1.4, 5.5.1.2.2.3, 5.5.1.3.3, 5.5.1.4.3, 5.12.2.1.3, 5.12.2.2.3 and 5.19.20.4.3 + Consolidated text not in XML, as mother standard EN 12514:2020 was not prepared in XML
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2021-01-15 - JE- TC - Corrects the wording related to Formula (6) in 5.5.1.2.1.4, 5.5.1.2.2.3, 5.5.1.3.3, 5.5.1.4.3, 5.12.2.1.3, 5.12.2.2.3 and 5.19.20.4.3 + Consolidated text not in XML, as mother standard EN 12514:2020 was not prepared in XML
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method and Test Method D3703 measure the same peroxide species (primarily hydroperoxides) in aviation fuels.
4.2 The magnitude of the hydroperoxide number is an indication of the quantity of oxidizing constituents present. Deterioration of fuel results in the formation of hydroperoxides and other oxygen-carrying compounds. The hydroperoxide number measures those compounds that will oxidize potassium iodide.
4.3 The determination of the hydroperoxide number of fuels is significant because of the adverse effect of hydroperoxides upon certain elastomers in the fuel systems.
SCOPE
1.1 The test method covers the determination of the hydroperoxide content of aviation turbine fuels. The test method may also be applicable to the determination of the hydroperoxide content of any water-insoluble, organic fluid, particularly diesel fuels, gasolines, and kerosines.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 6.3 – 6.5, Annex A1, and Annex A2.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard5 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This European Standard specifies the safety and performance requirements and tests methods for the components for supply systems. Their intended use is the supply with liquid fuel for one or more consuming units from one or more tanks.
This European Standard applies to pressurised, negative pressurised, unpressurised, underground, above ground, inside and/or outside systems to supply liquid fuels.
The components for supply systems covered by this standard are piping kits/systems and their components.
Not covered by this standard are items belonging to the consuming unit (e. g.: heating/cooling appliances in buildings) and items used for the mounting and support of components.
Not covered by this standard are items with the intended use of gas for building heating/cooling systems and any items of heating networks.
Not covered are items used for drainage (including highways) and disposal of other liquids and gaseous waste, supply of gases, pressure and vacuum systems, communications, sanitary and cleaning fixtures and storage fixtures.
- Standard220 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
- Standard220 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide provides information addressing the conditions that lead to fuel microbial contamination and biodegradation and the general characteristics of and strategies for controlling microbial contamination. It compliments and amplifies information provided in Practice D4418 on handling gas-turbine fuels. More detailed information may be found in Guidelines for the Investigation of Microbial Content of Liquid Fuels and for the Implementation of Avoidance and Remedial Strategies, 3rd Ed.,10 ASTM Manual 47, and Passman, 2019.11
5.2 This guide focuses on microbial contamination in refined petroleum products and product handling systems. Uncontrolled microbial contamination in fuels and fuel systems remains a largely unrecognized but costly problem at all stages of the petroleum industry from crude oil production through fleet operations and consumer use. This guide introduces the fundamental concepts of fuel microbiology and biodeterioration control.
5.3 This guide provides personnel who are responsible for fuel and fuel system stewardship with the background necessary to make informed decisions regarding the possible economic or safety, or both, impact of microbial contamination in their products or systems.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides personnel who have a limited microbiological background with an understanding of the symptoms, occurrence, and consequences of chronic microbial contamination. The guide also suggests means for detection and control of microbial contamination in fuels and fuel systems. This guide applies primarily to gasoline, aviation, boiler, industrial gas turbine, diesel, marine, furnace fuels and blend stocks (see Specifications D396, D910, D975, D1655, D2069, D2880, D3699, D4814, D6227, and D6751), and fuel systems. However, the principles discussed herein also apply generally to crude oil and all liquid petroleum fuels. ASTM Manual 472 provides a more detailed treatment of the concepts introduced in this guide; it also provides a compilation of all of the standards referenced herein that are not found in the Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section Five on Petroleum Products and Lubricants.
1.2 This guide is not a compilation of all of the concepts and terminology used by microbiologists, but it does provide a general understanding of microbial fuel contamination.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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- Guide12 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Gasoline-range olefinic hydrocarbons have been demonstrated to contribute to photochemical reactions in the atmosphere, which result in the formation of photochemical smog in susceptible urban areas.
5.2 The California Air Resources Board (CARB) has specified a maximum allowable limit of total olefins in motor gasoline. This necessitates an appropriate analytical test method for determination of total olefins to be used both by regulators and producers.
5.3 This test method compares favorably with Test Method D1319 (FIA) for the determination of total olefins in motor gasolines. It does not require any sample preparation, has a comparatively short analysis time of about 10 min, and is readily automated. Alternative methods for determination of olefins in gasoline include Test Methods D6839 and D6296.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the total amount of olefins in blended motor gasolines and gasoline blending stocks by supercritical-fluid chromatography (SFC). Results are expressed in terms of mass percent olefins. The method working range is from expected concentration of 1 % by mass to expected concentration of 25 % by mass total olefins.
1.2 This test method can be used for analysis of commercial gasolines, including those containing varying levels of oxygenates, such as methyl tert/butyl ether (MTBE), diisopropyl ether (DIPE), methyl tert/amyl ether (TAME), and ethanol, without interference.
Note 1: This test method has not been designed for the determination of the total amounts of saturates, aromatics, and oxygenates.
1.3 This test method includes a relative bias section based on Practice D6708 accuracy assessment between Test Method D6550 mass percent and Test Method D1319 volume percent for total olefins in spark-ignition engine fuels as a possible Test Method D6550 alternative to Test Method D1319 for U.S. EPA regulations reporting. The Practice D6708 derived correlation equation is only applicable for test result range from 0.53 % to 26.88 % by mass as reported by Test Method D6550.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The hydrogen ion activity, as measured by pHe, is a good predictor of the corrosion potential of ethanol fuels. It is preferable to total acidity because total acidity does not measure activity of the hydrogen ions; overestimates the contribution of weak acids, such as carbonic acid; and can underestimate the corrosion potential of low concentrations of strong acids, such as sulfuric acid.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure to determine a measure of the hydrogen ion activity of high ethanol content fuels. These include denatured fuel ethanol and ethanol fuel blends. The test method is applicable to denatured fuel ethanol and ethanol fuel blends containing ethanol at 51 % by volume, or more.
1.2 Hydrogen ion activity as measured in this test method is defined as pHe. A pHe value for alcohol solutions is not comparable to pH values of water solutions.
1.2.1 The value of pHe measured will depend somewhat on the fuel blend, the stirring rate, and the time the electrode is in the fuel.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3.1 Hydrogen ion activity in water is expressed as pH and hydrogen ion activity in ethanol is expressed as pHe.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This European Standard specifies the terminology, the general requirements for the construction and operation of forced draught oil burners and also the provision of control and safety devices, and the test procedure for these burners.
This European Standard applies to forced draught oil burners supplied with:
- fuel based on first raffinates and their mixtures with biogenous liquid fuels having a viscosity at the burner inlet of 1,6 mm2/s (cSt) up to 6 mm2/s (cSt) at 20 °C, and
- higher boiling petroleum based first raffinates (viscosity greater than 6 mm2/s), that require preheating for proper atomization.
This European Standard is applicable to:
- single burners fitted to a single combustion chamber;
- single burners fitted to an appliance with additional requirements;
NOTE When additional requirements apply which are not identified or specified in this standard, the specification of the required safety measures and/or protective devices and compliance with them is outside the scope of this standard.
- single-fuel and dual-fuel burners when operating on oil only;
- the oil function of dual-fuel burners designed to operate simultaneously on gaseous and liquid fuels.
This European Standard deals with all significant machine hazards, hazardous situations and events relevant to burners, when they are used as intended and under conditions of misuse which are reasonably foreseeable, see Annex J.
This European Standard also deals with the additional requirements for the burners in the scope with pressurized parts and/or firing pressurized bodies, see Annex K.
This European Standard specifies the requirements to ensure the safety during commissioning, start-up, operation, shut-down and maintenance.
This European Standard deals also with forced draught burners intended to be used with biogenous liquid fuels, mixtures.
This European Standard deals also with burners and their equipment to increase the total appliance efficiency, see Annex M.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Driveability problems in PFI automobiles were first reported in 1984. Deposits are prone to form on the metering surfaces of pintle-type electronic fuel injectors. These deposits reduce fuel flow through the metering orifices. Reductions in metered fuel flow result in an upset in the air-fuel ratio, which can affect emissions and driveability. When heavy enough, these deposits can lead to driveability symptoms, such as hesitation, hard starting, or loss of power, or a combination thereof, that are easily noticed by the average driver and that lead to customer complaints. The mechanism of the formation of deposits is not completely understood. It is believed to be influenced by many factors, including driving cycle, engine and injector design, and composition of the fuel. The procedure in this test method has been found to build deposits in PFIs on a consistent basis. This procedure can be used to evaluate differences in base fuels and fuel additives. A study of PFI fouling was conducted in both the bench test and the vehicle test procedures to obtain a correlation. The vehicle tests were conducted as described in Test Method D5598. The tests were conducted on several base gasolines, with and without additives blended into these base fuels. The PFI bench test proved to be reliable, repeatable, and a good predictor of PFI fouling in test vehicles.
5.1.1 State and Federal Legislative and Regulatory Action—Legislative and regulatory activity, primarily by the state of California (see 2.3) and the federal government (see 2.4), necessitate the acceptance of a standard test method to evaluate the PFI deposit-forming tendency of an automotive spark-ignition engine fuel.
5.1.2 Relevance of Results—The operating conditions and design of the laboratory apparatus used in this test method may not be representative of a current vehicle fuel system. These factors must be considered when interpreting results.
5.2 Test Validity:
5.2.1 Procedural Compliance—The test ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a bench test procedure to evaluate the tendency of automotive spark-ignition engine fuel to foul electronic port fuel injectors (PFI). The test method utilizes a bench apparatus equipped with Bosch injectors specified for use in a 1985-1987 Chrysler 2.2 L turbocharged engine. This test method is based on a test procedure developed by the Coordinating Research Council (CRC) for prediction of the tendency of spark-ignition engine fuel to form deposits in the small metering clearances of injectors in a port fuel injection engine (see CRC Report No. 592).2
1.2 The test method is applicable to spark-ignition engine fuels, which may contain antioxidants, corrosion inhibitors, metal deactivators, dyes, deposit control additives, demulsifiers, or oxygenates, or a combination thereof.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given throughout this test method.
Note 1: If there is any doubt as to the latest edition of Test Method D6421, contact ASTM International Headquarters. Other properties of significance to spark-ignition engine fuel are described in Specification D4814.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Degradation of fluid lubricants because of oxidation or thermal breakdown can result in fluid thickening or in the formation of acids or insoluble solids and render the fluid unfit for further use as a lubricant.
5.2 This test method can be used for estimating the oxidation stability of oils. It can function as a formulation screening tool, specification requirement, quality control measurement, or as a means of estimating remaining service life. It shall be recognized, however, that correlation between results of this test method and the oxidation stability of an oil in field service can vary markedly with field service conditions and with various oils.
5.3 This test method is designed to compliment Test Method D5846 and is intended for evaluation of fluids which do not degrade significantly within a reasonable period of time at 135 °C.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for evaluating the oxidation of inhibited lubricants in the presence of air, copper, and iron metals.
1.2 This test method was developed and is used to evaluate the high temperature oxidation stability and deposit forming tendency of oils for steam and gas turbines. It has been used for testing other lubricants made with mineral oil and synthetic basestocks for compressors, hydraulic pumps, and other applications, but these have not been used in cooperative testing.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Identified hazardous chemicals are listed in Section 7. Before using this test method, refer to suppliers' safety labels, Material Safety Data Sheets and other technical literature.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This European Standard applies to the determination of the performances of heating boilers and combi boilers fired by liquid fuels. The requirements for the heating performances are laid down in EN 303 1:2016 and EN 303 2:2016.
This test code includes the requirements and recommendations for carrying out and evaluating the procedure for testing boilers and also the details of the technical conditions under which the tests will be carried out.
The requirements and the performance of testing for the sanitary hot water production of combi boilers are laid down in EN 303 6.
- Standard49 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard is applicable to boilers used for central heating in accordance with prEN 303 1:2016 up to a nominal heat output of 1 000 kW and EN 303 4 up to a nominal heat output of 70 kW with forced draught burners in accordance with EN 267 that are designed for operating with liquid fuels.
The performance requirements of this standard apply to type testing to heating boilers (standard, low temperature and condensing boilers) which are tested on a test rig in accordance with the test code given in EN 304.
This standard applies also to room sealed boilers as defined in EN 15035 regarding efficiency and emissions.
This standard can also be used as the basis for evaluation of boiler-/burner units.
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ISO 22968:2010 specifies the terminology, test procedures and general requirements for the construction and operation of automatic forced draught oil burners supplied with a fuel having a viscosity at the burner inlet of 1,6 mm2/s (cSt) to 6 mm2/s (cSt) at 20 °C or higher, boiling petroleum in accordance with ISO 8217-based first raffinates, and the provision of related control and safety devices. It is applicable to automatic oil burners fitted with a combustion air fan, equipped as described therein, and intended for use in appliances of different types and operated with fuel oils, single burners with a single combustion chamber, single‑fuel and dual‑fuel burners when operating only on oil, and the oil function of dual-fuel burners designed for simultaneous operation on gaseous and liquid fuels (for the former operation, see also ISO 22967). It is not applicable to burners used in direct fired processes either with defined combustion chamber applications or where the combustion chamber wall surface temperature is greater than 750 °C or the heat transfer medium temperature is greater than 500 °C.
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This European Standard specifies a method for the determination of the spray characteristic and the index angle of oil pressure atomizing nozzles.
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This European Standard specifies a method for the determination of the spray characteristic and the index angle of oil pressure atomizing nozzles.
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This European Standard specifies the dimensions for connectors and certain dimensional characteristics of pumps for atomizing oil burners.
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This European Standard specifies the dimensions of motors for atomizing oil burners.
- Standard6 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies the dimensions for connectors and certain dimensional characteristics of pumps for atomizing oil burners.
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This European Standard specifies the dimensions of motors for atomizing oil burners.
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- Corrigendum4 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
Standardization of automatic control devices and flame detectors for atomizing oil burners.
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This European standards applies to oil pressure atomizing nozzles without backflow - herein called atomizing nozzles - with a nominal throughout <= 6,30 kg/h at 10 bar with a fuel oil. They are characterized by the requirements concerning the operational function according to clause 5.
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This European standards applies to oil pressure atomizing nozzles without backflow - herein called atomizing nozzles - with a nominal throughout <= 6,30 kg/h at 10 bar with a fuel oil. They are characterized by the requirements concerning the operational function according to clause 5.
- Standard13 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
- Corrigendum4 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
Standardization of automatic control devices and flame detectors for atomizing oil burners.
- Standard4 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document is applicable to boilers used for central heating in accordance with EN 303-1 up to a nominal heat output of 1 000 kW and EN 303-4 up to a nominal heat output of 70 kW with forced draught burners in accordance with EN 267 that are designed for operating with liquid fuels.
The performance requirements of this document apply to type testing to heating boilers (standard, low temperature and condensing boilers) which are tested on a test rig in accordance with the test code given in EN 304.
This document applies also to room sealed boilers as defined in EN 15035 regarding efficiency and emissions.
This document can also be used as the basis for evaluation of boiler-/burner units.
- Draft25 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document applies to the determination of the performances of heating boilers and combi boilers fired by liquid fuels. The requirements for the heating performances are laid down in EN 303-1 and EN 303-2.
This test code includes the requirements and recommendations for carrying out and evaluating the procedure for testing boilers and also the details of the technical conditions under which the tests will be carried out.
The requirements and the performance of testing for the sanitary hot water production of combi boilers are laid down in EN 303-6.
- Draft53 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies the terminology, the general requirements for the construction and operation of forced draught oil burners and also the provision of control and safety devices, and the test procedure for these burners.
This European Standard applies to forced draught oil burners supplied with:
― fuel based on first raffinates and their mixtures with biogenous liquid fuels having a viscosity at the burner inlet of 1,6 mm2/s (cSt) up to 6 mm2/s (cSt) at 20 °C; and
― higher boiling petroleum based first raffinates (viscosity greater than 6 mm2/s), that require preheating for proper atomization.
This European Standard is applicable to:
― single burners fitted to a single combustion chamber;
― single burners fitted to an appliance with additional requirements;
NOTE When additional requirements apply which are not identified or specified in this standard, the specification of the required safety measures and/or protective devices and compliance with them is outside the scope of this standard.
― single-fuel and dual-fuel burners when operating on oil only;
― the oil function of dual-fuel burners designed to operate simultaneously on gaseous and liquid fuels.
This European Standard deals with all significant machine hazards, hazardous situations and events relevant to burners, when they are used as intended and under conditions of misuse which are reasonably foreseeable, see Annex J.
This European Standard also deals with the additional requirements for the burners in the scope with pressurized parts and/or firing pressurized bodies, see Annex K.
This European Standard specifies the requirements to ensure the safety during commissioning, start-up, operation, shut-down and maintenance.
This European Standard deals also with forced draught burners intended to be used with biogenous liquid fuels, mixtures.
This European Standard deals also with burners equipped to increase the total appliance efficiency; see Annex M.
- Draft113 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies the terminology, the general requirements for the construction and operation of forced draught oil burners and also the provision of control and safety devices, and the test procedure for these burners.
This European Standard applies to forced draught oil burners supplied with:
― fuel based on first raffinates and their mixtures with biogenous liquid fuels having a viscosity at the burner inlet of 1,6 mm2/s (cSt) up to 6 mm2/s (cSt) at 20 °C; and
― higher boiling petroleum based first raffinates (viscosity greater than 6 mm2/s), that require preheating for proper atomization.
This European Standard is applicable to:
― single burners fitted to a single combustion chamber;
― single burners fitted to an appliance with additional requirements;
NOTE When additional requirements apply which are not identified or specified in this standard, the specification of the required safety measures and/or protective devices and compliance with them is outside the scope of this standard.
― single-fuel and dual-fuel burners when operating on oil only;
― the oil function of dual-fuel burners designed to operate simultaneously on gaseous and liquid fuels.
This European Standard deals with all significant machine hazards, hazardous situations and events relevant to burners, when they are used as intended and under conditions of misuse which are reasonably foreseeable, see Annex J.
This European Standard also deals with the additional requirements for the burners in the scope with pressurized parts and/or firing pressurized bodies, see Annex K.
This European Standard specifies the requirements to ensure the safety during commissioning, start-up, operation, shut-down and maintenance.
This European Standard deals also with forced draught burners intended to be used with biogenous liquid fuels, mixtures.
This European Standard deals also with burners equipped to increase the total appliance efficiency; see Annex M.
- Draft113 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard applies to all parts of supply systems for the automatic supply of liquid fuel to one or more consuming units from one or more tanks. It applies to all parts from the tank connection(s) to the connection to the burner or the consuming units, respectively, including the direct series-connected shut-off devices.
- Draft90 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard applies to the following parts of supply systems for the automatic liquid fuel supply of consuming units from one or more tanks:
a) isolating valve;
b) quick-acting valve;
c) switch-over valve;
d) forced switch-over valve;
e) check valve;
f) pressure compensating device;
g) discharge valve;
h) pressure reducer;
i) filter;
j) meter;
k) de-aerator;
l) anti-siphon safety device;
m) pressure retaining device;
n) isolation device;
o) pressure gauge;
p) vapour/air separator;
q) pressure control path;
r) combined part
s) other part.
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This European Standard applies to the following parts of supply systems for the automatic liquid fuel supply of consuming units from one or more tanks:
a) pipes;
b) fasteners;
c) pipeline connections;
d) parts within pipes;
Combinations of single parts are acceptable.
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This European Standard applies to the following parts of supply systems for the automatic supply of liquid fuel to one or more consuming units from one or more tanks:
a) feed pumps;
b) control and safety devices;
c) service tanks;
d) service vessels.
The combination of single parts is acceptable.
- Draft23 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies the terminology, the general requirements for the construction and operation of automatic forced draught oil burners and also the provision of control and safety devices, and the test procedure for these burners.
This European Standard applies to automatic forced draught oil burners supplied with:
- a fuel having a viscosity at the burner inlet of 1,6 mm²/s (cSt) up to 6 mm²/s (cSt) at 20 °C; and
- higher boiling petroleum based first raffinates (viscosity greater than 6 mm2/s), that require preheating for proper atomisation.
This European Standard is applicable to:
- single burners fitted to a single combustion chamber;
- single burners fitted to an appliance with additional requirements, then the relevant standard of this appliance shall be taken into account;
- single-fuel and dual-fuel burners when operating on oil only;
- the oil function of dual-fuel burners designed to operate simultaneously on gaseous and liquid fuels, in which case the requirements of EN 676 will also apply in respect of the gaseous fuel function.
This European Standard deals with all significant machine hazards, hazardous situations and events relevant to burners, when they are used as intended and under conditions of misuse which are reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer, see Annex J.
It deals with the additional requirements for the burners in the scope with pressurised parts and/or firing pressurised bodies, see Annex K.
This European Standard specifies the requirements to be met by the manufacturer to ensure the safety during commissioning, start-up, operation, shut-down and maintenance.
This European Standard does not deal with hazards due to specific applications.
This European Standard deals also with forced draught burners intended to be used with biogenous fuels, mixtures.
This European Standard deals also with burners equipped to increase the total appliance efficiency; see Annex L.
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