11.080.20 - Disinfectants and antiseptics
ICS 11.080.20 Details
Disinfectants and antiseptics
Desinfektionsmittel
Desinfectants antiseptiques
Dezinfektanti in antiseptiki
General Information
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This European Standard specifies a test method simulating practical conditions for establishing whether a
product for hygienic handrub reduces the release of virus contamination on hands when rubbed onto the
artificially contaminated hands of volunteers.
NOTE 1 Attention is drawn to the fact that tests on human volunteers are the subject of legal provisions in
certain European countries/regions.
This European Standard applies to products for hygienic handrub for use in areas and situations where
disinfection is medically indicated. Such indications occur in patient care, for example:
– in hospitals, in community medical facilities and in dental institutions;
– in clinics of schools, of kindergardens and of nursing homes.
and may occur in the workplace and in the home. It may also include services such as laundries and kitchens
supplying products directly for the patient.
EN 14885 specifies in detail the relationship of the various tests to one another and to “use recommendations”.
NOTE 2 This method corresponds to a phase 2, step 2 test.
- Standard29 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a test method simulating practical conditions for establishing whether a product for hygienic handrub reduces the release of virus contamination on hands when rubbed onto the artificially contaminated hands of volunteers.
NOTE 1 Attention is drawn to the fact that tests on human volunteers are the subject of legal provisions in certain European countries/regions.
This document is applicable to products for hygienic handrub for use in areas and situations where disinfection is medically indicated. Such indications occur in patient care, for example:
- in hospitals, in community medical facilities and in dental institutions;
- in clinics of schools, of kindergartens and of nursing homes;
and can occur in the workplace and in the home. It can also include services such as laundries and kitchens supplying products directly for the patient.
EN 14885 specifies in detail the relationship of the various tests to one another and to “use recommendations”.
NOTE 2 This method corresponds to a phase 2, step 2 test.
- Standard29 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document provides additional information and recommendations on the preparation of spores and a
test method to determine / exclude sporistatical activity respectively differentiate between sporistatical
and sporicidal activity of a product.
- Technical report13 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a test method and the minimum requirements for sporicidal activity against spores of Clostridioides difficile of chemical disinfectant products that form a homogeneous, physically stable preparation when diluted with hard water - or in the case of ready-to-use products - with water.
This document applies to products that are used in the medical area for disinfecting non-porous surfaces including surfaces of medical devices by wiping - regardless if they are covered by the 93/42/EEC Directive on Medical Devices or not.
Due to the new methods of application of surface disinfectants like pre-impregnated wipes this document was established to cover the different application method.
The document is applicable for four method of application of products for wiping and/or mopping:
a) soaking any non-specified wipe or mop with product;
b) spraying the product on any non-specified wipe and / or mop or a specified wipe or mop;
c) impregnation of specified wipes or mops by the user with the product according to the manufacturer’s recommendation;
d) preimpregnation of specified wipes or mops by the manufacturer as ready-to-use wipes or mops.
In all types of application the water control has to be done with the standard wipe [5.3.2.17 a)], because it is a process or method control.
This document does not apply to products that are sprayed on or flooding surfaces, then left until the contact application phase 2, step 2 standards without mechanical action should be used and their methods performed.
The test surface (5.3.2.16) was selected as standard surface and should cover all non-porous surfaces. It was not intended to cover the influence of each different surface.
This document applies to areas and situations where disinfection is medically indicated. Such indications occur in patient care, for example:
- in hospitals, in community medical facilities and in dental institutions;
- in clinics of schools, of kindergartens and of nursing homes;
and may occur in the workplace and in the home. It may also include services such as laundries and kitchens supplying products directly for the patients.
NOTE This method corresponds to a phase 2, step 2 test.
EN 14885 specifies in detail the relationship of the various tests to one another and to "use recommendations".
- Standard42 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
requirements for sporicidal activity against spores of Clostridioides difficile of chemical disinfectant products that form a homogeneous, physically stable preparation when diluted with hard water - or in the case of ready-to-use products - with water.
This document is applicable to products that are used in the medical area for disinfecting non-porous surfaces including surfaces of medical devices by wiping - regardless if they are covered by the 93/42/EEC Directive on Medical Devices or not.
Due to the new methods of application of surface disinfectants like pre-impregnated wipes this document was established to cover the different application method.
The document is applicable for four method of application of products for wiping and/or mopping:
a) soaking any non-specified wipe or mop with product;
b) spraying the product on any non-specified wipe and / or mop or a specified wipe or mop.
c) impregnation of specified wipes or mops by the user with the product according to the manufacturer’s recommendation;
d) pre-impregnation of specified wipes or mops by the manufacturer as ready-to-use wipes or mops.
In all types of application the water control has to be done with the standard wipe [5.3.2.17 a)], because it is a process or method control.
This document does not apply to products that are sprayed on or flooding surfaces, then left until the contact application phase 2, step 2 standards without mechanical action should be used and their methods performed.
The test surface (5.3.2.16) was selected as standard surface and should cover all non-porous surfaces. It was not intended to cover the influence of each different surface.
This document is applicable to areas and situations where disinfection is medically indicated. Such indications occur in patient care, for example:
- in hospitals, in community medical facilities and in dental institutions;
- in clinics of schools, of kindergartens and of nursing homes;
and may occur in the workplace and in the home. It may also include services such as laundries and kitchens supplying products directly for the patients.
NOTE This method corresponds to a phase 2, step 2 test.
EN 14885 specifies in detail the relationship of the various tests to one another and to "use recommendations".
- Standard42 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Corrigendum3 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document defines rules for the interpretation of data according to EN 16615: 2015 regarding water controls in order to avoid problems in discussions with legal bodies on the validity of data to support product claims.
- Technical report6 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Corrigendum3 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the European Standards to which products have to conform in order to support the claims for microbicidal activity which are referred to in this document.
This document also specifies terms and definitions which are used in European Standards.
It is applicable to products for which activity is claimed against the following microorganisms: vegetative bacteria (including mycobacteria and Legionella), bacterial spores, yeasts, fungal spores and viruses (including bacteriophages).
It is intended to:
a) enable manufacturers of products to select the appropriate standards to be used in order to provide data which support their claims for a specific product;
b) enable users of the product to assess the information provided by the manufacturer in relation to the use for which they intend to use the product;
c) assist regulatory authorities in assessing claims made by the manufacturer or by the person responsible for placing the product on the market.
It is applicable to products to be used in the area of human medicine, the veterinary area and in food, industrial, domestic and institutional areas.
In the area of human medicine (Working Group 1, i.e. WG 1), it is applicable to chemical disinfectants and antiseptics to be used in areas and situations where disinfection or antisepsis is medically indicated. Such indications occur in patient care
— in hospitals, in community medical facilities, dental institutions and medical laboratories for analyses and research,
— in clinics of schools, of kindergartens and of nursing homes,
— and may also occur in the workplace and in the home. It may also include services such as in laundries and kitchens supplying products directly for the patient.
In the veterinary area (WG 2) it is applicable to chemical disinfectants and antiseptics to be used in the areas of breeding, husbandry, veterinary care facilities, production, transport and disposal of animals and veterinary laboratories for analyses and research. It is not applicable to chemical disinfectants used in the food chain following death and entry to the processing industry.
In food, industrial, domestic and institutional areas (WG 3) it is applicable to chemical disinfectants and antiseptics to be used in processing, distribution and retailing of food of animal or vegetable origin. It is also applicable to products for all public areas where disinfection is not medically indicated (homes, catering, schools, nurseries, transports, hotels, offices etc.) and products used in packaging, biotechnology, laboratories (except laboratories for veterinary and medical analyses and research), pharmaceutical, cosmetic etc. industries.
This document is also applicable to active substances and products under development for which no area of application has yet been specified.
This document will be periodically updated to reflect the current published versions of each standard developed in CEN/TC 216. Independent of this update newly published standards are to be used, even if they are not yet mentioned in EN 14885.
This document does not refer to methods for testing the toxicological and ecotoxicological properties of products or active substances.
- Standard72 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This International Standard specifies the performance requirements and test methods for chemical indicators and hollow devices and porous devices within which they are intended to function, to be used for testing the steam penetration performance of type B cycles of small steam sterilizers; small steam sterilizers are defined in EN 13060. The hollow and porous devices described in this standard do not substantiate their suitability as surrogate devices for lumened, hollow and porous medical devices used in health care facilities.
Chemical indicators used with a porous device specified in this standard are designed to demonstrate the adequacy of steam penetration into a porous device in small steam sterilizers (see EN 13060).
The relevant sections of this International Standard covering porous loads specify the requirements for
— a reference porous device to be used in the small load test for porous loads in small steam sterilizers and as a reference device by which alternative porous devices can be shown to be equivalent in performance according to this standard; ie, a textile test pack in which steam penetration is judged by thermometric means;
— an alternative porous device equivalent in performance to the reference porous device; ie, an alternative porous device, usually commercially manufactured, of any design.
Chemical indicator systems used with a hollow load device specified in this standard are designed to demonstrate the adequacy of steam penetration into a hollow device in small steam sterilizers (see EN 13060).
The relevant sections of this International Standard covering hollow loads specify the requirements for
— a reference hollow device used as a reference device in this standard; ie, a lumened device with attached capsule in which steam penetration is judged by inactivation or survival of a specified biological indicator;
— an alternative hollow device employing the same specific test load as defined for the reference hollow device and an indicator system designed specifically for use in the reference hollow test load; ie, a lumened device with an attached capsule in which steam penetration is judged by visual examination of an indicator system;
— an alternative hollow device equivalent in performance to the reference hollow device; ie, an alternative hollow device, usually commercially manufactured, of any design.
- Standard48 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the performance requirements and test methods for hollow devices and porous devices as well as the chemical indicators and biological indicators that are utilized within these devices for testing a specific steam penetration performance of type B cycles and some type S cycles of small steam sterilizers according to EN 13060.
NOTE The hollow and porous devices described in this document are not intended for use as surrogate devices for hollow and porous medical devices used in health care facilities.
a) Chemical indicators used with a porous device specified in this document are designed to demonstrate the adequacy of steam penetration into a porous device in small steam sterilizers (see EN 13060).
This document specifies the requirements for:
— a reference porous device (RPD) as a reference device by which alternative porous indicator systems (APISs) can be shown to be equivalent in performance according to this document, i.e. a textile test pack in which steam penetration is judged by thermometric means;
— an alternative porous chemical indicator system equivalent in performance to the RPD, i.e. an APIS, usually commercially manufactured, of any design.
b) Chemical indicators used with a hollow load device specified in this document are designed to demonstrate the adequacy of steam penetration into a narrow lumen (previously known as hollow load A) in small steam sterilizers (see EN 13060).
This document specifies the requirements for:
— a reference hollow device (RHD) used as a reference device in this document, i.e. a lumened device with attached capsule in which steam penetration is judged by inactivation or survival of a specified biological indicator;
— an alternative hollow device:
— employing the same specific test load as defined for the RHD and a chemical indicator designed specifically for use in the reference hollow test load, i.e. a lumened device with an attached capsule in which steam penetration is judged by visual examination of a chemical indicator;
— equivalent in performance to the RHD, i.e. an alternative hollow device, usually commercially manufactured, of any design.
- Standard48 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a test method and the minimum requirements for the microbicidal activity of a defined disinfection process for the treatment of contaminated textile. This procedure is carried out by using a washing machine as defined in 5.3.2.18 and refers to the disinfection step without prewash. This procedure is not limited to certain types of textile. The suppliers instructions shall be sufficient to allow the method in the standard to be carried out fully (e.g. dosing disinfectant in whatever washing phase e.g. main wash, rinsing, disinfecting at 40 °C). This document applies to areas and situations where disinfection is medically indicated. Such indications occur in patient care, for example: — in hospitals, in community medical facilities, and in dental institutions; — in clinics of schools, of kindergartens, and of nursing homes; and may occur in the workplace and in the home. It may also include services such as laundries and kitchens supplying products directly for the patients. The method described is intended to determine the activity of a product or product combination under the conditions in which they are used. This is a phase 2, step 2 laboratory test that simulates the conditions of application of the product. NOTE This method corresponds to a phase 2, step 2 test (see EN 14885). EN 14885 specifies in detail the relationship of the various tests to one another and to “use recommendations”.
- Standard48 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document defines rules for the interpretation of data according to EN 16615: 2015 regarding water controls in order to avoid problems in discussions with legal bodies on the validity of data to support product claims.
- Technical report6 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies the European Standards to which products have to conform in order to support the claims for microbicidal activity which are referred to in this European Standard.
This European Standard also specifies terms and definitions which are used in European Standards.
It is applicable to products for which activity is claimed against the following microorganisms: vegetative bacteria (including mycobacteria and Legionella), bacterial spores, yeasts, fungal spores and viruses (including bacteriophages).
It is intended to:
a) enable manufacturers of products to select the appropriate standards to be used in order to provide data which support their claims for a specific product;
b) enable users of the product to assess the information provided by the manufacturer in relation to the use for which they intend to use the product;
c) assist regulatory authorities in assessing claims made by the manufacturer or by the person responsible for placing the product on the market.
It is applicable to products to be used in the area of human medicine, the veterinary area and in food, industrial, domestic and institutional areas.
In the area of human medicine (Working Group 1, i. e. WG 1), it is applicable to chemical disinfectants and antiseptics to be used in areas and situations where disinfection or antisepsis is medically indicated. Such indications occur in patient care
— in hospitals, in community medical facilities and dental institutions,
— in clinics of schools, of kindergartens and of nursing homes,
— and may also occur in the workplace and in the home. It may also include services such as in laundries and kitchens supplying products directly for the patient.
In the veterinary area (WG 2) it is applicable to chemical disinfectants and antiseptics to be used in the areas of breeding, husbandry, veterinary care facilities, production, transport and disposal of animals. It is not applicable to chemical disinfectants used in the food chain following death and entry to the processing industry.
In food, industrial, domestic and institutional areas (WG 3) it is applicable to chemical disinfectants and antiseptics to be used in processing, distribution and retailing of food of animal or vegetable origin. It is also applicable to products for all public areas where disinfection is not medically indicated (homes, catering, schools, nurseries, transports, hotels, offices etc.) and products used in packaging, biotechnology, pharmaceutical, cosmetic etc. industries.
This European Standard is also applicable to active substances and products under development for which no area of application has yet been specified.
This standard will be periodically updated to reflect the current published versions of each standard developed in CEN/TC 216. Independent of this update newly published standards should be used, even if they are not yet mentioned in EN 14885.
This European Standard does not refer to methods for testing the toxicological and ecotoxicological properties of products or active substances.
- Standard72 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This procedure specifies a test method and the minimum requirements for bactericidal activity of teat disinfectants that form a homogeneous, physically stable preparation when diluted with hard water - or in the case of ready-to-use products - with water.
This method applies to teat disinfectants that are used in the veterinary area on teat skin without mechanical action as pre-milking and/or post-milking teat disinfectants.
NOTE 1 The method described is intended to determine the activity of commercial formulations under the conditions in which they are used.
NOTE 2 This method corresponds to a phase 2 step 2 test.
NOTE 3 Two types of synthetic skin were assessed in a ring trial with no significant difference in performance. Other synthetic skins may become available and may be used if it can be shown that they give comparable results to the two referenced in this standard.
- Standard27 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a test method and the minimum requirements for the microbicidal activity of a specified disinfection process for the treatment of contaminated textile. This procedure is carried out by using a washing machine as specified in 5.3.2.18 and refers to the disinfection step without prewash. This procedure is not limited to certain types of textile. The suppliers' instructions are expected to be sufficient if they content the process parameters identified in the test (e.g. dosing disinfectant in whatever washing phase e.g. main wash, rinsing, disinfecting at 40 °C).
This document applies to areas and situations where disinfection is medically indicated. Such indications occur in patient care, for example:
- in hospitals, in community medical facilities, and in dental institutions;
- in clinics of schools, of kindergartens, and of nursing homes;
and could occur in the workplace and in the home.
It could also include services such as laundries and kitchens supplying products directly for the patients.
The method described is intended to determine the activity of a product or product combination under the conditions in which they are used. This is a phase 2, step 2 laboratory test that simulates the conditions of application of the product.
EN 14885 specifies in detail the relationship of the various tests to one another and to “use recommendations”.
- Standard48 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a test method and the minimum requirements for fungicidal or yeasticidal activity of chemical disinfectant and antiseptic products that form a homogeneous, physically stable preparation when diluted with hard water, or - in the case of ready-to-use products - with water. Products can only be tested at a concentration of 80 % or less (97 % with a modified method for special cases) as some dilution is always produced by adding the test organisms and interfering substance.
This document applies to products that are used in the medical area in the fields of hygienic handrub, hygienic handwash, surgical handrub, surgical handwash, instrument disinfection by immersion, and surface disinfection by wiping, spraying, flooding or other means.
This document applies to areas and situations where disinfection or antisepsis is medically indicated. Such indications occur in patient care, for example:
- in hospitals, in community medical facilities and in dental institutions;
- in clinics of schools, of kindergartens and of nursing homes;
and can occur in the workplace and in the home. It can also include services such as laundries and kitchens supplying products directly for the patients.
NOTE 1 The method described is intended to determine the activity of commercial formulations or active substances under the conditions in which they are used.
NOTE 2 This method corresponds to a phase 2 step 1 test.
EN 14885 specifies in detail the relationship of the various tests to one another and to “use recommendations”.
- Standard57 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies methods for keeping test organisms used and defined in European Standards for the determination of bactericidal (incl. Legionella pneumophila), mycobactericidal, sporicidal, fungicidal and virucidal (incl. bacteriophages) activity of chemical disinfectants and antiseptics drawn up by CEN/TC 216. These methods for keeping test organisms can only be carried out in connection with at least one of those standards where a reference to this document is established.
NOTE 1 Annex A (informative) contains a non-exhaustive list of test organisms for which this document can be applied.
NOTE 2 European Standards (EN) where this document is referenced are listed in the Bibliography.
NOTE 3 A specific description on the preservation of bacterial spores could be added once the results of the ongoing ring trials are available.
- Standard36 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies a test method and the minimum requirements for bactericidal and/or yeasticidal and/or fungicidal activity of chemical disinfectant products that form a homogeneous, physically stable preparation when diluted with hard water – or in the case of ready-to-use products – with water.
This European Standard applies to products that are used in the medical area for disinfecting non-porous surfaces without mechanical action.
This European Standard applies to areas and situations where disinfection is medically indicated. Such indications occur in patient care, for example:
in hospitals, in community medical facilities and in dental institutions;
in clinics of schools, of kindergartens and of nursing homes;
and may occur in the workplace and in the home. It may also include services such as laundries and kitchens supplying products directly for the patients.
NOTE This method corresponds to a phase 2, step 2. test.
EN 14885 specifies in detail the relationship of the various tests to one another and to “use recommendations.
- Standard38 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a test method and the minimum requirements for fungicidal or yeasticidal activity of chemical disinfectant and antiseptic products that form a homogeneous, physically stable preparation when diluted with hard water, or - in the case of ready-to-use products - with water. Products can only be tested at a concentration of 80 % or less (97 % with a modified method for special cases) as some dilution is always produced by adding the test organisms and interfering substance.
This document applies to products that are used in the medical area in the fields of hygienic handrub, hygienic handwash, surgical handrub, surgical handwash, instrument disinfection by immersion, and surface disinfection by wiping, spraying, flooding or other means.
This document applies to areas and situations where disinfection or antisepsis is medically indicated. Such indications occur in patient care, for example:
- in hospitals, in community medical facilities and in dental institutions;
- in clinics of schools, of kindergartens and of nursing homes;
and can occur in the workplace and in the home. It can also include services such as laundries and kitchens supplying products directly for the patients.
NOTE 1 The method described is intended to determine the activity of commercial formulations or active substances under the conditions in which they are used.
NOTE 2 This method corresponds to a phase 2 step 1 test.
EN 14885 specifies in detail the relationship of the various tests to one another and to "use recommendations".
- Standard57 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a test method and the minimum requirements for bactericidal and yeasticidal and additionally fungicidal activity of chemical disinfectant products that form a homogeneous, physically stable preparation when diluted with hard water - or in the case of ready-to-use products - with water.
NOTE Dilutions are necessary as three concentrations in the active to non-active range are tested.
This document applies to products that are used in the medical area for disinfecting non-porous surfaces without mechanical action.
This document applies to areas and situations where disinfection or antisepsis is medically indicated. Such indications occur in patient care, for example:
- in hospitals, in community medical facilities and in dental institutions;
- in clinics of schools, of kindergartens and of nursing homes;
and can occur in the workplace and in the home. It can also include services such as laundries and kitchens supplying products directly for the patients.
EN 14885 specifies in detail the relationship of the various tests to one another and to use recommendations.
Using this document, it is possible to determine the activity of products like commercial formulations or active substances on bacteria and/or fungi in the conditions in which they are used and therefore it corresponds to a phase 2, step 2 test.
This method excludes the evaluation of the activity of products against mycobacteria and bacterial spores.
- Standard38 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies requirements for the characterization of a liquid chemical sterilizing agent
and for the development, validation, process control and monitoring of sterilization by liquid chemical
sterilizing agents of single-use medical devices comprising, in whole or in part, materials of animal origin.
This document covers the control of risks arising from contamination with bacteria and fungi by
application of a liquid chemical sterilization process. Risks associated with other microorganisms can
be assessed using other methods (see NOTE 1).
This document is not applicable to material of human origin.
This document does not describe methods for the validation of the inactivation of viruses and
transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) agents (see NOTE 2 and NOTE 3).
This document does not describe methods for validation of the inactivation or elimination of protozoa
and parasites.
The requirements for validation and routine control described in this document are only applicable
to the defined sterilization process of a medical device, which is performed after the manufacturing
process, and do not take account of the lethal effects of other bioburden reduction steps (see NOTE 4).
This document does not specify tests to establish the effects of any chosen sterilization process upon
the fitness for use of the medical device (see NOTE 5).
This document does not cover the level of residual sterilizing agent within medical devices (see NOTE 6).
Guidance for the characterization of a liquid chemical sterilizing agent and for the development,
validation, process control and monitoring of sterilization by liquid chemical sterilizing agents of
single-use medical devices comprising, in whole or in part, materials of animal origin is provided in
informative Annex A.
NOTE 1 The prior application of risk management principles to medical devices utilizing animal tissues, as
described in ISO 22442-1 is important. ISO 18362 provides information on control of microbial risks during
processing of cell-based health-care products.
NOTE 2 Liquid chemical sterilizing agents traditionally employed to sterilize animal tissues in medical devices
might not be effective in inactivating the causative agents of TSE such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy
(BSE), or scrapie. Satisfactory validation in accordance with this document does not necessarily demonstrate
inactivation of infective agents of this type. Risk controls related to sourcing, collection and handling of animal
materials are described in ISO 22442-2.
NOTE 3 The validation of the inactivation, elimination, or elimination and inactivation of viruses and TSE
agents is described in ISO 22442-3.
NOTE 4 Manufacturing processes for medical devices containing animal tissues frequently include
exposure to chemical agents which can significantly reduce the bioburden on the medical device. Following the
manufacturing process, a medical device is exposed to a specified sterilization process.
NOTE 5 Such testing is a crucial part of the design and development of a medical device.
NOTE 6 ISO 10993-17 specifies a method to establish allowable limits for residues of sterilizing agents.
NOTE 7 Standards for quality management systems (see ISO 13485) can be used in the control of all stages of
manufacture including the sterilization process.
- Standard50 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
The test methods described are designed to determine the disinfectant activity of processes used in the 1) medical area, 2) veterinary area, 3) food, industrial, domestic and institutional area using automated processes for distributing chemicals by air diffusion with no operator manually applying the disinfectant. This document covers the disinfection of nonporous surfaces but not that of the air.
The objective of the described processes is to disinfect the surfaces of the overall area including the external surfaces of the equipment contained in such rooms. Air handling and products or processes specifically designed for the disinfection of medical devices are excluded from the scope of this document. The test methods and volumes described provide a defined challenge.
This document is applicable to processes for which activity is claimed against the following groups of microorganisms:
— vegetative bacteria,
— mycobacteria,
— bacterial spores,
— yeasts,
— fungal spores,
— viruses,
— bacteriophages.
This document does not cover processes for which the mode of action is based on immersing and/or circulation, flooding, spraying, wiping or other processes where the product is directly applied to the surfaces and not via air dispersion.
- Standard64 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Standard64 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies a test method and the minimum requirements for virucidal activity of chemical disinfectant and antiseptic products that form a homogeneous physically stable preparation when diluted with hard water, or - in the case of ready-to-use-products - with water.
This European Standard applies to products that are used in the veterinary area on non-porous surfaces without mechanical action i.e. in the breeding, husbandry, production, veterinary care facilities, transport and disposal of all animals except when in the food chain following death and entry to the processing industry.
EN 14885 specifies in detail the relationship of the various tests to one another and to "use recommendations".
NOTE 1 The method described is intended to determine the activity of commercial formulations or active substances under the conditions in which they are used.
NOTE 2 This method corresponds to a Phase 2 Step 2 test.
NOTE 3 Using this European Standard, it is possible to determine the virucidal activity of the undiluted product.
NOTE 4 This standard uses Porcine Parvovirus because Bovine Enterovirus Type 1 (ECBO) virus used in the suspension test EN 14675 cannot be used for surface testing because of its loss of titre during drying. Porcine
Parvovirus has comparable resistance to ECBO virus.
- Standard34 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
20191119 - Negative assessment addressed through BT decision C168/2019 (SV)
2019-03-07-JO- under HAS assessment at PUB stage. E&Y Report was due on 03 March 2019. Awaiting for assessement report from E&Y.
2018-10-17 - TAN : Lack of compliance
- Amendment22 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
The method described herein is designed to determine the disinfectant activity of processes used in hospital, medical, pharmaceutical and cosmetics, veterinary, industrial and food processing areas.
The product trialled is designed to be diffused as gaseous molecules or solid or liquid-form dispersants.
NOTE Concerning automatic disinfectant processes:
the limits to use, especially in terms of ability to diffuse throughout the room (min and max effective volumes), shall be specified and stated in the test report;
certain automatic disinfection processes are only suitable for use in large-volume spaces well in excess of 150 m3.
Under these conditions, the systems cannot be tested in indoor spaces less than 150 m3 due to the high power of the jet spray; "additional experimental conditions" (see 5.5.1.1.f) should therefore be used and the tests should only be performed in test rooms with volumes different to the obligatory conditions.
- Standard64 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Standard64 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies a test method and the minimum requirements for virucidal activity of chemical disinfectant and antiseptic products that form a homogeneous physically stable preparation when diluted with hard water, or - in the case of ready-to-use-products - with water.
This European Standard applies to products that are used in the veterinary area on non-porous surfaces without mechanical action i.e. in the breeding, husbandry, production, veterinary care facilities, transport and disposal of all animals except when in the food chain following death and entry to the processing industry.
EN 14885 specifies in detail the relationship of the various tests to one another and to "use recommendations".
NOTE 1 The method described is intended to determine the activity of commercial formulations or active substances under the conditions in which they are used.
NOTE 2 This method corresponds to a Phase 2 Step 2 test.
NOTE 3 Using this European Standard, it is possible to determine the virucidal activity of the undiluted product.
NOTE 4 This standard uses Porcine Parvovirus because Bovine Enterovirus Type 1 (ECBO) virus used in the suspension test EN 14675 cannot be used for surface testing because of its loss of titre during drying. Porcine Parvovirus has comparable resistance to ECBO virus.
- Standard34 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies a test method and the minimum requirements for virucidal activity of chemical disinfectant and antiseptic products that form a homogeneous physically stable preparation when diluted with hard water or in the case of ready-to-use products, i. e, products that are not diluted when applied, with water. Products can only be tested at a concentration of 80 % (97 %, with a modified method for special cases) as some dilution is always produced by adding the test organisms and interfering substance.
This European Standard applies to products that are used in the medical area in the fields of hygienic handrub, hygienic handwash, instrument disinfection by immersion, surface disinfection by wiping, spraying, flooding or other means and textile disinfection.
This European Standard applies to areas and situations where disinfection is medically indicated. Such indications occur in patient care, for example:
- in hospitals, in community medical facilities, and in dental institutions;
- in clinics of schools, of kindergartens, and of nursing homes;
and may occur in the workplace and in the home. It may also include services such as laundries and kitchens supplying products directly for the patients.
NOTE 1 The method described is intended to determine the activity of commercial formulations or active substances under the conditions in which they are used.
NOTE 2 This method corresponds to a phase 2, step 1 test.
NOTE 3 EN 14885 specifies in detail the relationship of the various tests to one another and to "use recommendations".
- Standard43 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies a test method and the minimum requirements for bactericidal activity of chemical disinfectant and antiseptic products that form a homogeneous, physically stable preparation when diluted with hard water or - in the case of ready-to-use products - with water. Products can only be tested at a concentration of 80 % or less, as some dilution is always produced by adding the test organisms and interfering substance.
This European Standard applies to products that are used in the veterinary area - e.g. in the breeding, husbandry, transport and disposal of all animals except when in the food chain following death and entry to the processing industry.
EN 14885 specifies in detail the relationship of the various tests to one another and to 'use recommendations'.
NOTE 1 The method described is intended to determine the activity of commercial formulations or active substances under the conditions in which they are used.
NOTE 2 This method corresponds to a phase 2 step 1 test.
- Standard40 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies a test method and the minimum requirements for virucidal activity of chemical disinfectant and antiseptic products that form a homogeneous physically stable preparation when diluted with hard water or in the case of ready-to-use products, i. e, products that are not diluted when applied, with water. Products can only be tested at a concentration of 80 % (97 %, with a modified method for special cases) as some dilution is always produced by adding the test organisms and interfering substance.
This European Standard applies to products that are used in the medical area in the fields of hygienic handrub, hygienic handwash, instrument disinfection by immersion, surface disinfection by wiping, spraying, flooding or other means and textile disinfection.
This European Standard applies to areas and situations where disinfection is medically indicated. Such indications occur in patient care, for example:
- in hospitals, in community medical facilities, and in dental institutions;
- in clinics of schools, of kindergartens, and of nursing homes;
and may occur in the workplace and in the home. It may also include services such as laundries and kitchens supplying products directly for the patients.
NOTE 1 The method described is intended to determine the activity of commercial formulations or active substances under the conditions in which they are used.
NOTE 2 This method corresponds to a phase 2, step 1 test.
NOTE 3 EN 14885 specifies in detail the relationship of the various tests to one another and to "use recommendations".
- Standard43 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a test method and the minimum requirements for virucidal activity of chemical disinfectants that form a homogeneous physically stable preparation when diluted with hard water - or in the case of ready-to-use products - with water.
This document applies to products that are used in the medical area for disinfecting non-porous surfaces including surfaces of medical devices without mechanical action.
This document applies to areas and situations where disinfection is medically indicated. Such indications occur in patient care, for example:
- in hospitals, in community medical facilities, and in dental institutions;
- in clinics of schools, of kindergartens, and of nursing homes;
and may occur in the workplace and in the home.
It may also include services such as laundries and kitchens supplying products directly for the patients.
NOTE 1 The method described is intended to determine the activity of commercial formulations or active substances on viruses in the conditions in which they are used.
NOTE 2 This method corresponds to a phase 2, step 2 test.
EN 14885 specifies in detail the relationship of the various tests to one another and to "use recommendations".
- Standard37 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a test method and the minimum requirements for sporicidal activity of chemical disinfectant that form a homogeneous, physically stable preparation when diluted with hard water, or - in the case of ready-to-use products - with water. Products can only be tested at a concentration of 80 % or less (97 % with a modified method for special cases) as some dilution is always produced by adding the test organisms and interfering substance.
This European Standard applies to products that are used in the medical area in the fields of instrument disinfection by immersion, and surface disinfection by wiping, spraying, flooding or other means.
This European Standard applies to areas and situations where disinfection is medically indicated. Such indications occur in patient care, for example:
- in hospitals, in community medical facilities and in dental institutions;
- in clinics of schools, of kindergartens and of nursing homes;
and may occur in the workplace and in the home. It may also include services such as laundries and kitchens supplying products directly for the patients.
NOTE 1 The method described is intended to determine the activity of commercial formulations or active substances under the conditions in which they are used.
NOTE 2 This method corresponds to a phase 2, step 1 test.
EN 14885 specifies in detail the relationship of the various tests to one another and to "use recommendations".
- Standard59 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a test method and the minimum requirements for virucidal activity of chemical disinfectant products that form a homogeneous, physically stable preparation when diluted with hard water - or in the case of ready-to-use products - with water.
This document applies to products that are used in the medical area for disinfecting instruments by immersion.
This document applies to areas and situations where disinfection is medically indicated. Such indications occur in patient care, for example:
- in hospitals, in community medical facilities and in dental institutions;
- in clinics of schools, of kindergartens and of nursing homes;
- and may occur in the workplace and in the home. It may also include services such as laundries and kitchens supplying products directly for the patients.
NOTE 1 The method described is intended to determine the activity of commercial formulations or active substances under the conditions in which they are used.
NOTE 2 This method corresponds to a phase 2, step 2 test.
EN 14885 specifies in detail the relationship of the various tests to one another and to "use recommendations".
- Standard40 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a test method (phase 2/step 1) and the minimum requirements for sporicidal activity of chemical disinfectant products that form a homogeneous, physically stable preparation in hard water and that are used in food, industrial, domestic and institutional areas, excluding areas and situations where disinfection is medically indicated and excluding products used on living tissues except those for hand hygiene in the above considered areas.
This European Standard applies at least to the following:
a) processing, distribution and retailing of:
1) food of animal origin:
- milk and milk products;
- meat and meat products;
- fish, seafood, and related products;
- eggs and egg products;
- animal feeds;
- etc.;
2) food of vegetable origin:
- beverages;
- fruits, vegetables and derivatives (including sugar, distillery, etc.);
- flour, milling and baking;
- animal feeds;
- etc.;
b) institutional and domestic areas:
- catering establishments;
- public areas;
- public transports;
- schools;
- nurseries;
- shops;
- sports rooms;
- waste containers (bins, etc.);
- hotels;
- dwellings;
- clinically non sensitive areas of hospitals;
- offices;
- etc.;
c) other industrial areas:
- packaging material;
- biotechnology (yeast, proteins, enzymes, etc.);
- pharmaceutical;
- cosmetics and toiletries;
- textiles;
- space industry, computer industry;
- etc.
Using this European Standard, it is not possible to determine the sporicidal activity of undiluted product as some dilution is always produced by adding the inoculum and interfering substance. Products can only be tested at a concentration of 80 % or less.
NOTE The method described is intended to determine the activity of commercial formulations or active substances on spores in the conditions in which they are used.
- Standard41 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies a test method and the minimum requirements for virucidal activity of chemical disinfectants that form a homogeneous physically stable preparation when diluted with hard water- or in the case of ready-to-use products - with water.
This European Standard applies to products that are used in the medical area for disinfecting non-porous surfaces including surfaces of medical devices without mechanical action.
This European Standard applies to areas and situations where disinfection is medically indicated. Such indications occur in patient care, for example:
- in hospitals, in community medical facilities, and in dental institutions;
- in clinics of schools, of kindergartens, and of nursing homes;
and may occur in the workplace and in the home.
It may also include services such as laundries and kitchens supplying products directly for the patients.
NOTE 1 The method described is intended to determine the activity of commercial formulations or active substances on viruses in the conditions in which they are used.
NOTE 2 This method corresponds to a phase 2, step 2 test.
EN 14885 specifies in detail the relationship of the various tests to one another and to "use recommendations".
- Standard37 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies a test method and the minimum requirements for sporicidal activity of chemical disinfectant and antiseptic products that form a homogeneous, physically stable preparation when diluted with hard water, or - in the case of ready-to-use products - with water. Products can only be tested at a concentration of 80 % or less (97 % with a modified method for special cases) as some dilution is always produced by adding the test organisms and interfering substance.
This European Standard applies to products that are used in the medical area in the fields of instrument disinfection by immersion, and surface disinfection by wiping, spraying, flooding or other means.
This European Standard applies to areas and situations where disinfection or antisepsis is medically indicated. Such indications occur in patient care, for example:
in hospitals, in community medical facilities and in dental institutions;
in clinics of schools, of kindergartens and of nursing homes;
and may occur in the workplace and in the home. It may also include services such as laundries and kitchens supplying products directly for the patients.
NOTE 1 The method described is intended to determine the activity of commercial formulations or active substances under the conditions in which they are used.
NOTE 2 This method corresponds to a phase 2 step 1 test.
EN 14885 specifies in detail the relationship of the various tests to one another and to “use recommendations”.
- Standard59 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies a test method and the minimum requirements for virucidal activity of
chemical disinfectant products that form a homogeneous, physically stable preparation when diluted with hard water - or in the case of ready-to-use products - with water.
This European Standard applies to products that are used in the medical area for disinfecting instruments by immersion - even if they are not covered by the EEC/93/42 Directive on Medical Devices.
This European Standard applies to areas and situations where disinfection is medically indicated. Such
indications occur in patient care, for example:
a) in hospitals, in community medical facilities and in dental institutions;
b) in clinics of schools, of kindergartens and of nursing homes;
c) and may occur in the workplace and in the home. It may also include services such as laundries and
kitchens supplying products directly for the patients.
NOTE 1 the method described is intended to determine the activity of commercial formulations or active substances under the conditions in which they are used.
NOTE 2 This method corresponds to a phase 2, step 2 test.
EN 14885 specifies in detail the relationship of the various tests to one another and to "use recommendations".
- Standard40 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies a test method simulating practical conditions for establishing whether a product for surgical handrub and handwash reduces the release of resident and eventually present transient microbial flora on hands when used for the treatment of clean hands of volunteers.
This European Standard applies to products for surgical handrub or handwash for use in areas and situations where disinfection is medically indicated. Such indications occur in patient care, for example:
- in hospitals, in community medical facilities and in dental institutions;
- in clinics of schools, of kindergartens and of nursing homes.
and may occur in the workplace and in the home. It may also include services such as laundries and kitchens supplying products directly for the patient.
EN 14885 specifies in detail the relationship of the various tests to one another and to "use recommendations".
NOTE This method corresponds to a phase 2, step 2 test.
- Standard31 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies a test method simulating practical conditions for establishing whether a product for surgical handrub and handwash reduces the release of resident and eventually present transient microbial flora on hands when used for the treatment of clean hands of volunteers.
This European Standard applies to products for surgical handrub or handwash for use in areas and situations where disinfection is medically indicated. Such indications occur in patient care, for example:
- in hospitals, in community medical facilities and in dental institutions;
- in clinics of schools, of kindergartens and of nursing homes.
and may occur in the workplace and in the home. It may also include services such as laundries and kitchens supplying products directly for the patient.
EN 14885 specifies in detail the relationship of the various tests to one another and to "use recommendations".
NOTE This method corresponds to a phase 2, step 2 test.
- Standard31 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
ISO 11138-5:2017 specifies requirements for test organisms, suspensions, inoculated carriers, biological indicators and test methods intended for use in assessing the performance of sterilization processes employing low-temperature steam and formaldehyde as the sterilizing agent.
NOTE 1 Requirements for validation and control of low-temperature steam and formaldehyde sterilization processes are provided by ISO 14937.
NOTE 2 Requirements for work place safety can be provided by national or regional regulations.
- Standard15 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
ISO 11138-2:2017 specifies requirements for test organisms, suspensions, inoculated carriers, biological indicators and test methods intended for use in assessing the performance of sterilizers and sterilization processes employing ethylene oxide gas as the sterilizing agent, either as pure ethylene oxide gas or mixtures of this gas with diluent gases, at sterilizing temperatures within the range of 29 °C to 65 °C.
NOTE 1 Requirements for validation and control of ethylene oxide sterilization processes are provided by ISO 11135 and ISO 14937.
NOTE 2 National or regional regulations can provide requirements for work place safety.
- Standard15 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
ISO 11138-1:2017 specifies general requirements for production, labelling, test methods and performance characteristics of biological indicators, including inoculated carriers and suspensions, and their components, to be used in the validation and routine monitoring of sterilization processes.
ISO 11138-1:2017 specifies basic and common requirements that are applicable to all parts of ISO 11138. Requirements for biological indicators for particular specified processes are provided in the relevant parts of ISO 11138. If no specific subsequent part is provided, this document applies.
NOTE National or regional regulations can apply.
ISO 11138-1:2017 does not apply to microbiological test systems for processes that rely on physical removal of microorganisms, e.g. filtration processes or processes that combine physical and/or mechanical removal with microbiological inactivation, such as use of washer disinfectors or flushing and steaming of pipelines. This document, however, can contain elements relevant to such microbiological test systems.
- Standard50 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
ISO 11138-3:2017 specifies requirements for test organisms, suspensions, inoculated carriers, biological indicators and test methods intended for use in assessing the performance of sterilization processes employing moist heat as the sterilizing agent.
NOTE 1 Requirements for validation and control of moist heat sterilization processes are provided by the ISO 17665 series.
NOTE 2 National or regional regulations can provide requirements for work place safety.
- Standard16 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
2016-12-13: Decision 458 on de-harmonization of EN ISO 11138 series taken on 2016-12-09.
- Standard16 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
ISO 11135:2014 specifies requirements for the development, validation and routine control of an ethylene oxide sterilization process for medical devices in both the industrial and health care facility settings, and it acknowledges the similarities and differences between the two applications.
- Standard90 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies a test method and the minimum requirements for fungicidal or yeasticidal activity of chemical disinfectant and antiseptic products that form a homogeneous, physically stable preparation when diluted with hard water or - in the case of ready-to-use-products - with water. Products can only be tested at a concentration of 80 % or less, as some dilution is always produced by adding the test organisms and interfering substance.
This European Standard applies to products that are used in the veterinary area - i.e. in the breeding, husbandry, production, transport and disposal of all animals except when in the food chain following death and entry to the processing industry.
EN 14885 specifies in detail the relationship of the various tests to one another and to "use recommendations".
NOTE 1 The method described is intended to determine the activity of commercial formulations or active substances under the conditions in which they are used.
NOTE 2 This method corresponds to a phase 2 step 1 test (Annex F).
- Standard45 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies a test method and the minimum requirements for bactericidal activity of chemical disinfectant and antiseptic products that form a homogeneous, physically stable preparation when diluted with hard water, or - in the case of ready-to-use products - with water. Products can only be tested at a concentration of 80 % or less (97 % with a modified method for special cases) as some dilution is always produced by adding the test organisms and interfering substance.
This European Standard applies to products that are used in the medical area in the fields of hygienic handrub, hygienic handwash, surgical handrub, surgical handwash, instrument disinfection by immersion, and surface disinfection by wiping, spraying, flooding or other means.
This European Standard applies to areas and situations where disinfection or antisepsis is medically indicated. Such indications occur in patient care, for example:
- in hospitals, in community medical facilities and in dental institutions;
- in clinics of schools, of kindergartens and of nursing homes;
and may occur in the workplace and in the home. It may also include services such as laundries and kitchens supplying products directly for the patients.
NOTE 1 The method described is intended to determine the activity of commercial formulations or active substances under the conditions in which they are used.
NOTE 2 This method corresponds to a phase 2 step 1 test.
NOTE 3 This method cannot be used to evaluate the activity of products against Legionella in watersystems and against mycobacteria.
EN 14885 specifies in detail the relationship of the various tests to one another and to 'use recommendations'.
- Standard52 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies a test method and the minimum requirements for bactericidal and yeasticidal activity of chemical disinfectant products that form a homogeneous, physically stable preparation when diluted with hard water – or in the case of ready-to-use products – with water.
This European Standard applies to products that are used in the medical area for disinfecting non-porous surfaces including surfaces of medical devices by wiping – regardless if they are covered by the 93/42/EEC Directive on Medical Devices or not.
This European Standard includes ‘ready-to-use wipes‘ which are impregnated with a microbicidal solution.
This European Standard applies to areas and situations where disinfection is medically indicated. Such indications occur in patient care, for example:
- in hospitals, in community medical facilities and in dental institutions;
- in clinics of schools, of kindergartens and of nursing homes;
and may occur in the workplace and in the home. It may also include services such as laundries and kitchens supplying products directly for the patients.
NOTE This method corresponds to a phase 2, step 2. test.
EN 14885 specifies in detail the relationship of the various tests to one another and to “use recommendations”.
- Standard40 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies a test method and the minimum requirements for bactericidal activity of chemical disinfectant and antiseptic products that form a homogeneous, physically stable preparation when diluted with hard water, or - in the case of ready-to-use products - with water. Products can only be tested at a concentration of 80 % or less (97 % with a modified method for special cases) as some dilution is always produced by adding the test organisms and interfering substance.
This European Standard applies to products that are used in the medical area in the fields of hygienic handrub, hygienic handwash, surgical handrub, surgical handwash, instrument disinfection by immersion, and surface disinfection by wiping, spraying, flooding or other means.
This European Standard applies to areas and situations where disinfection or antisepsis is medically indicated. Such indications occur in patient care, for example:
- in hospitals, in community medical facilities and in dental institutions;
- in clinics of schools, of kindergartens and of nursing homes;
and may occur in the workplace and in the home. It may also include services such as laundries and kitchens supplying products directly for the patients.
NOTE 1 The method described is intended to determine the activity of commercial formulations or active substances under the conditions in which they are used.
NOTE 2 This method corresponds to a phase 2 step 1 test.
NOTE 3 This method cannot be used to evaluate the activity of products against Legionella in watersystems and against mycobacteria.
EN 14885 specifies in detail the relationship of the various tests to one another and to 'use recommendations'.
- Standard52 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies a test method and the minimum requirements for virucidal activity of chemical disinfectant and antiseptic products that form a homogeneous, physically stable preparation when diluted with hard water or - in the case of ready-to-use-products - with water. Products can only be tested at a concentration of 80 % or less as some dilution is always produced by adding the test organisms and interfering substance.This European Standard applies to products that are used in the veterinary area i.e. in the breeding, husbandry, production, transport and disposal of all animals except when in the food chain following death and entry to the processing industry. NOTE 1 The method described is intended to determine the virucidal activity of commercial formulations or active substances under the conditions in which they are used. NOTE 2 This method corresponds to a phase 2 step 1 test (Annex E).
- Standard34 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day