ISO/TC 96 - Cranes

This document establishes the arrangement, requirements and direction of movement of the basic controls for travelling, traversing, slewing, cab movement and load hoisting and lowering operations for all cab-operated, overhead travelling cranes and portal bridge cranes, as defined in ISOÂ 4306-1 and ISOÂ 4306-5.

This document specifies information to be provided by: a) a purchaser in enquiring about or ordering an overhead travelling crane or portal bridge crane; b) a manufacturer in tendering for or supplying an overhead travelling crane or portal bridge crane.

This document gives guidance for the safe use of high-performance fibre ropes (HPFR) in crane applications. This document also covers winch applications. The mention of crane applications implicitly includes winch applications. This document covers performance criteria and the necessary evaluation to enable selection of HPFR as well as best practice guidelines on procedures, testing and maintenance to safely operate HPFR in crane applications including provisions for assembly/disassembly. The performance criteria are related to tasks performed when using cranes as intended, including assembly/disassembly, operation and required checks and maintenance. This document does not deal with so-called hybrid ropes which are a combination of steel wire and high-performance fibres, where the load bearing capability is shared between steel wires and the high-performance fibre. This document does not deal with HPFR used for high risk applications (e.g. transport of hot molten metal).

This document provides the classification of tower cranes for construction work as defined in ISO 4306‑3, and gives specific requirements for steel supporting structure, mechanisms, ropes and further components basing on standard service conditions, mainly expressed by the following: —   the number of working cycles; —   the load spectrum factor; —   the average displacements; and —   additional values for factors to be used at the structural or mechanical calculation. Tower cranes for construction work are exclusively equipped with a hook as load-handling device. For tower cranes intended to be used for other purposes and/or equipped with other load handling devices, other values according to the specified usage of the tower crane may result.

This document specifies general requirements for limiting and indicating devices for cranes that are applicable to loads and motions, performance and environment. These devices restrict operation and/or provide the operator or other persons with operational information. The specific requirements for the various types of crane are given in the other parts of the ISO 10245 series.

This document establishes a general classification of mobile cranes and related crane mechanisms based on the service conditions, mainly expressed by the following: — the total number of working cycles to be carried out during the specified design life of the crane; — the load spectrum factor which represents the relative frequencies of loads to be handled; — the average load displacements. This document is applicable for the work spectrum between moderate to very heavy number of work cycles as described in Table 2.

The ISO 4306 series establishes a vocabulary of the most commonly used terms in the field of cranes. This document defines the terms related to jib type cranes. Mobile cranes, tower cranes, railway cranes, and offshore cranes are excluded. Annex A contains a diagram showing the different types of jib cranes.

This document establishes required practices for the safe use of tower cranes. Subjects covered include safe systems of work, management, planning, selection, erection and dismantling, special base, operation and maintenance of cranes and the selection of operators, slingers and signalers. It does not cover manually (non-powered) operated cranes, or cranes in which at least one of its motions is manually operated.

This document establishes graphical symbols for use on operator controls and other displays on mobile cranes as defined in ISO 4306‑2.

This document specifies the minimum requirements for labels for the identification (marking) and the operation of tower cranes.

This document gives requirements specific to tower cranes for limiting and indicating devices. It is applicable to tower cranes as defined in ISO 4306‑3. It is not applicable to end stops such as buffers used to stop trolleying, travelling or luffing movements, nor to erection, dismantling operations or the changing of a crane's configuration. NOTE General requirements for the devices are given in ISO 10245‑1.

This document specifies the regular inspections to be carried out on tower cranes. It does not cover inspection prior to the first use of a tower crane.

This document establishes the application of ISO 8686-1 to tower cranes for construction work as defined in ISO 4306-3, and gives specific requirements and values for factors to be used at the structural calculation. Tower cranes for construction work are exclusively equipped with a hook as the load-handling device. For tower cranes intended to be used for other purposes and/or with other load-handling devices, other values can be necessary according to the tower crane usage specification.

This document specifies the minimum training to be given to trainee crane slingers and crane signallers to develop the basic slinging skills and to impart the requisite knowledge for competency required for slingers and signallers as defined in ISO 15513.

This document applies the principles set forth in ISO 8686‑1 to mobile cranes, as defined in ISO 4306‑2, and presents loads and load combinations appropriate for use in proof-of-competence calculations for the steel structures of mobile cranes. This document is applicable to mobile cranes used for normal and duty cycle service. NOTE Means for proof-of-competence testing will be addressed in another document.

ISO 4309:2017 establishes general principles for the care and maintenance, and inspection and discard of steel wire ropes used on cranes and hoists. In addition to guidance on storage, handling, installation and maintenance, this document provides discard criteria for those running ropes which are subjected to multi-layer spooling, where both field experience and testing demonstrate that deterioration is significantly greater at the crossover zones on the drum than at any other section of rope in the system. It also provides more realistic discard criteria covering decreases in rope diameter and corrosion, and gives a method for assessing the combined effect of deterioration at any position in the rope. ISO 4309:2017 is applicable to those ropes used on the following types of cranes, the majority of which are defined in ISO 4306‑1: a) cable and portal cable cranes; b) cantilever cranes (pillar jib, wall or walking); c) deck cranes; d) derrick and guy derrick cranes; e) derrick cranes with rigid bracing; f) floating cranes; g) mobile cranes; h) overhead travelling cranes; i) portal or semi-portal bridge cranes; j) portal or semi-portal cranes; k) railway cranes; l) tower cranes; m) offshore cranes, i.e. cranes mounted on a fixed structure supported by the sea bed or on a floating unit supported by buoyancy forces. ISO 4309:2017 applies to rope on cranes, winches and hoists used for hook, grabbing, magnet, ladle, excavator or stacking duties, whether operated manually, electrically or hydraulically. It also applies to rope used on hoists and hoist blocks. NOTE In view of the fact that the exclusive use of synthetic sheaves or metal sheaves incorporating synthetic linings is not recommended when single-layer spooling at the drum, due to the inevitability of wire breaks occurring internally in large numbers before there is any visible evidence of any wire breaks or signs of substantial wear on the periphery of the rope, no discard criteria are given for this combination.

ISO 9927-5:2017 specifies the inspections to be carried out on bridge and gantry cranes. It is intended to be used in conjunction with ISO 9927‑1. It does not cover inspection prior to the first use of a bridge or gantry crane.

ISO 8566-5:2017 establishes the requirements for cabins and control stations for overhead travelling and portal bridge cranes as defined in ISO 4306‑1. ISO 8566-5:2017 takes the conditions of use of the cabin into consideration.

ISO 8686-5:2017 establishes the application of ISO 8686‑1 to overhead travelling and portal bridge cranes as defined in ISO 4306‑1 and gives specific values for the factors to be used.

ISO 4306-3:2016 as a whole establishes a vocabulary of the most commonly used terms in the field of cranes. This part of ISO 4306 gives the general definition of a tower crane and illustrates the terminology used with each type of tower crane by the use of figures with referenced term numbers. It is applicable to - tower cranes that can be assembled and dismantled (by element or self-erecting cranes), - permanently erected tower cranes, and - mobile self-erecting tower cranes. It is not applicable to - mobile cranes, or - erection masts, with or without jibs.

ISO 4302:2016 specifies the assessment of wind loads on cranes. It establishes general methods for calculating wind loads (for in-service and out-of-service conditions), which are included in the load combinations stated in ISO 8686-1 and used for proofs of competence such as those given in ISO 20332 for the structural components of cranes. It provides a simplified method of calculation and assumes that - the wind may blow horizontally from any direction, - the wind blows at a constant speed, - there is a static reaction to the wind load applied to the crane structure. It includes built-in allowances for the effects of gusting (fluctuation in wind speed) and for dynamic response. It gives guidance on when to secure the crane for out-of-service conditions.

ISO 11031:2016 establishes general methods for calculating seismic loads to be used as defined in the ISO 8686 series and for proof of competence as defined in ISO 20332, for the structure and mechanical components of cranes as defined in ISO 4306. ISO 11031:2016 evaluates dynamic response behaviour of a crane subjected to seismic excitation as a function of the dynamic characteristics of the crane and of its supporting structure. The evaluation takes into account dynamic effects both of regional seismic conditions and of the local conditions on the surface of the ground at the crane location. The operational conditions of the crane and the risks resulting from seismic damage to the crane are also taken into account. It is restricted to the serviceability limit state (SLS), maintaining stresses within the elastic range in accordance with ISO 20332. It does not extend to proofs of competence which include plastic deformations. When these are permitted by agreement between crane supplier and customer, other standards or relevant literature taking them into account can be used.

ISO 4301-1:2016 establishes a general classification of cranes and mechanisms based on the service conditions, mainly expressed by the following: - the total number of working cycles to be carried out during the specified design life of the crane; - the load spectrum factor which represents the relative frequencies of loads to be handled; - the average displacements.

ISO 20332:2016 sets forth general conditions, requirements, methods, and parameter values for performing proof-of-competence determinations of the steel structures of cranes based upon the limit state method. It is intended to be used together with the loads and load combinations of the applicable parts of ISO 8686. ISO 20332:2016 is general and covers cranes of all types. Other International Standards can give specific proof-of-competence requirements for particular crane types. Proof-of-competence determinations, by theoretical calculations and/or testing, are intended to prevent hazards related to the performance of the structure by establishing the limits of strength, e.g. yield, ultimate, fatigue, and brittle fracture. According to ISO 8686‑1 there are two general approaches to proof-of-competence calculations: the limit state method, employing partial safety factors, and the allowable stress method, employing a global safety factor. Though it does not preclude the validity of allowable stress methodology, ISO 20332 deals only with the limit state method. Proof-of-competence calculations for components of accessories (e.g. handrails, stairs, walkways, cabins) are not covered by this International Standard. However, the influence of such attachments on the main structure needs to be considered.

ISO 9926-3:2016 covers the specific subjects considered necessary for training tower crane operators.

ISO 8566-2:2016 establishes the criteria for cabins for mobile cranes as defined in ISO 4306‑2. These criteria are intended to cover cabins only for crane operation and not for road travel. The general criteria for cabins on mobile cranes are presented in ISO 8566‑1.

ISO 17096:2015 specifies safety requirements for the following non-fixed load lifting attachments for cranes, hoists, and manually controlled load manipulating devices as defined in Clause 3: - plate clamps; - vacuum lifters; - self priming, - non-self-priming (pump, venturi, turbine); - electric lifting magnets (battery-fed and main-fed); - permanent lifting magnets; - electro-permanent lifting magnets; - lifting beams/spreader beams; - C-hooks; - lifting forks; - clamps. ISO 17096:2015 does not specify the additional requirements for the following: a) load lifting attachments in direct contact with foodstuffs or pharmaceuticals requiring a high level of cleanliness for hygiene reasons; b) hazards resulting from handling hazardous materials (e.g. explosives, hot molten masses, radiating materials); c) hazards caused by operation in an explosive atmosphere; d) hazards caused by noise; e) electrical hazards; f) hazards due to hydraulic and pneumatic components. ISO 17096:2015 does not cover attachments intended to lift people. ISO 17096:2015 does not cover slings, ladles, expanding mandrels, buckets, grabs or grab buckets, and container spreaders.

ISO 9928-1:2015 specifies general requirements for the contents of a crane operating manual.

ISO 11660-2:2015 establishes the particular requirements relating to access, guards and restraints for mobile cranes as defined in ISO 4306‑1. ISO 11660‑1 establishes the general requirements for access to control stations and other areas of cranes as defined in ISO 4306‑1, during normal operations, maintenance, inspection, erection and dismantling. It also deals with guards and restraints in general, concerning the protection of persons on or near the crane with regard to moving parts, falling objects or live parts.

ISO 9942-1:2015 specifies the minimum requirements for labels for the identification (marking) and the operation of cranes.

ISO 11662-2:2014 presents a test method for the structural competence under static loading of mobile cranes. This test method is to provide a systematic, non-destructive procedure for determining the stresses induced in crane structures under specified conditions of static loading through the use of resistance-type electric strain gauges, and to specify appropriate acceptance criteria for specified loading conditions. ISO 11662-2:2014 applies to mobile construction-type lifting cranes utilizing a) rope-supported, lattice boom attachment or lattice boom, and fly jib attachment, b) rope-supported, mast attachment and mast-mounted boom, and fly jib attachment, or c) telescoping boom attachment or telescopic boom and fly jib attachment. Mobile crane manufacturers can use ISO 11662-2:2014 to verify their design for the mobile crane types illustrated in its Annex E.

ISO 9928-2:2014 specifies the contents of a manual for the operators of mobile cranes as defined in ISO 4306 2.

ISO 12482:2014 specifies a method for monitoring, during long-term operation, the actual duty of the crane, and a means of comparing this to the original design duty which was specified through classification. The related design standard is ISO 4301‑1. Approaching the design life limit means an increased probability of hazards. Monitoring of crane use ? as described herein ? provides a tool for predicting the approach of the design limits and for focusing special inspections on the critical areas of a crane. ISO 12482:2014 is intended to be used for adjusting/modifying the inspections defined in ISO 9927‑1. It is applicable to cranes with a permanent construction throughout the life of the crane. It is not applicable to mobile or tower cranes, except permanently installed tower cranes. The method it specifies can be adapted to standards or rules other than ISO 4301‑1 which specify classifications.

ISO 6715:2014 gives requirements for hand signals to be used in lifting operations.

ISO 17440:2014 is intended to be used together with the other relevant International Standards in its series. As such, they specify general conditions, requirements and methods to prevent hazards in hooks as part of all types of cranes. ISO 17440:2014 covers the following parts of hooks and types of hooks: bodies of any type of point hooks made of steel forgings; machined shanks of hooks with a thread/nut suspension. Its principles can be applied to other types of shank hooks and also where stress concentration factors relevant to that shank construction are determined and used. Plate hooks, which are those assembled from one or several parallel parts of rolled steel plates are not covered. ISO 17440:2014 is applicable to hooks from materials with ultimate strength of not more than 800 N/mm2 and yield stress of not more than 600 N/mm2. It is aimed at reducing or eliminating the risks associated with the following hazards: exceeding the limits of strength (yield, ultimate, fatigue); exceeding temperature limits of material; unintentional disengagement of the load from the hook. It is applicable to hook designs in general and to cranes manufactured after the date of its publication, and serves as a reference base for product standards of particular crane types. It deals only with the limit state method in accordance with ISO 8686‑1.

ISO 4305:2014 specifies the conditions to be taken into consideration when verifying the stability of a mobile crane by calculation, assuming that the crane is operating on a firm and level surface (up to 1 % gradient). It applies to mobile cranes as defined in ISO 4306-2, i.e. appliances mounted on wheels (tires) or crawlers, with or without outriggers with the exception of loader cranes.

ISO 10245-2:2014 specifies the requirements for devices which limit and/or indicate the loads, motions, performance, and environment of mobile cranes. The general requirements for limiting and indicating devices for cranes are given in ISO 10245‑1. ISO 10245-2:2014 applies to all mobile cranes as defined in ISO 4306‑2.

ISO 7752 specifies the particular requirements for controls for tower cranes as defined in ISO 4306‑3 and the arrangement of basic control used for positioning loads.

ISO 16625:2013 specifies the minimum practical design factors, Zp, for the various classifications of mechanism, rope types, rope duties and types of spooling and demonstrates how these are used in the determination of the minimum breaking force of the wire rope. It specifies the selection factors for drums and sheaves for the various classifications of mechanisms, rope types and rope duties and how these are used in the determination of the minimum practical diameters of drums and sheaves that work in association with the selected wire rope.

ISO 9927:2013 specifies the general requirements for inspections to be carried out on cranes as defined in ISO 4306‑1. Additional requirements for particular types of cranes are intended to be covered by the relevant specific parts of ISO 9927.

ISO 8686-1:2012 establishes general methods for the calculating loads and principles to be used in the selection of load combinations for proofs of competence in accordance with ISO 20332 for the structural and mechanical components of cranes as defined in ISO 4306-1. It is based on rigid-body kinetic analysis and elastostatic analysis but expressly permits the use of more advanced methods (calculations or tests) to evaluate the effects of loads and load combinations, and the values of dynamic load factors, where it can be demonstrated that these provide at least equivalent levels of competence. ISO 8686-1:2012 provides for two distinct kinds of application: the general form, content and ranges of parameter values for more specific standards to be developed for individual crane types; a framework for agreement on loads and load combinations between a designer or manufacturer and a crane purchaser for those types of cranes where specific standards do not exist.

This part of ISO 7752 establishes principles and requirements for the controls of cranes. It deals with the arrangement of those controls used in positioning loads and serves as a general basis for the elaboration of detailed standards covering the controls of particular types of cranes.

ISO 15442:2012 specifies the minimum requirements for the design, calculation, examination and testing of hydraulic powered loader cranes and their mountings onto chassis or static foundations. It is not applicable to loader cranes used on board ships or floating structures or to articulated boom system cranes designed as a total integral part of special equipment such as forwarders.

ISO 4306-2:2012 establishes a vocabulary of terms and definitions relating to the basic types of self-powered mobile cranes.

This part of ISO 12488 specifies tolerances for construction assemblies and operational conditions of cranes and
associated crane tracks as defined in ISO 4306-1. The purpose of the requirements in this part of ISO 12488 is
to promote safe operation and achievement of the expected life of components by the elimination of excessive
load effects due to deviations or misalignments from the normal dimensions of the structure.
Tolerances given are extreme values. The elastic deformations due to load effects are outside the scope of this
part of ISO 12488. These will need to be taken into account at the design stage using other criteria to achieve
the intended operation and performance.
Specific values for particular crane types are given in other parts of ISO 12488.

ISO 11660-4:2012 establishes the particular requirements relating to access, guards and restraints for jib cranes as defined in ISO 4306-1.

ISO 7752-2:2011 establishes the arrangement, requirements and direction of movement of the basic controls for slewing, load hoisting and lowering, and boom luffing and telescoping, on mobile cranes as defined in ISO 4306-2. It deals with bi-directional controls and the basic arrangement and requirements for cross-shift levers (multi-directional controls). It is intended to be used in conjunction with ISO 7752-1.