ISO/TC 96/SC 10 - Design principles and requirements

ISO 4302:2016 specifies the assessment of wind loads on cranes. It establishes general methods for calculating wind loads (for in-service and out-of-service conditions), which are included in the load combinations stated in ISO 8686-1 and used for proofs of competence such as those given in ISO 20332 for the structural components of cranes. It provides a simplified method of calculation and assumes that - the wind may blow horizontally from any direction, - the wind blows at a constant speed, - there is a static reaction to the wind load applied to the crane structure. It includes built-in allowances for the effects of gusting (fluctuation in wind speed) and for dynamic response. It gives guidance on when to secure the crane for out-of-service conditions.

ISO 11031:2016 establishes general methods for calculating seismic loads to be used as defined in the ISO 8686 series and for proof of competence as defined in ISO 20332, for the structure and mechanical components of cranes as defined in ISO 4306. ISO 11031:2016 evaluates dynamic response behaviour of a crane subjected to seismic excitation as a function of the dynamic characteristics of the crane and of its supporting structure. The evaluation takes into account dynamic effects both of regional seismic conditions and of the local conditions on the surface of the ground at the crane location. The operational conditions of the crane and the risks resulting from seismic damage to the crane are also taken into account. It is restricted to the serviceability limit state (SLS), maintaining stresses within the elastic range in accordance with ISO 20332. It does not extend to proofs of competence which include plastic deformations. When these are permitted by agreement between crane supplier and customer, other standards or relevant literature taking them into account can be used.

ISO 4301-1:2016 establishes a general classification of cranes and mechanisms based on the service conditions, mainly expressed by the following: - the total number of working cycles to be carried out during the specified design life of the crane; - the load spectrum factor which represents the relative frequencies of loads to be handled; - the average displacements.

ISO 20332:2016 sets forth general conditions, requirements, methods, and parameter values for performing proof-of-competence determinations of the steel structures of cranes based upon the limit state method. It is intended to be used together with the loads and load combinations of the applicable parts of ISO 8686. ISO 20332:2016 is general and covers cranes of all types. Other International Standards can give specific proof-of-competence requirements for particular crane types. Proof-of-competence determinations, by theoretical calculations and/or testing, are intended to prevent hazards related to the performance of the structure by establishing the limits of strength, e.g. yield, ultimate, fatigue, and brittle fracture. According to ISO 8686‑1 there are two general approaches to proof-of-competence calculations: the limit state method, employing partial safety factors, and the allowable stress method, employing a global safety factor. Though it does not preclude the validity of allowable stress methodology, ISO 20332 deals only with the limit state method. Proof-of-competence calculations for components of accessories (e.g. handrails, stairs, walkways, cabins) are not covered by this International Standard. However, the influence of such attachments on the main structure needs to be considered.

ISO 17440:2014 is intended to be used together with the other relevant International Standards in its series. As such, they specify general conditions, requirements and methods to prevent hazards in hooks as part of all types of cranes. ISO 17440:2014 covers the following parts of hooks and types of hooks: bodies of any type of point hooks made of steel forgings; machined shanks of hooks with a thread/nut suspension. Its principles can be applied to other types of shank hooks and also where stress concentration factors relevant to that shank construction are determined and used. Plate hooks, which are those assembled from one or several parallel parts of rolled steel plates are not covered. ISO 17440:2014 is applicable to hooks from materials with ultimate strength of not more than 800 N/mm2 and yield stress of not more than 600 N/mm2. It is aimed at reducing or eliminating the risks associated with the following hazards: exceeding the limits of strength (yield, ultimate, fatigue); exceeding temperature limits of material; unintentional disengagement of the load from the hook. It is applicable to hook designs in general and to cranes manufactured after the date of its publication, and serves as a reference base for product standards of particular crane types. It deals only with the limit state method in accordance with ISO 8686‑1.

ISO 8686-1:2012 establishes general methods for the calculating loads and principles to be used in the selection of load combinations for proofs of competence in accordance with ISO 20332 for the structural and mechanical components of cranes as defined in ISO 4306-1. It is based on rigid-body kinetic analysis and elastostatic analysis but expressly permits the use of more advanced methods (calculations or tests) to evaluate the effects of loads and load combinations, and the values of dynamic load factors, where it can be demonstrated that these provide at least equivalent levels of competence. ISO 8686-1:2012 provides for two distinct kinds of application: the general form, content and ranges of parameter values for more specific standards to be developed for individual crane types; a framework for agreement on loads and load combinations between a designer or manufacturer and a crane purchaser for those types of cranes where specific standards do not exist.

ISO 20332-1:2008 sets forth general conditions, requirements, methods and parameter values for performing proof-of-competence determinations of the steel structures of cranes based upon the limit state method. It is intended to be used together with the loads and load combinations of the applicable parts of ISO 8686. ISO 20332-1:2008 is general and covers cranes of all types. Other International Standards may give specific proof-of-competence requirements for particular crane types. It does not cover proof‑of‑competence calculations for components of accessories (e.g. hand rails, stairs, walkways, cabins), whose influence on the main structure nevertheless needs to be considered.

ISO 16881-1:2005 gives the requirements for the selection of the size for iron or steel wheels and presents the formulae for the local stresses in crane structures due to the effects of the wheel loads.

Specifies the conditions to be met when verifying, by calculation, the stability of all crane types defined in ISO 4306-1 that are subject to tilting. It assumes that they are standing on a firm, level supporting surface or track. The sliding of cranes on their tracks is not covered.

ISO 20332:2008 sets forth general conditions, requirements, methods and parameter values for performing proof-of-competence determinations of the steel structures of cranes based upon the limit state method. It is intended to be used together with the loads and load combinations of the applicable parts of ISO 8686. ISO 20332:2008 is general and covers cranes of all types. Other International Standards may give specific proof-of-competence requirements for particular crane types. It does not cover proof‑of‑competence calculations for components of accessories (e.g. hand rails, stairs, walkways, cabins), whose influence on the main structure nevertheless needs to be considered.

Establishes general methods for calculating loads and principles to be used to select load combinations for proof of competence for the structural and mechanical components for cranes as defined in ISO 4306-1. Is based on rigid-body kinetic analysis and elasto-static analysis. Provides the general form, content and range of parameter values for more specific standards and also a framework for agreement on loads and load combinations between manufacturer and purchaser.

Establishes a general classification of cranes based on the number of operating cycles to be carried out during the expected life of the crane and a load spectrum factor which represents a nominal state of loading. Classification considers only the operating conditions which are independent of the type of crane and the way it is driven.

Gives a simplified method of calculation and assumes that the wind blows horizontal from any direction, that the wind blows at a constant velocity and that there is a static reaction to the loadings applying to the crane structure. Includes built-in allowances for the effects of gusting (rapid changes in wind velocity) and for dynamic response.