CEN/TC 307 - Oilseeds, vegetables and animal fats and oils and their by-products - Methods of sampling and analys

This document specifies a method to determine the free glycerol and residual mono-, di- and triglyceride contents in fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). The total glycerol content is then calculated from the obtained results.
Under the conditions described, the quantification limits are 0,001 % (m/m) for free glycerol, 0,10 % (m/m) for all glycerides (mono-, di- and tri-). This method is suitable for FAME prepared from rapeseed, sunflower, soybean, palm, animal oils and fats and mixture of them. It is not suitable for FAME produced from or containing coconut and palm kernel oils derivatives because of overlapping of different glyceride peaks.
NOTE 1   For the purposes of this document, the term "% (m/m)" is used to represent the mass fraction.
NOTE 2   Under the common EN 14105 GC conditions, squalene can coelute with alpha glycerol monostearate. If the presence of squalene is suspected, EN 17057 can be used to discriminate between squalene and glycerol monostearate.
WARNING - The use of this document can involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. This document does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of users of this document to take appropriate measures to ensure the safety and health of personnel prior to application of the standard, and fulfil statutory and regulatory requirements for this purpose.

This document specifies a procedure for the simultaneous determination of 2-MCPD esters (bound 2-MCPD), 3‐MCPD esters (bound 3‐MCPD) and glycidyl esters (bound glycidol) in a single assay, based on acid catalysed ester cleavage and derivatization of cleaved (free) analytes with phenylboronic acid (PBA) prior to GC/MS analysis.
This document is applicable to solid and liquid fats and oils. For all three analytes the limit of quantification (LOQ) is 0,1 mg/kg and the limit of detection (LOD) is 0,03 mg/kg.

This document specifies a procedure for the determination of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons (from C10 to C50) in vegetable fats and oils using the online-coupled high performance liquid chromatography-gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (HPLC-GC-FID). This document does not apply to other matrices.
The method is applicable for the analysis of mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) and/or mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH).
According to the results of the interlaboratory studies, the method has been proven suitable for MOSH mass concentrations above 3 mg/kg and MOAH mass concentrations above 2 mg/kg.
In case of suspected interferences, the fossil origin of the MOSH and MOAH fraction can be verified by examination by GC⨯GC-MS.
An alternative method for the epoxidation of the MOAH fraction (performic acid epoxidation) is proposed in Annex C. This alternative method provides comparable results to the ethanolic epoxidation of the MOAH fraction described in 8.6. This alternative method for epoxidation has proven to be efficient for samples with a high amount of interferences in the MOAH fraction (e.g. tropical oils).

This document specifies a method for the determination of the saponification value of animal and vegetable fats and oils. The saponification value is a measure of the free and esterified acids present in fats and fatty acids.
The method is applicable to refined and crude vegetable and animal fats.
If mineral acids are present, the results given by this method are not interpretable unless the mineral acids are determined separately.
The saponification value can also be calculated from fatty acid data obtained by gas chromatography analysis as given in Annex B. For this calculation, it is necessary to be sure that the sample does not contain major impurities or is thermally degraded.

This document specifies a method for the determination of the hexane extract (or light-petroleum extract), called “oil content”, of meals (excluding compounded products) obtained by the extraction of oil from oilseeds by pressure or solvents.

This document specifies a titrimetric method for the determination of iodine value in Fatty Acid Methyl Esters, hereinafter referred as FAME.
The precision statement of this test method was determined in a Round Robin exercise with iodine values in the range 111 g iodine/100 g to 129 g iodine/100 g.
The test method is also applicable for lower iodine values; however, the precision statement is not established for iodine values below 111 g iodine/100 g.
WARNING - The use of this document can involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. This document does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of users of this document to take appropriate measures to ensure the safety and health of personnel prior to the application of the document, and to determine the applicability of any other restrictions for this purpose.

This document specifies a procedure for the determination of the content, as a percentage mass fraction, of 2-glyceryl monopalmitate in olive oils and olive-pomace oils that are liquid at ambient temperature (20 °C).
NOTE       This document is based on COI/T.20/Doc. No 23/Rev.1:2017[7].

ISO 18363-1:2015 describes a procedure for the indirect determination of 3-MCPD esters (bound 3-MCPD) and possible free 3-MCPD after alkaline catalysed ester cleavage and derivatization with phenylboronic acid (PBA). Furthermore, this part of ISO 18363 enables the indirect determination of glycidyl esters (bound glycidol) under the assumption that no other substances are present that react at room temperature with inorganic chloride to generate 3-MCPD.
ISO 18363-1:2015 is applicable to solid and liquid fats and oils. Milk and milk products (or fat coming from milk and milk products) are excluded from the scope of this part of ISO 18363.

This document specifies a rapid procedure for the simultaneous determination of 2-MCPD esters (bound 2-MCPD), 3‐MCPD esters (bound 3‐MCPD) and glycidyl esters (bound glycidol) in a single assay, based on alkaline catalysed ester cleavage and derivatization of cleaved (free) analytes with phenylboronic acid (PBA) prior to GC-MS/MS analysis. Glycidyl ester overestimation is corrected by addition of an isotopic labelled ester bound 3-MCPD which allows the quantification of 3-MCPD induced glycidol during the procedure.
This method is applicable to solid and liquid fats and oils. This document also applies to animal fats and used frying oils and fats, but these matrices were not included in the validation. For all three analytes the limit of quantification (LOQ) is 0,1 mg/kg and the limit of detection (LOD) is 0,03 mg/kg.
Milk and milk products (or fat coming from milk and milk products), infant formulas, emulsifiers, free fatty acids and other fats- and oils-derived matrices are excluded from the scope of this document.

This document specifies two methods for the determination of the melting point in open capillary tubes, commonly known as the slip melting point, of animal and vegetable fats and oils (referred to as fats hereinafter).
—    Method A is only applicable to animal and vegetable fats which are solid at ambient temperature and which do not exhibit pronounced polymorphism.
—    Method B is applicable to all animal and vegetable fats which are solid at ambient temperature and is the method to be used for fats whose polymorphic behaviour is unknown.
For the determination of the slip melting point of palm oil samples the method given in Annex A shall be used.
NOTE 1   If applied to fats with pronounced polymorphism, method A will give different and less satisfactory results than method B.
NOTE 2   Fats which exhibit pronounced polymorphism are principally cocoa butter and fats containing appreciable quantities of 2-unsaturated, 1,3-saturated triacylglycerols.

This document specifies a titrimetric method for the determination of acid value in light coloured Fatty Acid Methyl Esters, hereinafter referred as FAME.
It allows the determination of acid value within a range of 0,10 mg KOH/g to 1,00 mg KOH/g.
NOTE 1 For the purposes of this document, the terms "% (m/m)" and "% (V/V)" are used to represent respectively the mass fraction and the volume fraction.
NOTE 2 For oils and fats the determination of acid value is specified in EN ISO 660 [1].
WARNING - The use of this document can involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. This document does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of users of this document to take appropriate measures to ensure the safety and health of personnel prior to the application of the document, and to determine the applicability of any other restrictions for this purpose.

This document specifies a method for the semi-quantitative analysis of oils, fats and oil/fat-related samples (deodistillates).
It is applicable to the screening of oils, fats and oil/fat-related samples to obtain main (e.g. triglycerides) and minor (e.g. sterols, sterol esters, tocopherols, wax esters, fatty alcohols, glycerol) component information in one single analysis. For a truly quantitative analysis of pre-identified compound classes, specific methods are more appropriate.
The method can also be used as a useful qualitative screening tool for the relative comparison of sample compositions.

This document specifies a method for the determination of the oxidation stability of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) at 110 °C, by means of measuring the induction period up to 48 h.
For induction periods higher than 8,5 h the precision is not covered by the precision statement of this method.
NOTE 1 EN 15751 [1] describes a similar test method for oxidation stability determination of pure fatty acid methyl esters and of blends of FAME with petroleum-based diesel containing 2 % (V/V) of FAME at minimum.
NOTE 2 Limited studies on EN 15751 with EHN (2-ethyl hexyl nitrate) on FAME blends indicated that the stability is reduced to an extent which is within the reproducibility of the test method. It is likely that the oxidation stability of pure FAMEs is also reduced in the presence of EHN when EN 14112 is used for testing.
NOTE 3 For the purposes of this document, the term ''% (V/V)'' is used to represent the volume fraction.

This document specifies three methods (two titrimetric and one potentiometric) for the determination of acidity in animal and vegetable fats and oils, hereinafter referred to as "fats". The acidity is expressed preferably as acid value or, alternatively, as acidity calculated conventionally.
This document is applicable to refined and crude vegetable or animal fats and oils, soap stock fatty acids or technical fatty acids. It does not apply to waxes.
Since the methods are completely non-specific, they do not apply to differentiating between mineral acids, free fatty acids and other organic acids. The acid value, therefore, includes any mineral acids that are present.
Milk and milk products (or fat coming from milk and milk products) are excluded from the Scope of this document.

This document specifies a method for the determination of the moisture and volatile matter content of oilseeds.

The purpose of this document is to describe a procedure for the determination of the ester content in fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) intended for incorporation into diesel oil. It also allows determining the linolenic acid methyl ester content. It allows verifying that the ester content of FAME is greater than 90 % (m/m) and that the linolenic acid content is between 1 % (m/m) and 15 % (m/m).
This method is suitable for FAME which contains methyl esters between C6 and C24.
NOTE 1   For the purposes of this document, the terms "% (m/m)" and "% (v/v)" are used to represent respectively the mass and volume fractions.
NOTE 2   This method was elaborated for FAME samples from usual raw material. For FAME sample from unidentified raw material, a solution of the test sample should be prepared without any internal standard addition, in order to verify the absence of natural nonadecanoic acid methyl ester.
NOTE 3   The distribution off fatty acid methyl esters is given in Annex C.
WARNING - The use of this method may involve hazardous equipment, materials and operations. This method does not purport to address to all of the safety problems associated with its use, but it is the responsibility of the user to search and establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

This document specifies a rapid method for extraction of oil and for preparation of the methyl esters of fatty acids. The methyl esters thus obtained can be used for gas chromatography.
This document is applicable to the following oilseeds: rape and mustard with low erucic acid content (< 2 %), sunflower, soya beans, linseed.
NOTE    Applying this rapid method to high erucic acid content rapeseed leads to an overestimation of erucic acid content by approximately a mass fraction of 1 %. This difference was observed in Reference [6] and could be due to the partial extraction of the oil from the sample (yield around 70 %). High content of erucic acid in triglycerides could increase their solubility in hexane because of the lipophilic effect of the carbon long-chain (C22). However, as this effect was not checked on a large set of high erucic rapeseed samples, it is not appropriate to apply a correction factor to the erucic acid content when analysing high erucic acid rapeseed.

This document specifies a method for the determination of the individual glucosinolates content in rapeseeds and rapeseed meals using high-performance liquid chromatography with gradient elution.
This method was tested on rapeseeds and rapeseed meals (Brassica rapa, Brassica napus and Brassica juncea) but is applicable to other plant materials, on the condition that the occurring glucosinolates previously identified are described in this document. On the contrary, the quantitative analysis of the concerned glucosinolate(s) is not carried out.
NOTE       This method does not determine glucosinolates that are substituted on the glucose molecule, but these compounds are of little importance in commercial rapeseed and rapeseed meal.
Annex A presents the results of the interlaboratory trials for the gradient elution HPLC method. Annex B presents how to check the titre of the prepared internal standard solution. Annex C presents how to prepare and test the purified sulfatase solution and how to check the desulphation step on the ion exchange column. Annex D presents the HPLC and column performance criteria qualification.
The analysis of glucosinolates content in rapeseed can also be done using an isocratic elution mode. This requires some modifications of the method (internal, standard, HPLC column and HPLC buffers), as described in Annex E.

This document specifies a method for the determination of the methanol content of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) for use as diesel fuel and domestic heating fuel. The method is applicable to methanol contents between 0,01 % (m/m) and 0,5 % (m/m). The method is not applicable to mixtures of FAME containing other low boiling components.
NOTE   For the purposes of this document, the terms "% (m/m)" and "% (V/V)" are used to represent respectively the mass fraction and the volume fraction.
WARNING - The use of this document can involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. This document does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of users of this document to take appropriate measures to ensure the safety and health of personnel prior to application of the standard, and fulfil statutory and regulatory requirements for this purpose.

This document specifies a procedure for the parallel determination of glycidol together with 2-MCPD and 3-MCPD present in bound or free form in oils and fats. The method is based on alkaline-catalysed ester cleavage, transformation of the released glycidol into monobromopropanediol (MBPD) and derivatisation of the derived free diols (MCPD and MBPD) with phenylboronic acid (PBA). Though free MCPD and glycidol are supposed to be present in fats and oils in low to negligible quantities only, in the event that free analytes are present, they would contribute proportionately to the results.  The results always being the sum of the free and the bound form of a single analyte.
This method is applicable to solid and liquid fats and oils. This document can also apply to animal fats and used frying oils and fats, but a validation study is undertaken before the analysis of these matrices.
Milk and milk products (or fat coming from milk and milk products) are excluded from the scope of this document.

This document specifies a reference method for the determination of the iodine value (commonly known in the industry as IV) of animal and vegetable fats and oils, hereinafter referred to as fats.
Annex B describes a method for the calculation of the IV from fatty acid compositional data. This method is not applicable to fish oils. Furthermore, cold-pressed, crude and unrefined vegetable oils as well as (partially) hydrogenated oils can give different results by the two methods. The calculated IV is affected by impurities and thermal degradation products.
NOTE       The method in Annex B is based upon the AOCS Official method Cd 1c-85[10].

ISO 21294:2017 specifies the requirements for discontinuous sampling of oilseeds, using the manual or automatic method, for the purpose of assessing their quality and condition.
NOTE       An example of "condition" is an odour due to a treatment product.

2016-05-02: ISO project has become an amendment instead of a revision - CEN project has been aligned (see TCminares on 2016-04-28).

ISO 12966-2:2017 specifies methods of preparing the methyl esters of fatty acids.
It includes methods for preparing fatty acid methyl esters from animal and vegetable fats and oils, fatty acids and soaps. To cover different requirements, four methylation methods are specified, namely:
a)    a "rapid" transmethylation procedure under alkaline conditions;
b)    a "general" transmethylation/methylation procedure under sequential alkaline and acid conditions;
c)    a BF3 transmethylation procedure;
d)    an alternative procedure using acid-catalysed transmethylation of glycerides.
Methyl esters so produced are used in various analytical procedures requiring such derivatives, e.g. gas-liquid chromatography (GLC), thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and infrared spectrometry (IR).
Milk and milk products (or fat coming from milk and milk products) are excluded from the scope of this document.

ISO 15302:2017 specifies a method for the determination of benzo[a]pyrene in crude or refined edible oils and fats by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using fluorimetric detection in the range 0,1 µg/kg to 50 µg/kg.
Milk and milk products (or fat coming from milk and milk products) are excluded from the scope of this document.

ISO 6320:2017 specifies a method for the determination of the refractive index of animal and vegetable fats and oils.
Milk and milk products (or fat coming from milk and milk products) are excluded from the scope of this document.

ISO 15774:2017 describes a method for the determination of trace amounts (micrograms per kilogram) of cadmium in all types of crude or refined edible oils and fats.
Milk and milk products (or fat coming from milk and milk products) are excluded from the scope of this document.

ISO 6883:2017 specifies a method for the determination of the conventional mass per volume ("litre weight in air") of animal and vegetable fats and oils (hereinafter referred to as fats) in order to convert volume to mass or mass to volume.
The procedure is applicable to fats only when they are in a liquid state. Milk and milk products (or fat coming from milk and milk products) are excluded from the scope of this document.
NOTE          The determination of conventional mass per volume (litre weight in air) using the oscillating U-tube method can be found in ISO 18301.

ISO 663:2017 specifies a method for the determination of the insoluble impurities content of animal and vegetable fats and oils.
If it is not desired to include soaps (particularly calcium soaps) or oxidized fatty acids in the insoluble impurities content, it is necessary to use a different solvent and procedure. In this case, an agreement is to be reached between the parties concerned.
Milk and milk products (or fat coming from milk and milk products) are excluded from the scope of this document.

ISO 3960:2017 specifies a method for the iodometric determination of the peroxide value of animal and vegetable fats and oils with a visual endpoint detection. The peroxide value is a measure of the amount of oxygen chemically bound to an oil or fat as peroxides, particularly hydroperoxides.
The method is applicable to all animal and vegetable fats and oils, fatty acids and their mixtures with peroxide values from 0 meq to 30 meq (milliequivalents) of active oxygen per kilogram. It is also applicable to margarines and fat spreads with varying water content. The method is not suitable for milk fats and is not applicable to lecithins.
It is to be noted that the peroxide value is a dynamic parameter, whose value is dependent upon the history of the sample. Furthermore, the determination of the peroxide value is a highly empirical procedure and the value obtained depends on the sample mass. It is stressed that, due to the prescribed sample mass, the peroxide values obtained can be slightly lower than those obtained with a lower sample mass.
Milk and milk products (or fat coming from milk and milk products) are excluded from the scope of this document.
NOTE 1       A preferred method for the iodometric determination of the peroxide value for milk fats is specified in ISO 3976.
NOTE 2       A method for the potentiometric determination of the peroxide value is given in ISO 27107.

ISO 8534:2017 specifies a method for the determination of the water content of animal and vegetable fats and oils (hereinafter referred to as fats) using Karl Fischer apparatus and a reagent which is free of pyridine.
Milk and milk products (or fat coming from milk and milk products) are excluded from the scope of this document.

ISO 11702:2016 specifies a method for the quantitative determination of the total sterols content by means of an enzymatic staining test. The method is applicable to free and esterified sterols in animal and vegetable fats and oils, fatty foods and related products. The determination is applicable to sample quantities of 1 g to 2 g of fat.
The method is not applicable to dark coloured fats and oils. The enzyme is not specific for cholesterol, but also oxidizes other 3-hydroxysterols. The method has not been tested for products fortified with sterols at higher levels.
Milk and milk products (or fat coming from milk and milk products) are excluded from the scope of ISO 11702:2016.

ISO 14244:2014 specifies a method for the determination of soluble proteins in potassium hydroxide solution in soya meals, rapeseed meals and sunflower pellets, which are then assayed using the Kjeldahl method as specified in ISO 5983-1 and ISO 5983-2.

ISO 12966-3:2016 specifies a rapid base-catalysed transesterification method for fats and oils with trimethylsulfonium hydroxide (TMSH) to prepare fatty acid methyl esters. The method is exclusively applicable to the preparation of methyl esters of fats and oils for gas liquid chromatographic (GLC) analysis. It is applicable to all fats and oils, but excluding those coming from milk and milk products. Isomerization of unsaturated fatty acids only occurs to a minor extent and isomerized fatty acids are only present at the determination limit. As isomerization takes place, the procedure is not recommended for conjugated linoleic acid (CLA).
Only about 70 % to 80 % of the free fatty acids are esterified. In the case of conjugated cyclopropyl and cyclopropenyl fatty acids, side reactions may occur, but these do not interfere with the determination of the fatty acids.

ISO 662:2016 specifies two methods for the determination, by drying, of the moisture and volatile matter content of animal or vegetable fats and oils:
-      method A, using a sand bath or hotplate;
-      method B, using a drying oven.
Method A is applicable to all fats and oils.
Method B is applicable only to non-drying fats and oils with an acid value less than 4. Under no circumstances are lauric oils be analysed by this method.
Milk and milk products (or fat obtained from milk and milk products) are excluded from the Scope of this International Standard.

ISO 9936:2016 specifies a method for the determination of the contents of free α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherols and tocotrienols (referred to jointly as tocols) in animal and vegetable fats and oils (referred to hereinafter as fats) by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
For products containing tocopherol or tocotrienol esters, it is necessary to carry out a preliminary saponification.
Milk and milk products (or fat coming from milk and milk products) are excluded from the Scope of this International Standard.
NOTE          A suitable method involving a cold saponification procedure is described in Annex B for information only.

ISO 15753:2016 describes two methods for the determination of 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in animal and vegetable fats and oils:
-      a general method;
-      a specific method for coconut oil and vegetable oils with short-chain fatty acids.
These methods are not quantitative for the very volatile compounds such as naphthalene, acenaphthene and fluorene. Due to interferences provided by the matrix itself, palm oil and olive pomace oil cannot be analysed using this method.
The quantification limit is 0,2 µg/kg for almost all compounds analysed, except for fluoranthene and benzo(g,h,i)perylene, where the quantification limit is 0,3 µg/kg, and indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene, where the quantification limit is 1,0 µg/kg.
NOTE          The results for olive pomace oil in Annex B show that this method is not applicable to this type of oil. The precision data determined are very poor.
Milk and milk products (or fat coming from milk and milk products) are excluded from the scope of this International Standard.

ISO 6886:2016 specifies a method for the determination of the oxidative stability of fats and oils under extreme conditions that induce rapid oxidation: high temperature and high air flow. It does not allow determination of the stability of fats and oils at ambient temperatures, but it does allow a comparison of the efficacy of antioxidants added to fats and oils.
The method is applicable to both virgin and refined animal and vegetable fats and oils. Milk and milk products (or fat coming from milk and milk products) are excluded from the scope of this International Standard.
NOTE          The presence of volatile fatty acids and volatile acidic oxidation products prevents accurate measurement.

ISO 6885:2016 specifies a method for the determination of the anisidine value in animal and vegetable fats and oils. This is a measure of the amount of aldehydes present (principally α, β-unsaturated aldehydes).
Milk and milk products (or fat coming from milk and milk products) are excluded from the scope of this International Standard.

ISO 22630:2015 specifies an extraction method which may be used to assess the efficiency of a de-oiling process by comparing the oil content of the oilseed with the residual oil content of the corresponding extraction meals, pellets and expeller cakes.
It is not applicable to disputed cases, for which ISO 734 is applicable.
It is applicable to oilseed meals obtained from oilseeds by expelling or by extraction with a solvent, as well as to the pellets made from the residues.

ISO 10519:2015 specifies a spectrometric method for the determination of the chlorophyll content of rapeseed. It is not applicable to the determination of chlorophyll in oils.

ISO 12966-4:2015 specifies a method for the determination of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) derived by transesterification or esterification from fats, oils, and fatty acids by capillary gas chromatography (GLC). Fatty acid methyl esters from C8 to C24 can be separated using this part of ISO 12966 including saturated fatty acid methyl esters, cis- and trans-monounsaturated fatty acid methyl esters, and cis- and trans-polyunsaturated fatty acid methyl esters.
The method is applicable to crude, refined, partially hydrogenated, or fully hydrogenated fats, oils, and fatty acids derived from animal and vegetable sources.
This method is not suitable for the analysis of dairy, ruminant fats and oils, or products supplemented with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). Milk and milk products (or fat coming from milk and milk products) are excluded from the scope of this part of ISO 12966.
ISO 12966-4:2015 is not applicable to di-, tri-, polymerized and oxidized fatty acids, and fats and oils.

ISO 12966-1:2014 gives an overview of the gas chromatographic determination of fatty acids, free and bound, in animal and vegetable fats and oils following their conversion to fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs).

CEN/TC - Corrigendum to add superseding information: EN ISO 12966-1:2014 replaces EN 15304:2002

ISO 12228-2:2014 specifies a procedure for the gas chromatographic determination of the contents and composition of sterols and triterpene dialcohols in olive and olive pomace oils. For the determination of the contents and composition of sterols in all other animal and vegetable fats and oils, ISO 12228‑1 is to be used.

2013-11-13 GVN: Draft for // vote received in ISO/CS (see notification in dataservice on 2013-11-08).
2013-02-08 EMA: CCMC has been notified by ISO/CS that the project for the revision of ISO 5555:2001 is cancelled and a new project for an amendment is created. WI 00307144 has been updated.
2013-01-29 EMA: Draft for // ENQ received in ISO/CS (see notification of 2013-01-29 in dataservice).

ISO 12228-1:2014 specifies a procedure for the gas chromatographic determination of the content and composition of sterols in animal and vegetable fats and oils. However, the determination of the contents and composition of sterols in olive and olive pomace oils is to be carried out using ISO 12228-2.

ISO 29822:2009 specifies the determination of the degree of isomerization of diacylglycerols in vegetable fats and oils. 1,2-Diacylglycerols are transformed to the more stable 1,3-isomers during storage or due to acidic catalysed reaction.
The mass fraction of 1,2-diacylglycerols can be used as a quality criterion for vegetable fats and oils.

ISO 12873:2010 specifies the determination of the wax content, as a mass fraction expressed in milligrams per kilogram, of olive oils and olive-pomace oils. The individual waxes are separated according to the number of carbon atoms. The method is recommended for distinguishing between olive oil obtained by pressing or centrifuging and that obtained from olive pomace (olive-pomace oil).