CEN/TC 121/SC 4 - Quality management in the field of welding

This document specifies how a preliminary welding procedure specification (pWPS) is qualified by welding procedure tests.
This document specifies the conditions for the execution of welding procedure tests and the qualification range for welding procedures for all practical welding operations within the range of variables listed in Clause 8.
This document specifies the required tests. Additional tests can be required by application standards.
This document applies to the arc welding of titanium, zirconium and their alloys in all product forms. Arc welding is covered by the following processes in accordance with ISO 4063:
131 – metal inert gas welding, MIG welding;
14 – tungsten inert gas welding, TIG welding;
15 – plasma arc welding.
The principles of this document can be applied to other fusion welding processes.

This document specifies requirements for qualification testing of brazers and brazing operators for metallic materials.
This document gives general provisions on quality requirements for brazing (see Annex A).
This document applies to the following brazing processes according to ISO 857-2 and ISO 4063:2009 with local and global heating:
—    911 Infrared brazing;
—    912 Flame brazing, torch brazing;
—    913 Laser beam brazing;
—    914 Electron beam brazing;
—    916 Induction brazing;
—    918 Resistance brazing;
—    919 Diffusion brazing;
—    921 Furnace brazing;
—    922 Vacuum brazing;
—    923 Dip-bath brazing;
—    924 Salt-bath brazing;
—    925 Flux bath brazing;
—    926 Immersion brazing;
—    972 Arc weld brazing.
This document is not applicable to personnel operating brazing equipment who do not have any direct influence on the quality of the brazed joint, for example, personnel performing exclusively loading/unloading the brazing unit or just initiating the brazing cycle in automatic brazing.
The principles of this document can be applied to other brazing processes and brazing of materials not listed.
This document does not apply to brazing for aerospace applications covered by ISO 11745.

This document gives guidelines for the implementation of requirements given in the other parts of the ISO 3834 series. It is intended to help users select the appropriate part of the ISO 3834 series. It is expected that users will already be familiar with the ISO 3834 series as a whole.
This document does not provide additional requirements to those in ISO 3834-1 to ISO 3834-5.

This document specifies how a welding procedure can be qualified by using tested welding consumable data. It expands on the requirements given in ISO 15607.
In addition, it gives the range of qualification.
Application of this document is limited to parent material groups 1.1, 8.1, 21, 22.1 and 22.2 in accordance with ISO/TR 15608, which produce acceptable microstructures and properties in the heat-affected zone which do not deteriorate significantly in service.
This document is limited to:
—     butt welds and fillet welds in material of thicknesses t ≤ 40 mm (groups 1.1 and 8.1) and t ≤ 20 mm (groups 21, 22.1 and 22.2);
—     fillet welds with throat thickness a ≥ 1 mm.
This document is not applicable when any of the following is specified for the welded joint:
a)       hardness;
b)       impact properties;
c)        preheating;
d)       controlled heat input;
e)       interpass temperature;
f)         post-weld heat treatment.
The use of this document can also be restricted by an application standard, specification or other documents.

This document gives the necessary information to explain the requirements referenced in ISO 15607 about the qualification of welding procedures based on previous welding experience.
In addition, it gives the range of qualification.
The use of this document can be restricted by an application standard or a specification.

This document specifies how a preliminary welding procedure specification (pWPS) is qualified by welding procedure tests.
This document defines the conditions for the execution of welding procedure tests and the range of qualification for welding procedures for all welding operations within the qualification of this document.
Two classes of welding procedure tests are given in order to permit application to a wide range of welded fabrication. They are designated by classes A and B. In class A, the extent of testing is greater and the ranges of qualification are more restrictive than in class B.
Procedure tests carried out to class A automatically qualify for class B requirements, but not vice-versa.
When no class is specified in a contract or application standard, all the requirements of class A apply.
NOTE          Class B corresponds to level 1 and class A corresponds to level 2 in accordance with ISO 15614-1.
This document applies to upset (resistance butt) welding and flash welding of any metallic materials in all product forms (e.g. with solid, tubular, flat or circular cross-sections). It covers the following resistance welding processes, as defined in ISO 4063:2023:
—     24 – flash welding, using direct current or alternating current with various movement sequences, constant flashing and pulsed flashing;
—     25 – resistance butt welding (upset welding), using direct current or alternating current with various current and pressure sequences.

This document specifies general tolerances for linear and angular dimensions and for shape and position of welded structures in four tolerance classes, based on customary workshop accuracy. The main criterion for selection of a particular tolerance class is based on the functional requirements which are to be met.
The applicable tolerances are always those which are stated in the drawing. Instead of specifying individual tolerances the tolerance classes according to this document can be used.
General tolerances for linear and angular dimensions and for shape and position as specified in this document apply for weldments, welding assemblies, welded structures, etc.
Special provisions can be necessary for complex structures.
The specifications given in this document are based on the independency principle of ISO 8015, according to which the dimensional and geometrical tolerances apply independently of each other.
Manufacturing documentation in which linear and angular dimensions or indications for shape and position are presented without individually indicated tolerances shall be deemed incomplete if there is no, or inadequate, reference to general tolerances. This does not apply to temporary dimensions.

This document provides quality requirements for heat treatment in air or controlled atmospheres carried out in workshops and on site in connection with welding and forming. It applies mainly to ferritic steels but can be used for other materials as appropriate.
This document provides guidance for manufacturers that perform heat treatment or produce heat-treated products or components. This document can also be used as a basis for assessing the manufacturer in respect to its heat treatment capability.
The fulfilment of a requirement can be waived where justification can be provided that a specific requirement is not applicable to a specific process. This document is intended to be a flexible framework to provide:
—    specific requirements for heat treatment by manufacturers in order to have a quality system in accordance with ISO 9001;
—    specific requirements for heat treatment in specifications which require the manufacturer to have a quality system other than ISO 9001;
—    specific guidance for a manufacturer developing a quality control system for heat treatment;
—    specific guidance for post-weld heat treatment for manufacturers adopting ISO 3834-2 or ISO 3834‑3;
—    detailed requirements for specifications, regulations or product standards that require control of heat treatment activities.

This document specifies quality levels of imperfections in fusion-welded joints (except for beam welding) in all types of steel, nickel, titanium and their alloys. It applies to material thickness ≥ 0,5 mm. It covers fully penetrated butt welds and all fillet welds. Its principles can also be applied to partial-penetration butt welds.
Quality levels for beam-welded joints in steel are presented in ISO 13919-1.
Three quality levels are given in order to permit application to a wide range of welded fabrication. They are designated by symbols B, C and D. Quality level B corresponds to the highest requirement on the finished weld.
Several types of loads are considered, e.g. static load, thermal load, corrosion load, pressure load. Additional guidance on fatigue loads is given in Annex B.
The quality levels refer to production and good workmanship.
This document is applicable to:
a)       non-alloy and alloy steels;
b)       nickel and nickel alloys;
c)        titanium and titanium alloys;
d)       manual, mechanized and automatic welding;
e)       all welding positions;
f)         all types of welds, e.g. butt welds, fillet welds and branch connections;
g)       the following welding processes and their sub-processes, as defined in ISO 4063:
—     11 metal arc welding without gas protection;
—     12 submerged arc welding;
—     13 gas-shielded metal arc welding;
—     14 gas-shielded arc welding with non-consumable tungsten electrode;
—     15 plasma arc welding;
—     31 oxyfuel gas welding (for steel only).
Metallurgical aspects, such as grain size and hardness, are not covered by this document.

This document specifies procedures for assessing the generic weldability for resistance spot, seam and projection welding of uncoated and coated metals.
The purpose of the tests described in this document are to
a) compare the metallurgical weldability of different metals,
b) assess the weldability of differing component designs, e.g. dimensional configuration, stack-up, projection geometry, etc.,
c) investigate the effect of changes in welding parameters such as welding current, weld time, electrode force or complex welding schedules including pulse welding, current stepping etc. on weldability, and/or
d) compare the performance of resistance welding equipment.
Precise details of the test procedure to be used depend on which aspect of items a) to d) will be evaluated relative to the welding result obtained.

This document specifies the tests which can be used for qualification of welding procedure specifications for spot, seam, and projection welding processes.
NOTE       The procedures are written for embossed projection welding. They can be adapted for solid projections as well, e.g. nut welding, stud welding. cross wire welding.
This document defines the conditions for carrying out tests and the limits of validity of a qualified welding procedure for all practical welding operations covered by this document.
It covers the following resistance welding processes, as defined in ISO 4063:
—    21 – resistance spot welding;
—    211 – indirect spot welding;
—    212 – direct spot welding;
—    22 – resistance seam welding;
—    221 – lap seam welding;
—    222 – mash seam welding;
—    223 – Prep-lap seam welding;
—    224 – Wire seam welding;
—    225 – foil butt-seam welding;
—    226 – seam welding with strip;
—    23 – projection welding;
—    231 – indirect projection welding;
—    232 – direct projection welding.

This document specifies a general outline of the ISO 3834 series and criteria to be taken into account for the selection of the appropriate level of quality requirements for fusion welding of metallic materials, among the three levels specified in ISO 3834-2, ISO 3834-3 and ISO 3834-4.
It is applicable to manufacturing, both in workshops and at field installation sites.
This document does not specify requirements for a total quality management system (QMS). However, Clause 6 identifies QMS elements where their inclusion complements the ISO 3834 series.

This document defines standard quality requirements for fusion welding of metallic materials both in workshops and at field installation sites.

This document defines elementary quality requirements for fusion welding of metallic materials both in workshops and at field installation sites.

This document defines comprehensive quality requirements for fusion welding of metallic materials both in workshops and at field installation sites.

This document gives guidance on levels of imperfections in electron and laser beam welded joints in aluminium, magnesium and their alloys and pure copper. Three levels are given in such a way as to permit application for a wide range of welded fabrications. The levels refer to production quality and not to the fitness-for-purpose of the product manufactured.
This document applies to electron and laser beam welding of:
—     aluminium and its alloys;
—     magnesium and its alloys;
—     pure copper (e.g. Cu-ETP1 CW003A, Cu-ETP CW004A, Cu-FRHC CW005A, Cu-FRTP CW006A, Cu-OF1 CW007A, Cu-OF CW008A, Cu-OFE CW009A, Cu-PHC CW020A, Cu-HCP CW021A, Cu-PHCE CW022A, Cu-DLP CW023A, Cu-DHP CW024A);
—     all types of welds welded with or without additional filler wire;
—     materials equal to or above 0,5 mm thickness for electron and laser beam welding.
When significant deviations from the joint geometries and dimensions stated in this document are present in the welded product, it is necessary to evaluate to what extent the provisions of this document can apply.
NOTE     For circular welds, a lower quality level can be specified for the fade-out zone.
Metallurgical aspects, e.g. grain size, hardness, hydrogen embrittlement (pure copper) are not covered by this document.
This document is directly applicable to visual examination of welds and does not include details of recommended methods of detection or sizing by other non-destructive means. There are difficulties in using these limits to establish appropriate criteria applicable to non-destructive testing methods, such as ultrasonic, radiographic and penetrant testing, and they can need to be supplemented by requirements for inspection, examination and testing.

This document specifies requirements for resistance spot welding in the fabrication of assemblies of aluminium sheet, extrusions (both work- and age-hardening alloys) and/or cast material comprising two or three thicknesses of metal, where the maximum single (sheet) thickness of components to be welded is within the range 0,6 mm to 6 mm.
This document is applicable to the welding of sheets or plates of dissimilar thickness where the thickness ratio is less than or equal to 3:1. It applies to the welding of three thicknesses where the total thickness is less than or equal to 9 mm.
Welding with the following types of machines is within the scope of this document:
—     pedestal welding machines;
—     gun welders;
—     automatic welding equipment where the components are fed by robots or automatic feeding equipment;
—     multi-welders;
—     robotic welders.
Information on appropriate welding equipment is given in Annex A and on spot welding conditions in Annex B. The latter are for guidance only and can require modification depending on service conditions of the fabrication, type of welding equipment, characteristics of the secondary circuit, electrode material and geometry.
The welding of coated material, e.g. zinc-coated or anodized material, is outside the scope of this document.

ISO 15616-4:2008 provides minimum requirements for acceptance testing, using practical test methods, for CO2-laser beam machines for high quality welding and cutting in two dimensions (2-D), having a fixed workpiece on the platen and moving optics.
ISO 15616-4:2008 is not applicable to CO2-laser beam machines which use an articulated robot, nor to those which include a work station, such as a welding positioner, fixed board cutter, etc.
ISO 15616-4:2008 does not cover hazard protection devices, such as those for discharging chips and particles generated during welding and cutting.

This document provides a Japanese grouping system for materials for welding purposes, classified in accordance with the grouping system of ISO/TR 15608.
It can also apply for other purposes, such as heat treatment, forming, and non-destructive testing.
Types of steels are listed in accordance with the grouping system of ISO/TR 15608:2017, Table 1.
Types of aluminium and aluminium alloys are listed in accordance with the grouping system of ISO/TR 15608:2017, Table 2.
Types of titanium and titanium alloys are listed in accordance with the grouping system of ISO/TR 15608:2017, Table 5.
This document covers grouping systems for the following standardized materials:
—          steels;
—     aluminium and its alloys;
—     titanium and its alloys.

ISO 15614-7:2016 specifies how a preliminary welding procedure specification for overlay welding is qualified by welding procedure tests.
ISO 15614-7:2016 defines the conditions for execution of welding procedure tests and the range of qualification for welding procedures for all practical welding operations within the range of variables listed in Clause 8.
ISO 15614-7:2016 applies to all welding processes suitable for overlay welding. In situations where qualification is carried out on a pre-production test piece, the qualification is performed in accordance with ISO 15613 except that, as far as possible, the testing is according to this part of ISO 15614. Building up and repair of parent metal is covered by ISO 15613 or ISO 15614‑1.
This edition of ISO 15614‑7 is applicable to all new welding procedure qualification tests. It does not invalidate previous welding procedure tests made in accordance with previous editions of this part of ISO 15614. Where additional tests are required by the present edition, it is only necessary that those additional tests be carried out on a test piece made in accordance with the existing WPS and this part of ISO 15614.
If buttering is used for welding between dissimilar materials, the welding procedure is qualified in accordance with ISO 15614‑1. This buttering may be required for weld combining different material structure or properties, e.g. joining martensitic steels or ferritic steels with austenitic steels.
Additional tests may be required by application standards.

This document gives requirements and recommendations on levels of imperfections in electron and laser-beam welded joints in steel, nickel, titanium and their alloys. Three levels are given in such a way as to permit application for a wide range of welded fabrications. Quality level B corresponds to the highest requirement of the finished weld. The levels refer to production quality and not to the fitness-for-purpose of the product manufactured.
This document applies to electron and laser beam welding of:
—     steel, nickel, titanium and their alloys;
—     all types of welds welded with or without additional filler wire;
—     materials equal to or above 0,5 mm thickness for electron and laser beam welding.
The purpose of this document is to define the dimensions of typical imperfections which can be expected in normal fabrication. It can be used within a quality system for the production of welded joints. It provides three sets of dimensional values from which a selection can be made for a particular application. The quality level necessary in each case is defined by the application standard or the responsible designer in conjunction with the manufacturer, user and/or other parties concerned. The quality level is expected to be prescribed prior to the start of production, preferably at the enquiry or order stage. For special purposes, additional details may need to be prescribed.
When significant deviations from the joint geometries and dimensions stated in this document are present in the welded product, it is necessary to evaluate to what extent the provisions of this document can apply.
Metallurgical aspects, e.g. grain size, hardness are not covered by this document.
This document does not address the methods used for the detection of imperfections. This document is directly applicable to visual examination of welds and does not include details of recommended methods of detection or sizing by other non-destructive means. There are difficulties in using these limits to establish appropriate criteria applicable to non-destructive testing methods, such as ultrasonic, radiographic and penetrant testing, and they can need to be supplemented by additional requirements for inspection, examination and testing.

This document is part of a series of standards dealing with specification and qualification of welding procedures. Annex A gives details of this series of standards, Annex B gives a table for the use of these standards, and Annex C gives a flow diagram for the development and qualification of a WPS.
This document defines general rules for the specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials. This document also refers to several other standards as regards detailed rules for specific applications.
This document is applicable to manual, partly mechanized, fully mechanized and automated welding.
Welding procedures are qualified by conforming to one or more welding procedure qualification records (WPQR). The use of a particular method of qualification is often a requirement of an application standard.
It is assumed that welding procedure specifications are used in production by competent welders, qualified in accordance with the relevant part of ISO 9606 or by competent operators qualified in accordance with ISO 14732.

This document specifies requirements for the content of welding procedure specifications for gas welding processes.
Details of the ISO 15609 series are given in ISO 15607. The variables listed in this document are those influencing the quality of the welded joint.

This document specifies requirements for the content of welding procedure specifications for arc welding processes.
Details of the ISO 15609 series are given in ISO 15607. The variables listed in this document are those influencing the quality of the welded joint.

This document identifies the essential welding quality related tasks and responsibilities included in welding coordination.
The principle of an assessment according to this document is that welding coordination personnel need to be competent in the welding-related tasks allocated to them.
It is presumed that welding coordination personnel have the necessary education, qualifications and experience and are appointed by the manufacturer.
Regulatory documents, application standards and contracts can give specific requirements for welding coordination personnel. Otherwise, it is the responsibility of the manufacturer to determine the requirements to be in compliance with this document.

The purpose of this document is to exemplify sound and accepted welded connections applicable to welded not internal pressurized steel components. It does not promote the standardization of connections that may be regarded as mandatory or restrict development in any way. The requirements of carrying capacity, fitness for purposes, fatigue and corrosion stress will be considered if necessary.
This document contains examples of connections welded by the following processes (process numbers according to EN ISO 4063):
-   Manual metal arc welding (111);
-   Self-shielded tubular-cored arc welding (114);
-   Submerged arc welding (12);
-   MIG welding; Metal inert gas welding with solid wire electrode (131);
-   MAG welding; Metal active gas welding with solid wire electrode (135);
-   Tubular cored metal arc welding with active gas shield (136);
-   MAG welding; Metal active gas welding with metal cored electrode (138);
-   MIG welding; Metal inert gas welding with flux cored electrode (132);
-   MIG welding; Metal inert gas welding with metal cored electrode (133);
-   TIG welding; Tungsten inert gas arc welding (14).
Other processes by agreement.
Further requirements will be considered in accordance with existing application standards.

This document gives general recommendations for the fusion welding of stainless steels. Specific details relevant to austenitic, austenitic-ferritic, ferritic and martensitic stainless steels are given in Annexes A to D.

This document gives general guidance for laser beam welding and associated processes of metallic materials in all forms of product (e.g. cast, wrought, extruded, forged).
NOTE   Some guidance on laser beam cutting, drilling, surface treatment and cladding is given in Annex F.

This document:
—         specifies how a user can follow a standard welding procedure specification (SWPS) based on welding procedure qualification tests performed by a different organization;
—         specifies the range for the use of SWPSs in accordance with ISO 15607;
—         specifies the requirements for qualification of welding procedures to be issued as SWPSs; and
—         specifies the requirements for organizations adopting SWPSs.
The use of this document can be restricted by an application standard or a specification.
This document is applicable to welding of steels and aluminium and its alloys (see 4.1).
All new standard welding procedure qualifications are to be carried out in accordance with this document from the date of its issue. However, this document does not invalidate previous standard welding procedure qualifications made to former standards, specifications or previous editions of this document

This document specifies quality levels for imperfections in arc-welded joints in aluminium and its alloys. It applies to material thicknesses above 0,5 mm.
Three quality levels are given in order to permit application to a wide range of welded constructions. They are designated by symbols B, C and D. Quality level B corresponds to the highest requirement on the finished weld. The quality levels refer to production quality and not to the fitness for purpose (see 3.2) of the product manufactured.
This document is applicable all types of weld (e.g. butt welds, fillet welds and branch connections), to, manual, mechanized and automatic welding, and to all welding positions.
It is applicable to the following welding processes:
-      metal inert gas welding (MIG welding); gas metal arc welding /USA;
-      tungsten inert gas welding (TIG welding); gas tungsten arc welding /USA;
-      plasma arc welding.
It is not applicable to metallurgical aspects (e.g. grain size, hardness).

This document provides an American grouping system for materials for welding purposes, classified in accordance with the grouping system of ISO/TR 15608. A number of Canadian, Australian and New Zealand materials commonly used in North America are also included.
It can also apply for other purposes, such as heat treatment, forming, and non-destructive testing. Types of steels are listed in accordance with the grouping system of ISO/TR 15608:2017, Table 1.
This document covers grouping systems for the following standardized materials:
—          steel;
—          aluminium and its alloys;
—          nickel and its alloys;
—          copper and its alloys;
—          titanium and its alloys;
—          zirconium and its alloys;
—          cast irons.

ISO 13916:2017 specifies requirements for the measurement of preheating temperature, interpass temperature and preheat maintenance temperature for fusion welding. ISO 13916:2017 can also be applied as appropriate in the case of other welding processes. ISO 13916:2017 does not cover the measurement of post weld heat treatment temperatures.

ISO 9606-1:2012 specifies the requirements for qualification testing of welders for fusion welding of steels.
It provides a set of technical rules for a systematic qualification test of the welder, and enables such qualifications to be uniformly accepted independently of the type of product, location and examiner or examining body.
When qualifying welders, the emphasis is placed on the welder's ability manually to manipulate the electrode, welding torch or welding blowpipe, thereby producing a weld of acceptable quality.
The welding processes referred to in ISO 9606-1:2012 include those fusion-welding processes which are designated as manual or partly mechanized welding. It does not cover fully mechanized and automated welding processes.

ISO 15614-1:2017 specifies how a preliminary welding procedure specification is qualified by welding procedure tests.
ISO 15614-1:2017 applies to production welding, repair welding and build-up welding.
ISO 15614-1:2017 defines the conditions for the execution of welding procedure tests and the range of qualification for welding procedures for all practical welding operations within the qualification of this document.
The primary purpose of welding procedure qualification is to demonstrate that the joining process proposed for construction is capable of producing joints having the required mechanical properties for the intended application.
Two levels of welding procedure tests are given in order to permit application to a wide range of welded fabrication. They are designated by levels 1 and 2. In level 2, the extent of testing is greater and the ranges of qualification are more restrictive than in level 1.
Procedure tests carried out to level 2 automatically qualify for level 1 requirements, but not vice-versa.
When no level is specified in a contract or application standard, all the requirements of level 2 apply.
This document applies to the arc and gas welding of steels in all product forms and the arc welding of nickel and nickel alloys in all product forms.
Arc and gas welding are covered by the following processes in accordance with ISO 4063.
111 - manual metal arc welding (metal-arc welding with covered electrode);
114 - self-shielded tubular-cored arc welding;
12 - submerged arc welding;
13 - gas-shielded metal arc welding;
14 - gas-shielded arc welding with non-consumable electrode;
15 - plasma arc welding;
311 - oxy-acetylene welding.
The principles of this document may be applied to other fusion welding processes.
NOTE       A former process number does not require a new qualification test according to this document.
Specification and qualification of welding procedures that were made in accordance with previous editions of this document may be used for any application for which the current edition is specified. In this case, the ranges of qualification of previous editions remain applicable.
It is also possible to create a new WPQR (welding procedure qualification record) range of qualification according to this edition based on the existing qualified WPQR, provided the technical intent of the testing requirements of this document has been satisfied. Where additional tests have to be carried out to make the qualification technically equivalent, it is only necessary to perform the additional test on a test piece.

ISO 15618-1:2016 specifies essential requirements, ranges of qualification, test conditions, acceptance requirements and certification for the qualification testing of welder-diver performance.
ISO 15618-1:2016 is applicable for hyperbaric wet welding on steel.
The recommended format for the certificate of qualification testing is given in Annex A.
During the qualification test, the welder-diver may be required to show adequate job knowledge of the welding processes, materials and safety requirements for which he is to be qualified. Information on these aspects is given in Annex B.
The welding processes referred to in this part of ISO 15618 include those fusion welding processes which are designated as manual or partly mechanised welding. It does not cover fully mechanised and fully automatic processes (see 5.2).
This part of ISO 15618 applies to all new qualifications from the date of issue.
However, ISO 15618-1:2016 does not invalidate previous welder-diver qualifications made to former national standards or specifications, providing the intent of the technical requirements is satisfied and the previous qualifications are relevant to the application and production work on which they are employed.
The certificate of qualification testing is issued under the sole responsibility of the examiner or examining body.

ISO/TR 15608:2017 provides guidelines for a uniform system for grouping materials for welding purposes. It can also be applied for other purposes, such as heat treatment, forming and non-destructive testing.
It covers grouping systems for the following standardized materials:
?   steels;
?   aluminium and its alloys;
?   copper and its alloys;
?   nickel and its alloys;
?   titanium and its alloys;
?   zirconium and its alloys;
?   cast irons.

ISO 17662:2016 specifies requirements for calibration, verification and validation of equipment used for
-   control of process variables during fabrication, and
-   control of the properties of equipment used for welding or welding allied processes
where the resulting output cannot be readily or economically documented by subsequent monitoring, inspection and testing. This involves process variables influencing the fitness-for-purpose and in particular the safety of the fabricated product.
NOTE 1       This International Standard is based on the lists of process variables stated in International Standards for specification of welding procedures, in particular, but not exclusively in the ISO 15609‑ series. Future revisions of these International Standards can result in addition or deletion of parameters considered necessary to specify.
Some guidance is, in addition, given in Annex B as regards requirements for calibration; verification and validation as part of acceptance testing of equipment used for welding or allied processes.
Requirements to calibrate, verify and validate as part of inspection, testing, non-destructive testing or measuring of final welded products performed in order to verify confirm product compliance are outside the scope of the present International Standard.
The subject of this International Standard is limited to calibration, verification and validation of equipment after installation, as part of the workshops' and site operations for maintenance and/or operation.
It needs to be stressed that this International Standard has nothing to do with manufacture and installation of equipment for welding. Requirements for new equipment are formulated in directives and product codes (standards), as necessary.
Annex C provides information when other parties are involved in calibration, verification and validation activities.

ISO 18278-2:2016 provides specific test procedures for the determination of the acceptable welding current range and the electrode life.
It is applicable for the evaluation of the weldability of assemblies of uncoated and coated sheets of individual thicknesses from 0,4 mm to 6,0 mm.

ISO/TR 14745:2015 provides recommendations for post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) of steels with recommendations for holding temperatures and holding times for different materials and material thicknesses. These recommendations are limited to stress relieving for non-alloy steels (groups 1, 2, 3, 4, and 11) and to tempering for Cr-Mo-(Ni) steels (groups 5 and 6) and martensitic stainless steels (group 7.2), and are independent of type of product or location. The recommendations do not supersede any guidance given in material supplier specifications, e. g. thermo-mechanically treated fine-grain steels. It does not specify when PWHT is required. Such requirements are given in product standards, material specifications, or material data sheets.

ISO 14554-1:2013 specifies requirements for the demonstration of the capability of a manufacturer or a sub-contractor to produce welded constructions, fulfilling specified quality requirements, in one or more of the following: a) a contract between involved parties; b) an application standard; c) a regulatory requirement.
The requirements contained within ISO 14554-1:2013 can be adopted in full or can be selectively deleted by the manufacturer if not applicable to the construction concerned. They provide a flexible framework for the control of welding by providing specific requirements for: 1) Case 1 ? resistance welding in contracts which require the manufacturer or sub-contractor to have a quality system in accordance with ISO 9001; 2) Case 2 ? resistance welding in contracts which require the manufacturer or sub-contractor to have a quality system other than ISO 9001; 3) Case 3 ? resistance welding as guidance to a manufacturer or sub-contractor developing a quality system; 4) Case 4 ? references in application standards which use resistance welding as part of their requirements or in a contract between relevant parties, although it is more appropriate for ISO 14554‑2 to be used in such cases.
ISO 14554-1:2013: i) is independent of the type of welded construction to be manufactured; ii) defines quality requirements for welding both in production plants and on site; iii) provides guidance for describing the capability of a manufacturer to produce welded constructions to meet specified requirements; iv) can also be used as a basis for assessing the manufacturer in respect to his welding capability.
For general guidelines for selection and use, see ISO 3834‑1, while being aware that only comprehensive and elementary quality requirements are specified for resistance welding. An annex gives a summary comparison of specific quality requirements for resistance welding in ISO 14554-1:2013 and ISO 14554‑2.

ISO 14554-2:2013 specifies requirements for the demonstration of the capability of a manufacturer or a sub-contractor to produce welded constructions, fulfilling specified quality requirements, in one or more of the following: a) a contract between involved parties; b) an application standard; c) a regulatory requirement.
The requirements contained within ISO 14554-2:2013 can be adopted in full or can be selectively deleted by the manufacturer if not applicable to the construction concerned. They provide a flexible framework for the control of welding by providing specific requirments for: 1) Case 1 ? resistance welding in contracts which require the manufacturer or sub-contractor to have a quality system other than ISO 9001[1] and where the documented welding control has a minor importance to the overall integrity of the final construction; 2) Case 2 ? resistance welding as guidance to a manufacturer or sub-contractor developing a quality system; 3) Case 3 ? references in application standards which use resistance welding as part of their requirements or in a contract between relevant parties.
ISO 14554-2:2013: i) is independent of the type of welded construction to be manufactured; ii) defines quality requirements for welding both in production plants and on site; iii) provides guidance for describing the capability of a manufacturer to produce welded constructions to meet specified requirements; iv) can also be used as a basis for assessing the manufacturer in respect to his welding capability.
For general guidelines for selection and use, see ISO 3834‑1, while being aware that only comprehensive and elementary requirements are specified for resistance welding. An annex gives a summary comparison of specific quality requirements for resistance welding in ISO 14554-2:2013 and ISO 14554‑1.

ISO 14732:2013 specifies requirements for qualification of welding operators and also weld setters for mechanized and automatic welding.
ISO 14732:2013 does not apply to personnel exclusively performing loading or unloading of the automatic welding unit.
ISO 14732:2013 is applicable when qualification testing of welding operators and weld setters is required by the contract or by the application standard.
The requirements for testing of stud welding operators and setters are given in ISO 14555. The qualification and revalidation is in accordance with ISO 14732:2013.
One annex deals with functional knowledge. Another annex deals with welding technical knowledge, a third annex outlines the qualification test certificate.

ISO 12932:2013 specifies quality levels of imperfections in laser-arc hybrid welded joints for all types of steel, nickel and its alloys. It applies to material thickness ≥0,5 mm.
Three quality levels are given in order to permit application for a wide range of welded fabrication. They are designated by B, C and D. Quality level B corresponds to the highest requirement on the finished weld. The quality levels refer to production quality and not to the fitness-for-purpose of the product manufactured.

ISO 15614-14:2013 specifies how a preliminary welding procedure specification is qualified by welding procedure tests.
ISO 15614-14:2013 defines the conditions for the execution of welding procedure tests and the range of qualification for welding procedures for all practical welding operations within the range of variables listed.

ISO 15609-6:2013 specifies requirements for the content of welding procedure specifications for laser-arc hybrid welding processes.
Variables listed in ISO 15609-6:2013 are those influencing the quality and the properties of the welded joint.

This European Standard complements EN 1708-1 with regard to applications in industrial, chemical and pharmaceutical sectors. It specifies established examples on how to construct claddings, linings and dissimilar joints and complex connections relevant to the welding technology and with regard to pressurized components (e.g. vessels, boilers and piping). In the following text therefore the term pressurized components will be used.
These examples can also be used for other applications provided the relevant requirements are taken into account. For exceptional cases such as specific problems concerning corrosion or materials in need of special processes, other solutions can be necessary which are to be agreed upon between purchaser and manufacturer.
Appropriate national regulations and corresponding design specifications are to be followed when selecting design examples as well as, if applicable, different or further requirements.
This European Standard does not override conditions on dimensioning of welded joints regarding strength (e.g.   according to EN 12952, EN 12953, EN 13445 and EN 13480). It is to be applied in accordance with the specified application limits for pressurized components subject to compression stress with bearing wall thicknesses  30 mm. This limit is chosen for structural reasons and not for the heat treatment that may be required. The wall thickness limit applies to butt welds in the bearing vessel wall only and does not apply to flanges, torispherical heads, flat ends or other similar parts.
This European Standard applies to the following types of steel:
- non alloyed steels with a minimum tensile strength of Rm  450 MPa;
- P295GH and 16Mo3 according to EN 10028-2;
- fine-grain steels according to EN 10028-3 with a minimum yield point ReL  355 MPa;
- austenitic steels according to EN 10028-7.
This European Standard can also be applied to other steels and/or larger wall thicknesses, provided that an agreement has been made between the manufacturer and the purchaser/operating authority.

ISO 15609-5:2011 specifies requirements for the content of welding procedure specifications for resistance spot, seam, butt and projection welding processes. It is necessary to establish the acceptability of applying the principles of ISO 15609-5:2011 to other resistance and related welding processes before any qualification is undertaken.
Variables listed in ISO 15609-5:2011 are those influencing either weld dimensions (quality), weld nugget dimension, weld pattern positioning, mechanical properties or geometry of the welded joint.

The purpose of this European Standard is to exemplify commonly accepted welded connections in pressure systems. It does not promote the standardization of connections that may be regarded as mandatory or restrict development in any way. Stress analysis rules should be considered if necessary.
This standard contains examples of connections welded by:
-   Manual metal-arc welding with covered electrode (111);
-   Submerged arc welding (12);
-   Gas shielded metal arc welding (13);
-   Tungsten inert gas arc welding; TIG-welding (14);
-   Plasma arc welding (15)
processes (process numbers according to EN ISO 4063) in steel pressure systems. Other processes by agreement.
This standard covers welded joint details in steel, but can be applied to other metallic materials. In such cases the shape and dimensions of the weld should be checked.
The estimation of the suitability of welded connections for special service conditions, for example corrosion and fatigue are not specially considered.

ISO 15609-4:2009 specifies requirements for the content of the welding procedure specification (WPS) for laser beam welding processes, including overlay welding. It is not applicable to other processes for cladding (e.g. thermal spraying).
Variables listed in ISO 15609-4:2009 are those influencing the quality and properties of the welded joint.