ISO 1213-2:2016

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 1213-2
Second edition
2016-12-15
Solid mineral fuels — Vocabulary —
Part 2:
Terms relating to sampling, testing
and analysis
Combustibles minéraux solides — Vocabulaire —
Partie 2: Termes relatifs à l’échantillonnage, l’essai et l’analyse
Reference number
©
ISO 2016
© ISO 2016, Published in Switzerland
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ii © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword .iv
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
Bibliography .27
Alphabetical index .28
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
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electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
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Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 27, Solid mineral fuels, Subcommittee SC 1, Coal
preparation: Terminology and performance.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 1213-2:1992), which has been technically
revised.
A list of all parts in the ISO 1213 series can be found on the ISO website.
iv © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 1213-2:2016(E)
Solid mineral fuels — Vocabulary —
Part 2:
Terms relating to sampling, testing and analysis
1 Scope
This document defines terms commonly employed in the sampling, testing and analysis of solid
mineral fuels.
Alternative names are given for several terms. In some cases, however, the use of the alternative name
is deprecated (as indicated).
An alphabetical index, with numerical cross reference is provided.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
3.1
abrasion
loss of material from particle surfaces of a solid mineral fuel, or from other surfaces in contact with the
particles, caused by friction between contacting surfaces
3.2
abrasion index
total mass lost by the abrasion (3.1) of four carbon steel blades when rotated in a specified mass of a
solid mineral fuel under specified conditions
Note 1 to entry: Expressed in milligrams of metal lost per kilogram of solid mineral fuel.
3.3
abrasion value
resistance to abrasion (3.1) of the coke (3.42) after reaction with carbon dioxide in the CRI test, measured
as the percentage of a sample passing through a 0,5 mm sieve after tumbling under conditions specified
3.4
adiabatic calorimeter
calorimeter that adjusts its jacket temperature constantly to be identical to bomb temperature, thereby
preventing heat losses
Note 1 to entry: The inner calorimeter chamber and the jacket exchange no energy because the water temperature
in both is identical during the test. The water in the external jacket is heated or cooled to match the temperature
change in the calorimeter proper.
3.5
accuracy
closeness of agreement between an observation and the “true” value
Note 1 to entry: The accuracy of a result should not be confused with its precision. A result may be precise but it
is only accurate when it is free of bias (3.18).
3.6
adventitious ash
DEPRECATED: extraneous ash
ash arising from mineral matter (3.136) associated with, but not inherent in, a solid mineral fuel
3.7
air-dried basis
means of expressing an analytical result based on the condition in which a solid mineral fuel is in
equilibrium with atmospheric humidity
3.8
air-drying
process of bringing the moisture content of the sample near to equilibrium with the atmosphere, in the
area in which further reduction of the sample are to take place
Note 1 to entry: The solid mineral fuel in this state is composed of absorbed moisture, mineral matter and
organic matter.
3.9
anthracite
coal (3.39) of high rank (3.174), with a low volatile matter (3.239) content and a semi-metallic lustre,
and which does not soften or swell when heated
3.10
apparent relative density
ratio of the mass of a fuel (lump sample) to the mass of an equal volume of water (at the same
temperature), inclusive of any voids within the fuel subjected to the test
Note 1 to entry: The apparent relative density should not be confused with the bulk density (3.25).
3.11
ash
residue obtained by incineration of a solid mineral fuel under specified conditions
3.12
ash analysis
analysis of ash (3.11) for its elemental composition
Note 1 to entry: The elements usually determined are silicon, aluminium, iron, magnesium, manganese, titanium,
calcium, sodium, potassium, phosphorus and sulfur, and these are usually expressed as oxides.
3.13
ash fusibility
characteristic physical state of the ash (3.11) obtained by heating under specified conditions
Note 1 to entry: Ash fusibility is determined under either oxidizing or reducing atmosphere (3.176) conditions.
Note 2 to entry: See also deformation temperature, sphere temperature (3.215), hemisphere temperature (3.98)
and flow temperature (3.75).
3.14
ash viscosity
measure of the resistance to flow of ash (3.11) in the fused state
2 © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

3.15
as received basis
as sampled basis
means of expressing an analytical result based on the condition where total moisture (3.232) is included
3.16
base/acid ratio
ratio of the mass of basic oxides (iron(III) oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, disodium oxide and
dipotassium oxide) to the mass of acidic oxides (silica, aluminium oxide and titanium (IV) oxide) in
ash (3.11)
Note 1 to entry: This ratio can be used in the determination of the fouling factor (3.81) and the slagging factor.
3.17
batch
quantity of a solid mineral fuel produced at one time under relatively uniform conditions
3.18
bias
systematic error (3.68) which leads to the average value of a series of results being persistently higher
or persistently lower than those obtained using a reference sampling method
Note 1 to entry: Bias is the total systematic error as contrasted to random error. There may be one or more
systematic error components contributing to the bias. A larger systematic difference from the accepted reference
value is reflected by a larger bias value.
3.19
bias of scale
bias (3.18) that is constant and independent of the range of values measured
3.20
bituminous coal
general descriptive term for coal (3.39) of rank (3.174) between anthracite (3.9) and brown coal and
lignite (3.24)
Note 1 to entry: The vitrinites in all coals in the bituminous range melt and form a coke when the coal is heated
above 400 °C in the absence of air.
Note 2 to entry: In some countries, coals of rank immediately below that of bituminous coal are referred to as
sub-bituminous coals.
3.21
blast furnace coke
strong, large coke (3.116) for use in blast furnaces
Note 1 to entry: Blast furnace coke is generally produced from blends of bituminous coals (3.20), which may
incorporate additives.
Note 2 to entry: Blast furnace coke usually has a low reactivity to carbon dioxide.
3.22
breakage
particle size reduction (3.155) resulting from impact and/or compression
3.23
breeze
undersize after separating the smallest size of graded coke (3.91)
Note 1 to entry: Breeze is usually less than 10 mm in size.
3.24
brown coal and lignite
coals (3.39) of low rank (3.174) characterized by high inherent moisture, high volatile matter (3.239)
and low calorific value
Note 1 to entry: In some countries, the terms are used to describe all low-rank coals up to bituminous coals (3.20).
In other countries, the coals at the higher end of the range are referred to as sub-bituminous coals.
3.25
bulk density
mass of a portion of a solid mineral fuel divided by the volume of the container which is filled by that
portion under specified conditions
Note 1 to entry: Bulk density values can have range and may depend on previous handling, time and weather.
The values on stockpiles can also vary from loose free fall situations to compacted filled by that portion under
specified conditions.
3.26
bulk sample
sample of large mass, taken in a particular operation for a specific reason such as for float sink
analysis (3.78)
3.27
caking of coal
property of coal (3.39) when heating without access of air to a plastic condition with formation of the
connected non-volatile residue
3.28
caking index
measure of the caking power of a coal in terms of the mechanical strength (3.132) of the coke (3.42)
obtained by carbonization, under specified conditions, of an intimate mixture of the coal (3.39) and
standard anthracite (3.9)
3.29
calorific value gross at constant volume
absolute value of the specific energy of combustion, in joules, for unit mass of a solid fuel burned in
oxygen in a calorimetric bomb under the conditions specified
Note 1 to entry: The products of combustion are assumed to consist of gaseous oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide
and sulfur dioxide, of liquid water (in equilibrium with its vapour) saturated with carbon dioxide under the
conditions of the bomb reaction, and of solid ash, all at the reference temperature.
Note 2 to entry: Equipment such as Adiabatic and or Isothermal bomb calorimeters are used to determine
this result.
3.30
calorific value net at constant volume
absolute value of the specific energy of combustion, in joules, for unit mass of the fuel burned in oxygen
under conditions of constant volume and such that all the water of the reaction remains as water vapour
(in a hypothetical state at 0,1 Mpa), the other products being as for the gross calorific value all at the
reference temperature
Note 1 to entry: The net calorific value at constant volume is the negative value of the net specific energy of
combustion.
3.31
calorific value net at constant pressure
absolute value of the specific heat (enthalpy) of combustion in joules, for unit mass of the fuel burned in
oxygen at constant pressure under such conditions that all the water of the reaction products remains
as water vapour (at 0,1 Mpa), the other products being as for the gross calorific value, all at the reference
temperature
4 © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

3.32
carbominerite
collective term for inter growths of minerals and macerals (3.121)
Note 1 to entry: The various types of carbominerite with their compositions are given in Table 1.
Table 1 — Types and compositions of carbominerite
Type Volume percentage of minerals
Carbargilite 20 to 60, clay minerals
Carbopyrite 5 to 20, sulfides
Carbankerite 20 to 60, carbonates
Carbosilicite 20 to 60, quartz
a
Carbopolyminerite 20 to 60, various minerals
a
The term is used also for carbopolyminerite containing a maximum
of 5 % of mineral matter, provided that sulfides form a substantial part of
the mineral matter.
3.33
carbon in mineral matter
carbon in the mineral matter carbonates of a solid mineral fuel
3.34
carboxyreactivity
rate of reaction of a solid mineral fuel with carbon dioxide under specified conditions
3.35
channel sample
sample of raw coal (3.39) and associated inorganic material taken by removing a channel of even cross-
section from the seam
Note 1 to entry: Where the full section of the seam is not accessible or not required, this term may refer to a
sample taken either from a specifically defined portion of the seam, or from the floor to roof as mined or exposed.
3.36
char
solid, partially or non-agglomerated carbonaceous material produced by the pyrolysis of solid
mineral fuels
3.37
chute
inclined trough for conveying solid mineral fuel to a lower level
3.38
clinkering
aggregation of particles of ash (3.11) after it has melted during the course of combustion of a solid
mineral fuel or during gasification
Note 1 to entry: The aggregated particles may include small amounts of unburnt solid mineral fuel.
3.39
coal
combustible sedimentary rock formed from altered plant remains consolidated under superimposed
strata
Note 1 to entry: The characteristics of different coals are due to differences in source plant material, in
the conditions and the degree of change that the material has undergone in its geological history, and in the
range of impurities present. Coals can be characterized macroscopically by their lithotype composition and
microscopically by their maceral and microlithotype (3.123) compositions.
3.40
coalification
process by which accumulated plant matter is compacted and transformed into coal (3.39)
3.41
coefficient of variation
standard deviation (3.216), expressed as a percentage of the absolute value of the arithmetic mean
s
CV =×100%
x
where CV is normally denoted as v.
3.42
coke
solid, agglomerated carbonaceous residue produced by the pyrolysis of coal (3.39) in the absence of air
3.43
coke reactivity index
CRI
percentage weight loss of coke (3.42) after reaction with carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide under
specified conditions
3.44
coke strength after reaction
CSR
strength of coke (3.42) after reaction with carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide in the CRI test,
measured as the percentage retained on either a 10,0 mm or a 9,5 mm sieve after tumbling under
specified conditions
3.45
combustible matter
theoretical state of a solid mineral fuel without moisture and mineral matter (3.136) other than pyritic
sulfur (3.170) and sulfidic sulfur
3.46
combustible sulfur
sulfur which reacts with oxygen when a solid mineral fuel is burnt under specified controlled conditions
Note 1 to entry: Most of the reacted sulfur reports as SO in the chimney gas, but under certain conditions, some
of the sulfur is captured by alkaline minerals in the ash
3.47
common sample
sample collected for more than one intended use
3.48
complete seam profile sample for each bench
collective designation of the coal samples taken separately from each coal bench and band of the tested
seam or a part of it which is a section of a thick seam
3.49
constant mass division
method of increment or sample division (3.194) in which the portions retained from individual
increments (3.106), partial samples (3.153) or gross samples (3.94) are of uniform mass
3.50
continuous sampling
taking of a sample from each consecutive sub-lot (3.221) so that increments (3.106) are taken at uniform
intervals whenever the fuel is handled at the point of sampling
6 © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

3.51
correlation coefficient
measure of the degree of correlation between the members of paired sets
3.52
core sample
cylindrical sample of the whole or part of a coal seam obtained from drilling using a coring barrel
Note 1 to entry: The diameter of the core may vary from 50 mm to 1000 mm depending on the reason for which
the sample is required. However, 50 mm to 200 mm is the most common core diameter range.
3.53
crucible swelling number
CSN
number which defines, by reference to a series of standard profiles, the size and shape of the residue
obtained when a specified mass of coal (3.39) is heated in a covered crucible under specified conditions
Note 1 to entry: ASTM Standards use the term free swelling index (FSI) for this test.
3.54
crush (verb)
action of reducing the particle size of a sample to produce particles at the required nominal top size
(3.144) required
Note 1 to entry: See also grind (3.93).
3.55
cut coke
screened coke (3.42) from which the oversize has been reduced by mechanical means and rescreened
3.56
cutter
mechanical sampling device which extracts increments (3.106)
3.57
deformation interval
softening interval
interval between the deformation temperature (3.58) and the hemisphere temperature (3.98)
3.58
deformation temperature
temperature at which deformation of a test piece prepared from ash (3.11), by a specified procedure,
occurs
Note 1 to entry: When using cylindrical (or cubicoidal) test pieces, a change of the surface and the rounding of the
edges at the rim or corner.
Note 2 to entry: When using pyramidal test pieces, the rounding of the tip of the test piece. Shrinkage or distortion
of the test piece, or rounding of cracks and fins, are not criteria for deformation and should be ignored if the tip
and edges remain sharp.
3.59
dial divisions per minute
ddpm
measure of stirrer rotation rate, in the Gieseler Plastometer method
Note 1 to entry: There are 100 dial divisions for each full 360° rotation of the stirrer. The fluidity (3.77) result is
expressed as total dial division turned by the stirrer in a one-minute time period
3.60
dilatation
measure of the volume change produced by heating a coal (3.39) through its plastic range (3.162) under
specified conditions
Note 1 to entry: Similar tests with their own specified conditions have been developed historically, including
Audibert-Arnu and the Ruhr Coal test.
3.61
dirt band
DEPRECATED: shale band
layer of mineral matter (3.136) lying parallel to the bedding plane in a seam of coal (3.39)
3.62
divided increment
part obtained from the division of the increment (3.106) in order to decrease its mass
Note 1 to entry: Such division may be done with or without prior size reduction.
3.63
dry ash-free basis
means of expressing an analytical result based on a hypothetical condition in which the solid mineral
fuel is considered to be free from both moisture and ash (3.11)
3.64
dry basis
means of expressing an analytical result based on the condition in which the solid mineral fuel is free
from moisture
3.65
dry mineral-matter-free basis
means of expressing an analytical result based on a hypothetical condition in which the solid mineral
fuel is considered to be free from both moisture and mineral matter (3.136)
3.66
duplicate determination
determination of a characteristic on two portions of the same test sample (3.226) carried out by the
same operator using the same apparatus but at different times
3.67
duplicate sampling
particular case of replicate sampling (3.185) with only two replicate samples
3.68
error
difference between the observation and the accepted reference value as defined in ISO 5725-1:1994
3.69
falling stream
stream of solid mineral fuel in free fall, for example, from the end of a conveyor
3.70
final fluidity temperature
temperature at which stirrer rotation rate reached 1 ddpm in the Gieseler Plastometer test
3.71
fixed carbon
remainder after the percentages of the moisture in the analysis sample, ash (3.11) and volatile matter
(3.239) are subtracted from 100 reported on an air-dried basis
Note 1 to entry: Fixed carbon may also be calculated to different bases.
8 © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

3.72
fixed mass division
method of sample division (3.194) in which the mass retained is predetermined and independent of the
mass of the feed
3.73
fixed rate division
method of increment or sample division (3.194) in which the portions retained from individual
increments (3.106), partial samples (3.153) or gross samples (3.94) have a mass proportional to the mass
of the increment, partial sample or gross sample
Note 1 to entry: In fixed rate division, the mass of sample retained is a fixed proportion of the mass of the feed.
3.74
fixed sulfur
sulfur which is present in the solid residue (non-volatile) after the pyrolysis of a solid mineral fuel at a
particular temperature
3.75
flow temperature
temperature at which a test piece, prepared from ash (3.11) by a specified procedure, loses its profile
and flows to the extent that its height is one third of its height at the hemisphere temperature (3.98)
3.76
flattened-heap method
method of sample division (3.194) in which a sample is flattened and divided into identical rectangles
and from each rectangle, one increment (3.106) is taken using a scoop and bump plate and combined
into a divided sample
3.77
fluidity
measure of the viscosity of a coal (3.39) in its plastic state determined under specified conditions
3.78
float sink analysis
laboratory procedure for analysing raw coal samples, using organic and/or other high specific gravity
solutions adjusted to various gravities to predict ash (3.11) levels and yield for coal product(s) and
reject(s) in a coal preparation plant
3.79
formed coke
coke (3.42) specially prepared from coal (3.39) by processes involving the compaction of particles into
a regularly shaped artefact
3.80
forms of sulfur
collective term for the pyritic sulphur (3.170), sulfate sulfur (3.222) and organic sulfur (3.149) in a solid
mineral fuel
Note 1 to entry: For the purposes of this definition, elemental sulfur and monosulfides, which may be present in
certain solid mineral fuels, are disregarded.
3.81
fouling factor
measure of the tendency of ash (3.11) to form sintered deposits in the convective zone of a furnace
3.82
fouling index
empirical estimate of the fouling propensity of coal ash
3.83
foundry coke
very strong, very large, dense coke (3.42) for use in foundry cupola furnaces
Note 1 to entry: It is prepared in coke ovens from selected coking coal blends, and may incorporate additives.
Many cokes including foundry and blast furnace cokes (3.21) have several functions, provide carbon for reduction,
heat to melt the metal, support the burden and finally aid permeability for passage of CO and CO.
3.84
free moisture
moisture which is lost by the solid mineral fuel sample in attaining approximate equilibrium with the
atmosphere to which it is exposed
Note 1 to entry: This term sometimes called surface moisture.
3.85
froth flotation laboratory test
laboratory procedure for the froth flotation testing of fine coal (3.39) less than 0,5 mm under specified
conditions
3.86
fuel
energy carriers intended for energy conversion such as coal (3.39) or coke (3.42)
3.87
fuel ratio
ratio of fixed carbon (3.71) to volatile matter (3.239) on the same basis of analysis
3.88
gas coke
coke (3.42)usually made from high volatile bituminous coal (3.20) at high temperature in gas making
carbonization plants
3.89
general analysis
determination of the chemical and physical characteristics of a solid mineral fuel, other than the
determination of total moisture (3.232)
3.90
general analysis test sample
sample, crushed to pass a sieve, of nominal size of 212 μm, complying with ISO 3310-1, used for the
determination of most chemical and some physical characteristics of a solid mineral fuel
3.91
graded coke
coke (3.42) which has been screened between two specified sizes
3.92
Gray-King coke type
type, denoted by a letter, with a subscript in certain cases, which defines, by reference to a series of
standard profiles, the size, strength and texture of the coke (3.42) residue obtained when a specified
mass of coal (3.39) is heated in a retort tube under specified conditions
3.93
grind (verb)
DEPRECATED: mill (verb)
action of reducing the particle size of a sample to produce fine particles
10 © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

3.94
gross sample
quantity of a solid mineral fuel consisting of all the increments (3.106) or partial samples (3.153) taken
from a sub-lot (3.221), either in the condition as taken or after the increments have been individually
reduced and/or divided
3.95
hand placing
operation by which an attempt is made to pass each particle of solid mineral fuel through a stationary
sieve by presenting it to the sieve in all possible orientations but without the use of force
3.96
hand shaking
manual shaking
operation in which a sieve is held in the hands and is given a gentle horizontal oscillatory motion
3.97
hardgrove grindability index
measure of the grindability of a coal (3.39) determined by testing a specially prepared sample in
standard apparatus
3.98
hemisphere temperature
temperature at which the height of a test piece, prepared from ash (3.11) by a specified procedure, is
equal to half the width of the base, and its shape becomes approximately hemispherical
3.99
high temperature coke
solid, agglomerated carbonaceous residue of the pyrolysis of coal (3.39) at temperatures above 850 °C
3.100
humic acid
group of complex organic, amorphous compounds of high relative molecular mass occurring as free
acids and as metal salts (humates) in coal (3.39), which can be extracted by a sodium hydroxide solution
3.101
huminite
group of medium grey macerals (3.121) having reflectances (3.177) generally between those of the
associated darker liptinites (3.117) and the lighter inertinites (3.109)
3.102
hydrogen in mineral matter
hydrogen in the water of constitution (3.243) in the mineral matter (3.136) of a solid mineral fuel
3.103
hydroreactivity
rate of reaction of a solid mineral fuel with water vapour under specified conditions
3.104
hygroscopic moisture of brown coals and lignites
part of total moisture (3.232) which is retained by a brown coal or lignite after exposing it to the
atmosphere and allowing it to attain a constant mass, at 20 °C ± 2 °C and (70 ± 5) % relative humidity
3.105
ignition temperature
minimum temperature at which a solid mineral fuel liberates enough volatile matter (3.239) to form,
together with the surrounding atmosphere, a flammable mixture
3.106
increment
portion of fuel (3.86) extracted in a single operation of the sampling device
Note 1 to entry: For some types of sampling device, a single operation consists of a double pass (back and forth)
through the stream.
3.107
inert (inorganic)
constituents of a solid mineral fuel which decrease its efficiency in a specific use
3.108
inert (organic)
maceral (3.121) components of a coal (3.39) which do not soften or swell during the process of
carbonization
3.109
inertinite
maceral (3.121) group that comprises macerals whose reflectance (3.177) in low and medium-rank coals
(3.39) and in sedimentary rocks of corresponding rank (3.174) is higher in comparison to the macerals
of the vitrinite (3.241) and liptinite (3.117) groups
3.110
inherent ash
ash (3.11) arising from mineral matter (3.136) present in the original plant material from which the
solid mineral fuel was formed and from mineral matter incorporated intimately in the solid mineral
fuel during the coalification (3.40) process
3.111
intermittent sampling
taking of a sample from only certain sub-lots (3.221) of fuel (3.86)
3.112
irsid indices
percentages of a specially prepared sample of coke (3.42) remaining on a test sieve of 40 mm nominal
size of openings (round hole) and passing a test sieve of 10 mm nominal size of openings (round hole),
denoted by I and I , respectively, after the sample has been subjected to 500 revolutions by a
40 10
specified procedure in a rotating drum
Note 1 to entry: Other indices, for example, I , may be reported in addition to, or in place of, I if required.
20 40
3.113
isoperibol calorimeter
isothermal type calorimeter that has a jacket of uniform and constant temperature
Note 1 to entry: These calorimeters have the inner chamber surrounded by a water jacket in which the
temperature is maintained at ambient temperature. The outer jacket acts like a thermostat and the thermal
conductivity of the interspace between the two chambers is kept as even as possible.
3.114
laboratory sample
sample prepared from the gross or partial sample (3.153) as delivered to the laboratory and from which
further samples are prepared for test purposes
3.115
large coal
coal (3.39) above a specified lower limiting size, without any upper size limit
3.116
large coke
coke (3.42) with lower size of 20 mm and above, with or without upper size limit
12 © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

3.117
liptinite
maceral (3.121) distinguished from other macerals by its lower reflectance
Note 1 to entry: Fluorescence properties have become an important secondary distinguishing feature.
Note 2 to entry: Liptinite macerals have a low reflectance and high hydrogen content until their properties
converge with those of vitrinite (3.241).
3.118
lot
defined quantity of fuel (3.86) for which the overall quality is to be determined
Note 1 to entry: A lot may be divided into a number of sub-lots (3.221).
3.119
low temperature coke
solid, agglomerated carbonaceous residue of the pyrolysis of coal (3.39) at a temperature between
500 °C and 850 °C
3.120
lump section
piece of solid mineral fuel of size suitable for polishing and examination under the microscope
Note 1 to entry: One face of the lump section, usually that perpendicular to the bedding plane, is ground and
polished.
3.121
maceral
smallest microscopically identifiable constituents of coal (3.39) and of fossil organic matter finely
dispersed in sediments
3.122
maceral group
collective term for macerals (3.121) having broadly similar properties in a single coal (3.39) of specific
rank (3.174)
Note 1 to entry: See Table 2.
Table 2 — Macerals as defined in the IC CP 1994 system
Maceral group Maceral sub-group Maceral Maceral variety
Vitrinite/ Telovitrinite/ Telinite Textinite
huminite telohuminite
Collotelinite Ulminite
Detrovitrinite/ Vitrodetrinite Attrinite
detrohuminite
Collodetrinite Densinite
Gelovitrinite/ Corpogelinite Corpohuminite
gelohuminite
Gelinite Gelinite
Inertinite Not sub-groups sensu stricto: Fusinite
(with plant cell structure) Semifusinite
Funginite
(lacking plant cell structure) Secretinite
Macrinite
Micrinite
(fragmented inertinite) Inertodetrinite
Note 1 to entry: Huminite maceral subgroups can be used synonymously with those from the vitrinite group. Huminite
macerals, however, cannot be used synonymously with vitrinite macerals.
Table 2 (continued)
Maceral group Maceral sub-group Maceral Maceral variety
Liptinite Cutinite
Suberinite
Sporinite
Resinite
Exsudatinite
Chlorophyllinite
Alginite Telalginite
Lamalginite
Liptodetrinite
Bituminite
Note 1 to entry: Huminite maceral subgroups can be used synonymously with those from the vitrinite group. Huminite
macerals, however, cannot be used synonymously with vitrinite macerals.
3.123
microlithotype
naturally occurring maceral (3.121) or association of macerals with a minimum band width of 50 μm
Note 1 to entry: Microlithotypes are classified in one of three categories, namely, monomaceral, bimaceral and
trimaceral microlithotypes, according to whether they contain significant proportions of macerals of one, two or
three maceral groups (3.122). For the bimaceral and trimaceral microlithotypes, the proportion of an individual
maceral group is more than 5 % by volume in each case.
Note 2 to entry: The classification of the main microlithotypes in bituminous coal (3.20) and anthracite and their
maceral group compositions are given in Table 3.
Table 3 — Classification of the main microlithotypes
Maceral-group composition
Microlithotype (total greater than or equal to 95 % by vol-
ume, mineral-free basis)
Monomaceral Vitrinite
Vitrite Liptinite
Liptite Inertinite
lnertite
Bimaceral Vitrinite + Liptinite
Cia rite Inertinite + Liptinite
Durite Vitrinite + Inertinite
Vitrinertite
Trimaceral Vitrinite + Liptinite + Inertinite
Trimacerite
3.124
manual sampling
collection of increments (3.106) by human effort
3.125
mass based sampling
taking of increments (3.106), whereby the position of each increment to be collected from the stream of
fuel (3.86) is measured by a mass interval of stream flow and the increment mass is fixed
Note 1 to entry: Each increment or divided increment (3.62) constituting the partial sample (3.153) or the gross
sample (3.94) should be of almost uniform mass.
14 © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

3.126
maximum fluidity
maximum rate of rotation for the stirring shaft in dial divisions per minute (3.59), in the Gieseler
Plastometer test
3.127
maximum fluidity temperature
temperature at which the stirring shaft rotation reached the maximum rate in the Gieseler
Plastometer test
3.128
maximum reflectance
highest value of reflectance (3.177) obtained when any polished section of a particle or lump of coal
(3.39) is rotated in its own plane in linearly polarized light
3.129
mean size
weighted average particle size of any sample
3.130
mechanical sampling
taking of increments (3.106) by mechanical means
3.131
mechanical sampling system
operational mechanism and/or mechanical installation for taking increments (3.106) and sample
preparation (3.195)
3.132
mechanical strength
measure of the strength of coke (3.42) by applying mechanical stresses in a rotating drum
3.133
melting interval
interval between the hemisphere temperature (3.98) and the flow temperature (3.75)
3.134
micum index
percentage of a specially prepared sample of coke (3.42) remaining on a test sieve of 40 mm nominal
size of openings (round hole) and passing a test sieve of 10 mm nominal size of openings (round hole),
denoted by M and M , respectively, after the sample has been subjected to 100 revolutions by a
40 10
specified procedure in a rotating drum
Note 1 to entry: Other indices, e.g. M and M , may be reported if required.
60 20
3.135
milled coke
coke (3.42) reduced in size by milling (grinding) so that it will meet a nominal top size (3.144) of minus
212 μm with minimum fines
3.136
mineral matter
inorganic material, excluding moisture but including water of constitution (3.243), in a solid mineral fuel
Note 1 to entry: Mineral matter is calculated on a mass basis either from a direct determination at low
temperature or from the ash yield at high temperature.
3.137
mineral sulfur
sum of the pyritic sulfur (3.170) and sulfate sulfur (3.222) in a solid mineral fuel
Note 1 to entry: For the purposes of this definition, elemental sulfur and monosulfides, which may be present in
certain solid mineral fuels, are disregarded.
3.138
minerite
collective term for intergrowths of minerals with different macerals (3.121) where the proportion of
the total mineral matter (3.136) is more than 60 % by volume or if more than 20 % by volume of sulfide
minerals are present
3.139
moist
means of expressing an analytical result based on a hypothetical condition in which
the solid mineral fuel is considered to be ash-free but with a moisture content equal to the moisture-
holding capacity (3.141)
3.140
moist
means of expressing an analytical result based on a hypothetical condition
in which the solid mineral fuel is considered to be mineral-matter-free but with a moisture content
equal to the moisture-holding capacity (3.141)
3.141
moisture-holding capacity
moisture content of a solid mineral fuel in equilibrium with an atmosphere of 96 % relative humidity at
a temperature of 30 °C determined under specified conditions
Note 1 to entry: Moisture holding capacity is also referred to as equilibrium moisture.
3.142
moisture in air-dried sample
moisture in the solid mineral fuel sample after it has attained approximate equilibrium with the
atmosphere to which it is exposed
3.143
moisture in the general analysis sample
moisture content of the general analysis sample of a solid mineral fuel after it has attained approximate
equilibrium with the atmosphere in the laboratory and which is removable under specified conditions
3.144
nominal top size
smallest sieve in the range (3.173) included in the R 20 series on which not more than 5 % of the sample
is retained
Note 1 to entry: See ISO 565, square hole.
Note 2 to entry: See also top size, upper size (3.229).
3.145
off-line sample preparation
sample preparation (3.195) performed manually or by mechanical equipment not integral with the
mechanical sampling system (3.131)
3.146
on-line sample preparation
sample preparation (3.195) by mechanical equipment integral with the sampling system
16 © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

3.147
organic coal substance
part of a coal (3.39) which contains all of the organically combined carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen
and sulfur.
Note 1 to entry: Also includes other organically combined elements in plant tissue such as calcium, magnesium,
iron, phosphorus, potassium and some trace elements.
3.148
organic hydrogen
hydrogen in the organic matter of a solid mineral fuel
3.149
organic sulfur
sulfur which is bound in the organic matter of a solid mineral fuel
3.150
outlier
result which meets statistical criteria identifying it as an outlier, using, for example, Cochran’s maximum
variance test, and for which there is direct physical evidence of causation by gross deviation from the
prescribed experimental procedure
3.151
oxidizing atmosphere
gaseous medium consisting of oxygen, air, carbon dioxide, water vapour or a mixture of these,
irrespective of the proportions used
3.152
oxyreactivity
rate of reaction of a solid mineral fuel with oxygen under specified conditions
3.153
partial sample
sample representative of a part of the whole sub-lot (3.221), constituted in order to prepare laboratory
samples (3.114) or test samples (3.226)
Note 1 to entry: A partial sample may be obtained by combining all increments from a sub-lot (3.221) into two or
more sets, each set being composed of consecutive increments, the number of which need not be the same in all sets.
3.154
particle size
size of the sieve opening in which the particle is retained (i.e. does not pass)
Note 1 to entry: This may refer to sieves with round or square shaped holes. The shape of the holes shall be stated.
3.155
particle size reduction
process of crushing or grinding the sample to reduce the particle size (3.154)
3.156
particulate block
solid block consisting of particles of crushed coal (3.39) representative of the sample, bound in resin,
cast in a mould and with one face ground and polished
3.157
pass
passage of an increment (3.106) or a sample once through a sample divider
3.158
petrography
description of the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of rocks including fuels (3.86) and
also including the textures and composition of the individual constituents and their classification and
assessment
Note 1 to entry: In its narrower sense, petrography covers the microscopic examination analysis and
measurement of coal and coke.
3.159
petroleum coke
solid agglomerated product consisting principally of carbon, obtained most often by thermal cracking
of materials derived from petroleum
3.160
physical sample
sample taken specifically for the determination of physical characteristics, e.g. size analysis (3.205) or
strength indices
3.161
pillar sample
section of a seam taken in the form of a block or series of blocks of coal (3.39) with associated inorganic
rock which when arranged in correct vertical sequence, represent a true section of the seam
Note 1 to entry: Where the full section of the seam is not accessible or not required, this term refers to a sample
taken either from a specifically defined portion of the seam, or from the floor to roof as mined or exposed.
3.162
plastic range
difference between the initial softening temperature and the solidification temperature (3.214), in the
Gieseler Plastometer test
3.163
ply sample
sample taken from an individual ply or leaf or from a series of plies or leaves of a coal seam
3.164
porosity of coke
ratio of the volume of the voids within a piece of coke (3.42) to its apparent volume
Note 1 to entry: It is the difference between the true relative density (3.236) and the apparent relative density
(3.10) of a sample of coke expressed as a proportion of the true relative density.
3.165
post reaction strength
measure of the residual strength of a coke (3.42) after it has been subjected to a reactivity (3.175) test
3.166
precision
closeness of agreement between independent test results obtained under stipulated conditions
Note 1 to entry: It is often defined using an index of precision, such as two standard dev
...