ISO/IEC 18000-65:2026

FINAL DRAFT
International
Standard
ISO/IEC
FDIS
18000-65
ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31
Information technology — Radio
Secretariat: ANSI
frequency identification for item
Voting begins on:
management —
2025-10-31
Part 65:
Voting terminates on:
2025-12-26
Parameters for air interface
communications for streaming
sensors based on ISO/IEC 18000-63
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO SUBMIT,
WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION OF ANY
RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE
AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING DOCUMENTATION.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO­
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES, DRAFT
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE
TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL
TO BECOME STAN DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE
MADE IN NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
Reference number
ISO/IEC FDIS 18000­65:2025(en) © ISO/IEC 2025

FINAL DRAFT
ISO/IEC FDIS 18000-65:2025(en)
International
Standard
ISO/IEC
FDIS
18000-65
ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31
Information technology — Radio
Secretariat: ANSI
frequency identification for item
Voting begins on:
management —
Part 65:
Voting terminates on:
Parameters for air interface
communications for streaming
sensors based on ISO/IEC 18000-63
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO SUBMIT,
WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION OF ANY
RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE
AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING DOCUMENTATION.
© ISO/IEC 2025
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO­
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES, DRAFT
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
TO BECOME STAN DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE
MADE IN NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland Reference number
ISO/IEC FDIS 18000­65:2025(en) © ISO/IEC 2025

© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
ii
ISO/IEC FDIS 18000-65:2025(en)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Symbols, abbreviated terms and notations . 2
4.1 Symbols .2
4.2 Abbreviated terms .2
4.3 Notations .3
5 Streaming sensor . 3
5.1 General .3
5.2 Full duplex operation in backscatter communication .3
5.3 Configuration of streaming sensor .6
5.4 Streaming sensor state machine .7
5.5 Communication protocol .8
5.5.1 General .8
5.5.2 Writing configuration to tag and digital sensor.9
5.5.3 Streaming data frame . 13
5.5.4 Streaming data encoding . 13
5.5.5 StreamStart .14
5.5.6 StreamStop (full duplex operation) . 15
5.5.7 Subcarrier and bitrate allocation . 15
Annex A (normative) State transition tables for streaming sensors . 17
Annex B (informative) Stream sensor implementation guide .18
Annex C (informative) Write and Read command and reply sequence in stage 2 .21

© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
iii
ISO/IEC FDIS 18000-65:2025(en)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical
Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are
members of ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical
committees established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical activity.
ISO and IEC technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organizations,
governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the work.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types
of document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/
IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives or www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs).
ISO and IEC draw attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the
use of (a) patent(s). ISO and IEC take no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any
claimed patent rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO and IEC had
received notice of (a) patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers
are cautioned that this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent
database available at www.iso.org/patents and https://patents.iec.ch. ISO and IEC shall not be held
responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
In the IEC, see www.iec.ch/understanding-standards.
This document was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology,
Subcommittee SC 31, Automatic identification and data capture techniques.
A list of all parts in the ISO/IEC 18000 series can be found on the ISO and IEC websites.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards
body. A complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html and
www.iec.ch/national-committees.

© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
iv
ISO/IEC FDIS 18000-65:2025(en)
Introduction
Passive-backscatter Interrogator-Talks-First (ITF) systems comprise Interrogators, also known as readers
and tags. To differentiate the tags in ordinarily ITF system from the functional tags defined in this document,
the functional tag is referred as to streaming sensor. A streaming sensor comprises, at least, a tag, which
exploits the backscatter technology to establish the tag-to-interrogator link and an optional digital sensor.
If a stream sensor involves a digital sensor, the tag provides a unique identification number for the digital
sensor as well as working as a wireless modem between the interrogator and the digital sensor. Depending
on the usage of the system, the interrogator may process, store and pass-through the received data from the
tag. General functions as an item management application, specifically inventory, reading and writing tags
are utilizing functionality defined in ISO/IEC 18000-63.
This document is based on ISO/IEC 18000-63. The unique features of this document are to accommodate the
backscatter communication capability to various digital sensors and to allow simultaneous communication
between streaming sensors and interrogators.
The described backscatter sensor system supports the following system capabilities in addition to the basic
capability of ISO/IEC 18000-63:
— allocation of dedicated subcarrier frequency, bitrate and channel coding method to a selected set of
streaming sensors;
— start and stop control of continuous data streaming from the set of streaming sensors to the interrogator;
— configuration and read/write of digital sensors from the interrogator through the tag in a streaming sensor.

© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
v
FINAL DRAFT International Standard ISO/IEC FDIS 18000-65:2025(en)
Information technology — Radio frequency identification for
item management —
Part 65:
Parameters for air interface communications for streaming
sensors based on ISO/IEC 18000-63
1 Scope
This document establishes the air interface based on ISO/IEC 18000-63 for radio frequency identification
(RFID) devices operating in the 860 MHz to 930 MHz range used in sensing as well as item management
applications.
This document specifies the physical and logical requirements for a passive-backscatter Interrogator-Talks-
First (ITF) system.
This document specifies:
— logical and physical procedures between the interrogator and tags to allocate a dedicated subcarrier
channel to each of the tags to produce continuous data streaming;
— logical and physical procedure between the interrogator and the tags to start and stop the continuous
data streaming;
— logical interface between the interrogator and the tag to configure a digital sensor and to receive data
from the digital sensor through the tag.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes
requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/IEC 18000-63:2025,
Information technology — Radio frequency identification for item management — Part 63: Parameters
1)
for RAIN air interface communications at 860 MHz to 930 MHz Type C
ISO/IEC 19762,
Information technology — Automatic identification and data capture (AIDC) techniques — Vocabulary
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions giving in ISO/IEC 19762 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
1) Under preparation. Stage at the time of publication: ISO/IEC DIS 18000-63:2025.

© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
ISO/IEC FDIS 18000-65:2025(en)
3.1
streaming sensor
combination of a tag and a digital sensor (3.1)
Note 1 to entry: A tag is essentially a radio frequency integrated circuit to handle bilateral wireless communication
with interrogator.
3.2
digital sensor
sensor which furnishes a digital interface, particularly SPI in this document
Note 1 to entry: An analog digital converter with digital interface is considered to be a type of digital sensors.
3.3
streaming
continuous data transmission
3.4
differential coding
channel coding produced as the differential with respect to the previous symbol
4 Symbols, abbreviated terms and notations
4.1 Symbols
f designated DCO frequency
X 14 bits DCO value
4.2 Abbreviated terms
CPHA clock phase
CPOL clock polarity
DCO digitally controlled oscillator
EBV extensible bit vector
FS full function sensor indicator
LSB least significant bit
MB memory bank
MSB most significant bit
SPI serial peripheral interface
P/S parallel to serial conversion
RFU reserved for future use
RSSI received signal strength indicator
SSC streaming sensor configuration
TID tag-identification or tag identifier, depending on context
XPC_W1 XPC word 1
© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
ISO/IEC FDIS 18000-65:2025(en)
4.3 Notations
This document uses the following notational conventions.
— States are denoted as capital.
EXAMPLE 1 STREAMING.
— Commands are denoted in italics. Variables are also denoted in italics. Where there can be confusion
between commands and variables, this protocol will make an explicit statement.
EXAMPLE 2 StreamStart.
5 Streaming sensor
5.1 General
A streaming sensor can produce a continuous sensor data measurement over a dedicated subcarrier channel
using streaming data frames. The frequency and the bandwidth of the dedicated subcarrier channel are
allocated dynamically after inventory by the Interrogator. A streaming sensor logically comprises a tag and
an optional digital sensor typically connected using an SPI interface. A streaming sensor can house more
than one digital sensor and use one at a time by specifying the active digital sensor.
Configuration of the tag and the digital sensor in a streaming sensor is performed by writing to a specific
memory address with a Write or BlockWrite command of ISO/IEC 18000-63. Sensor data is collected by the
Interrogator as the digital sensor transfers measurements and the tag maps them into a specific memory
address to be read by a Read or BlockRead command of ISO/IEC 18000-63 for a one-time data capture.
Alternatively, the tag assembles the digital sensor measurements into stream data frames. The initiation of
streaming is triggered by StreamStart command. An on-going data streaming is terminated by StreamStop
command. If multiple streaming sensors are used simultaneously by allocating different subcarrier channels,
concurrent data collection from multiple streaming sensors can be realized.
5.2 Full duplex operation in backscatter communication
Control of streaming sensors, for example to suspend an ongoing stream, by issuing a command from an
Interrogator requires a full duplex operation in backscatter communication.
For a streaming sensor to recognize a command while the streaming sensor is actively backscattering and
harvesting power, the streaming sensor, specifically the tag in the streaming sensor, continuously samples
the incoming signal only when the tag is in the matched states, as shown in Figure 5-1.

© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
ISO/IEC FDIS 18000-65:2025(en)
Key
t decimation duration
d
s decimated samples
d
t decimation jitter caused by subcarrier symbol transition
dj
t subcarrier duration
sub
i impedance matched
stm
i impedance short
sts
Figure 5-1 — Subcarrier synchronized decimation to realize the true duplex in backscatter
communication
Given the subcarrier symbol transitions, the decimated samples are inevitably subjected to sampling jitter
of one subcarrier duration. To mitigate the jitter noise, any command from the Interrogator in the full duplex
operation shall be transmitted with a sufficiently slow symbol rate compared with the subcarrier frequency.
A command in the full duplex operation, such as StreamStop, is sent with 10 kHz coded rate with 2,5 kbps
bitrates using the encoding shown in Figure 5-2. The nominal modulation index of commands in the full
duplex operation is 0,5 to prevent the counterpart streaming sensors from powering down.
Key
fd-0 full duplex data-0
fd-1 full duplex data-1
m modulation index of full duplex command = typically 0,5
fd
t full duplex unit period = 100 µsec
fd
n number of full duplex cycle in a full duplex symbol = 4
fd
Figure 5-2 — Full duplex command encoding
Encoded commands in the full duplex operation shall be pulse-shaped to suppress unwanted emissions in
neighbouring frequency channels; the RF envelope shall conform with this. Parameters of RF envelop in the
full duplex operation are defined in Figure 5-3. The parameters in Figure 5-3 are described in Table 5-1.

© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
ISO/IEC FDIS 18000-65:2025(en)
Key
a modulation high level
b modulation low level
m envelope ripple low level
l
m envelope ripple high level
h
t time
t envelope fall time, 10 % to 90 %
f
t envelope rise time, 10 % to 90 %
r
w pulse width measured at 0,5(a + b)
p
Figure 5-3 — Interrogator-to-Tag RF envelope in full duplex communication
Table 5-1 — RF envelope parameters in full duplex communication
Parameter Symbol Minimum Nominal Maximum Unit
Modulation depth (a − b)/a 40 50 60 %
RF envelope ripple m = m 0 0,05 (a − b) V/m
h l
RF envelope fall time t 33 μs
f
RF envelope rise time t 33 μs
r
RF pulse width pw 48 50 52 μs
A typical pulse-shaping filter is a raised cosine filter with a roll-off factor from 0,8 to 1,0.
A command in full duplex operation is sent by adding a twenty-two-bit full duplex frame_start pattern,
comprising sixteen 0s followed by 101010, and terminated with a four-bit full duplex frame_end pattern,
0000, which is preceded by CRC-5 as shown in Table 5-2. In Table 5-2, 0{16} represents sixteen consecutive 0s.
Table 5-2 — Full duplex command frame
Full duplex frame_start Command and Data CRC Full duplex frame_end
Number of bits 22 5 4
Description 0{16}101010 CRC-5 0000
The data after the frame_start should produce a CRC-5 as follows:
5 3
— the generation polynomial is x + x + 1;
— the 5-bit register is preloaded with 01001 ;
© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
ISO/IEC FDIS 18000-65:2025(en)
— the data MSB was the input and all the data has been clocked;
— the final 5 bits are inverted to obtain CRC-5.
To check a CRC-5, first preload the entire CRC register with the value 01001 , then clock the received data
and CRC-5 bits. The CRC-5 check passes if the value in 00000 .
5.3 Configuration of streaming sensor
As a streaming sensor works as a Full Function Sensor of ISO/IEC 18000-63, the Full Function sensor
indicator (FS) bit 216 shall be set to 1 in XPC_W1 (see ISO/IEC 18000-63:2025, 6.3.2.1.2.5). The streaming
h 2
sensor configuration (SSC) memory pointer shall be implemented in the TID memory at memory word 2A
h
MSB first, as in Figure 5-4.
Figure 5‑4 — Structure of T‑ID memory for stream sensor configuration
The SSC memory pointer shall comprise 6 bits reserved for future use (RFU), followed by 2 bits identifying
the memory bank (MB) where the SSC is stored, and a 24-bit field specifying the starting word address of
the SSC in linear (non-EBV) format (see Table 5-3).

© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
ISO/IEC FDIS 18000-65:2025(en)
Table 5-3 — Structure of SSC memory pointer
RFU MB Word address
Number of bits 6 2 24
Description Reserved for future use Memory bank selector SSC starting word address
5.4 Streaming sensor state machine
The state flow for a streaming sensor is shown in Figure 5-5. The typical streaming sensor is first
inventoried and then recognized as a streaming sensor as an Interrogator checks the FS bit in XPC_W1. In
some application scenarios, target streaming sensors can be recognized by an application using their UIIs.
A dedicated subcarrier channel is allocated to a streaming sensor by writing to the SSC registers whose
leading address is given by the SSC memory pointer in TID memory. After the allocation of a subcarrier
channel, the digital sensor configuration, such as sampling rate, sensing range and sensing initiation,
is done in the OPEN state. Then, the streaming sensor is moved to the DCO_LOCKED state by a Write or
BlockWrite command to a specific register (DCO_LCK), waiting for a StreamStart command, or the streaming
sensor responds to a sequence of Read/Block Read or Write/Block Write operations to collect data from the
digital sensor, to confirm the configuration of the digital sensor or to configure the d
...

ISO/IEC DISFDIS 18000-65:2025(en)
ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31
Secretariat: ANSI
Date: 2025-10-17
Information technology — Radio frequency identification for item
management — —
Part 65:
Parameters for air interface communications for streaming sensors
based on ISO/IEC 18000-63
First edition
Date: 2025-03-26
FDIS stage
ISO/IEC FDIS 18000-65:2025(en)
© ISO/IEC 2025
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication
may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,
or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO
at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: + 41 22 749 01 11
EmailE-mail: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
ii
ISO/IEC FDIS 18000-65:2025(en)
Contents
Foreword . iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Symbols, abbreviated terms and notations . 2
4.1 Symbols . 2
4.2 Abbreviated terms . 2
4.3 Notations . 3
5 Streaming sensor . 3
5.1 General . 3
5.2 Full duplex operation in backscatter communication . 3
5.3 Configuration of streaming sensor . 6
5.4 Streaming sensor state machine . 8
5.5 Communication protocol . 11
Annex A (normative) State transition tables for streaming sensors . 22
Annex B (informative) Stream sensor implementation guide . 23
Annex C (informative) Write and Read command and reply sequence in stage 2 . 29

© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
iii
ISO/IEC FDIS 18000-65:2025(en)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical
Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are members
of ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical committees
established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical activity. ISO and IEC
technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organizations, governmental
and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the work.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types of
document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC
Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives or www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs).
Field Code Changed
ISO and IEC draw attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of
(a) patent(s). ISO and IEC take no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed
patent rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO and IEC had received notice
of (a) patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned
that this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available
at www.iso.org/patents and https://patents.iec.ch. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying
any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
In the IEC, see www.iec.ch/understanding-standards.
Field Code Changed
This document was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology,
Subcommittee SC 31, Automatic identification and data capture techniques.
A list of all parts in the ISO/IEC 18000 series can be found on the ISO and IEC websites.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html and www.iec.ch/national-
committees.
© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
iv
ISO/IEC FDIS 18000-65:2025(en)
Introduction
Passive-backscatter Interrogator-Talks-First (ITF) systems comprise Interrogators, also known as readers,
and tags. To differentiate the tags in ordinarily ITF system from the functional tags defined in this
specificationdocument, the functional tag is referred as to streaming sensor. A streaming sensor comprises, at
least, a tag, which exploits the backscatter technology to establish the tag-to-interrogator link, and an optional
digital sensor. If a stream sensor involves a digital sensor, the tag provides a unique identification number for
the digital sensor as well as working as a wireless modem between the interrogator and the digital sensor.
Depending on the usage of the system, the interrogator may process, store and pass-through the received data
from the tag. General functions as an item management application, specifically inventory, reading and writing
tags, are utilizing functionality defined in ISO/IEC 18000-63.
This document is based on ISO/IEC 18000-63. The unique features of this document are to accommodate the
backscatter communication capability to various digital sensors and to allow simultaneous communication
between streaming sensors and interrogators.
The described backscatter sensor system supports the following system capabilities in addition to the basic
capability of ISO/IEC 18000-63:
— — allocation of dedicated subcarrier frequency, bitrate and channel coding method to a selected set of
streaming sensors;
— — start and stop control of continuous data streaming from the set of streaming sensors to the
interrogator;
— — configuration and read/write of digital sensors from the interrogator through the tag in a streaming
sensor.
© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
v
ISO/IEC FDIS 18000-65:2025(en)
Information technology — Radio frequency identification for item
management — —
Part 65:
Parameters for air interface communications for streaming sensors
based on ISO/IEC 18000-63
1 Scope
This document definesestablishes the air interface based on ISO/IEC 18000-63 for radio frequency
identification (RFID) devices operating in the 860 MHz to 930 MHz range used in sensing as well as item
management applications.
This document specifies the physical and logical requirements for a passive-backscatter Interrogator-Talks-
First (ITF) system.
This document specifies:
— — logical and physical procedures between the interrogator and tags to allocate a dedicated subcarrier
channel to each of the tags to produce continuous data streaming.;
— — logical and physical procedure between the interrogator and the tags to start and stop the continuous
data streaming.;
— — logical interface between the interrogator and the tag to configure a digital sensor and to receive data
from the digital sensor through the tag.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes
requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
— ISO/IEC 18000-63
— ISO/IEC 18000-63:2025, Information technology — Radio frequency identification for item management — Part 63:
1)
Parameters for RAIN air interface communications at 860 MHz to 930 MHz Type C
— ISO/IEC 19762, Information technology — Automatic identification and data capture (AIDC) techniques —
Vocabulary
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions giving in ISO/IEC 19762 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— — ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
— — IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/

1)
Under preparation. Stage at the time of publication: ISO/IEC DIS 18000-63:2025.
© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
ISO/IEC FDIS 18000-65:2025(en)
3.1 3.1
streaming sensor
streaming sensor comprisescombination of a tag and a digital sensor (3.1)
Note 1 to entry: A tag is essentially a radio frequency integrated circuit to handle bilateral wireless communication with
interrogator.
3.2 3.2
digital sensor
sensor which furnishes a digital interface, particularly SPI in this document
Note 1 to entry: An analog digital converter with digital interface is considered to be a type of digital sensors.
3.3 3.3
streaming
continuous data transmission using a dedicated subcarrier signal from a streaming sensor to interrogator
3.4 3.4
differential coding
channel coding produced as the differential with respect to the previous symbol
4 Symbols, abbreviated terms and notations
4.1 Symbols
f designated DCO frequency
X 14 bits DCO value
4.2 Abbreviated terms
CPHA clock phase
CPOL clock polarity
DCO digitally controlled oscillator
EBV extensible bit vector
FS full function sensor indicator
LSB least significant bit
MB memory bank
MSB most significant bit
SPI serial peripheral interface
P/S parallel to serial conversion
RFU reserved for future use
RSSI received signal strength indicator
SSC streaming sensor configuration
TID tag-identification or tag identifier, depending on context
XPC_W1 XPC word 1
© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
ISO/IEC FDIS 18000-65:2025(en)
4.3 Notations
This document uses the following notational conventions.
— — States are denoted as capital.
EXAMPLE 1 STREAMING.
— — Commands are denoted in italics. Variables are also denoted in italics. Where there can be confusion
between commands and variables, this protocol will make an explicit statement.
EXAMPLE 2 StreamStart.
5 Streaming sensor
5.1 General
A streaming sensor can produce a continuous sensor data measurement over a dedicated subcarrier channel
using streaming data frames. The frequency and the bandwidth of the dedicated subcarrier channel are
allocated dynamically after inventory by the Interrogator. A streaming sensor logically comprises a tag and an
optional digital sensor typically connected using an SPI interface. A streaming sensor maycan house more than
one digital sensor and use one at a time by specifying the active digital sensor.
Configuration of the tag and the digital sensor in a streaming sensor is performed by writing to a specific
memory address with a Write or BlockWrite command of ISO/IEC 18000-63. Sensor data is collected by the
Interrogator as the digital sensor transfers measurements, and the tag maps them into a specific memory
address to be read by a Read or BlockRead command of ISO/IEC 18000-63 for a one-time data capture.
Alternatively, the tag assembles the digital sensor measurements into stream data frames. The initiation of
streaming is triggered by StreamStart command. An on-going data streaming is terminated by StreamStop
command. If multiple streaming sensors are used simultaneously by allocating different subcarrier channels,
concurrent data collection from multiple streaming sensors can be realized.
5.2 Full duplex operation in backscatter communication
Control of streaming sensors, for example to suspend an ongoing stream, by issuing a command from an
Interrogator requires a full duplex operation in backscatter communication.
For a streaming sensor to recognize a command while the streaming sensor is actively backscattering and
harvesting power, the streaming sensor, specifically the tag in the streaming sensor, continuously samples the
incoming signal only when the tag is in the matched states, as shown in Figure 5-1.
s
d
t t
d dj
st
m
st
s
t
sub
.
© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
ISO/IEC FDIS 18000-65:2025(en)

Key
td decimation duration
sd decimated samples
t decimation jitter caused by subcarrier symbol transition
dj
t subcarrier duration
sub
stm istm impedance matched
sts ists impedance short
Figure- 5-1 — Subcarrier synchronized decimation to realize the true duplex in backscatter
communication
Because ofGiven the subcarrier symbol transitions, the decimated samples are inevitably subjected to
sampling jitter of one subcarrier duration. To mitigate the jitter noise, any command from the Interrogator in
the full duplex operation shall be transmitted with a sufficiently slow symbol rate compared with the
subcarrier frequency.
A command in the full duplex operation, such as StreamStop, is sent with 10 kHz coded rate with 2,5 kbps
bitrates using the encoding shown in Figure 5-2. The nominal modulation index of commands in the full
duplex operation is 0,5 to prevent the counterpart streaming sensors from powering down.
fd-0 fd-1
m
m
fd
fd
t
t
fd
fd
n t
n t
fd fd
fd fd
Key
fd-0 full duplex data-0
fd-1 full duplex data-1
© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
ISO/IEC FDIS 18000-65:2025(en)
mfd modulation index of full duplex command = typically 0,5
tfd full duplex unit period = 100 µsec
nfd number of full duplex cycle in a full duplex symbol = 4
Figure- 5-2 — Full duplex command encoding
Encoded commands in the full duplex operation shall be pulse-shaped to suppress unwanted emissions in
neighboringneighbouring frequency channels; the RF envelope shall conform with this. Parameters of RF
envelop in the full duplex operation are defined in Figure 5-3Figure 5-3. Specification of. The parameters in
Figure 5-3 are defineddescribed in Table 5-1. .
f
m
h
pw
tr
m
l
t
m
f
h
a
m
b
l
t
Key
a modulation high level
b modulation low level
ml envelope ripple low level
mh envelope ripple high level
t time
t envelope fall time, 10- % to 90 %
f
© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
ISO/IEC FDIS 18000-65:2025(en)
tr envelope rise time, 10- % to 90 %
pw wp pulse width measured at 0,5(a+ + b)
Figure- 5-3 — Interrogator-to-Tag RF envelope in full duplex communication
Table -5-1 — RF envelope parameters in full duplex communication
Parameter Symbol Minimum Nominal Maximum UnitsUnit
Modulation Depthdepth (a- − b)/a 40 50 60 %
RF Envelope mh= ml 0  0,05 (A-Ba − V/m
Rippleenvelope ripple b)
RF Envelope Fall Time tf   33 μs
envelope fall time
RF Envelope Rise Time tr   33 μs
envelope rise time
RF Pulsewidthpulse width pw 48 50 52 μs
A typical pulse-shaping filter is a raised cosine filter with a roll-off factor from 0,8 to 1,0.
A command in full duplex operation is sent by adding a twenty-two-bit full duplex frame_start pattern,
comprising sixteen 0s followed by 101010, and terminated with a four-bit full duplex frame_end pattern, 0000,
which is preceded by CRC-5 as shown in Table 5-2. In Table 5-2the Table,, 0{16} represents sixteen
consecutive 0s.
Table- 5-2 — Full duplex command frame
Full duplex frame_start Command and Data CRC Full duplex frame_end
numberNumber 22  5 4
of bits
Description 0{16}101010  CRC-5 0000
The data after the frame_start should produce a CRC-5 as follows:
5 3
— — the generation polynomial is x + x + 1;
— — the 5-bit register is preloaded with 01001 ;
— — the data MSB was the input and all the data has been clocked;
— — the final 5 bits are inverted to obtain CRC-5;.
— for checking,To check a CRC-5, first preload the entire CRC register filled with the value 01001
all, then clock the received data, including CRC-5 clocked, and checkedCRC-5 bits. The CRC-5 check passes if
the output isvalue in 00000 .
5.3 Configuration of streaming sensor
As a streaming sensor works as a Full Function Sensor of ISO/IEC 18000-63, the Full Function sensor indicator
(FS) bit 216 shall be set to 1 in XPC_W1 (see ISO/IEC 18000-63:2025, 6.3.2.1.2.5 of ISO/IC 18000-63).). The
h 2
Streaming Sensor Configurationstreaming sensor configuration (SSC) memory pointer shall be implemented
in the TID memory at memory word 2A MSB first, as in Figure 5-4. .
h
© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
ISO/IEC FDIS 18000-65:2025(en)
2F0
h
2E0
h
2D0
h
2C0
h
2B0
Address[15:0]
h
SSC
MB
2A0
Address[23:16]
h RFU[5:0]
[1:0]
Address[15:0]
h
RTC
Address
MB
h RFU[5:0] Address[23:16]
[1:0]
Active
h
SSD
MB11 USER
Address
h
MB10 TID
250 SDS Size in words [8:0] SDS Size in entries [6:0]
h
SDS
SDS 1st Entry Alarm
Information
SDS Type[5:0] Size in Words Reporting RFU[3:0]
MB01 UII h [3:0] Place [1:0]
230 Address[15:0]
h
SDS
MB00 Reserved
Address
MB
RFU[5:0] Address[23:16]
h [1:0]
Address[15:0]
h SDS Flag
Status Word
RFU SDS Size in MB
210 Address[23:16] Address
h [1:0] words [3:0] [1:0]
h
© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
ISO/IEC FDIS 18000-65:2025(en)

Figure- 5-4 — Structure of T-ID memory for stream sensor configuration
The SSC memory pointer shall comprise 6 bits reserved for future use (RFU), followed by 2 bits identifying the
memory bank (MB) where the SSC is stored, and a 24-bit field specifying the starting word address of the SSC
in linear (non-EBV) format (see Table 5-3).).
Table- 5-3 — Structure of Streaming Sensor Configuration (SSC) memory pointer
RFU MB Word address
numberNumber 6 2 24
of bits
descriptionDesc Reserved for future use Memory bank selector SSC starting word address
ription
5.4 Streaming sensor state machine
The state flow for a streaming sensor is shown in Figure 5-5. The typical streaming sensor is first inventoried
and then recognized as a streaming sensor as an Interrogator checks the FS bit in XPC_W1. In some application
scenarios, target streaming sensors maycan be recognized by an application using their UIIs.
A dedicated subcarrier channel is allocated to a streaming sensor by writing to the Streaming Sensor Configure
(SSC)SSC registers whose leading address is given by the SSC memory pointer in TID memory. After the
allocation of a subcarrier channel, the digital sensor configuration, such as sampling rate, sensing range and
© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
ISO/IEC FDIS 18000-65:2025(en)
sensing initiation, is done in the OPEN state. Then, the streaming sensor is moved to the DCO_LOCKED state
by a Write or BlockWrite command to a specific register (DCO_LCK), waiting for a StreamStart command. Or,
or the streaming sensor responds to a sequence of Read/Block Read or Write/Block Write operations to collect
data from the digital sensor, to confirm the configuration of the digital sensor or to configure the digital sensor
further. When temporal sensor data collection or temporal GPIO control is needed, not in the form of
streaming, the Interrogator only needs to issue suitable Write/Read commands to specific registers after
sensor configuration without moving the state machine to a DCO_LOCKED state.
A streaming sensor moves to a STREAMING state when a valid StreamStart command is received. A streaming
sensor returns from the STREAMING state to the DCO_LOCKED state when the streaming sensor receives a
valid StreamStop command or a designated number of stream frames is transmitted by the streaming sensor.
StateThe state transition tabletables of the streaming sensor is givenshall be in accordance with
Annex Anormative Annex A. .
© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
Normal Mode
Streaming Mode
ISO/IEC FDIS 18000-65:2025(en)
On power up
Ready
Ready
OPEN
Ready
Write to DCO_LOCK with
Write to DCO_LOCK with
lock_flag=1
lock_flag=0
DCO_LOCKED
Other commands Ready
StreamStart
FrameCount match
with matching
or
ZoneID
StreamStop
STRReEaAMdyING
Figure- 5-5 — State machine of the streaming sensor
© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
ISO/IEC FDIS 18000-65:2025(en)
5.5 Communication protocol
5.5.1 General
The high-level overview of the communication protocol of a streaming sensor is shown in Figure 5-6. The
communication between an Interrogator and streaming sensors follows three stages:

Interrogator streaming sensor
Stage 1:
Inventory
subcarrier allocation with Write command
digital sensor configuration with Write
Stage 2:
command
digital sensor reading with Read
command
streaming start with StreamStart command
streaming
Stage 3:
Figure - — Communication protocol between Interrogator and streaming sensors
d)a) Stage 1 Inventory: In this stage, the Interrogator performs normal inventory operations. Although the
algorithm for subsequent subcarrier allocation depends on Interrogator implementation, the collection of
received signal strength indicators (RSSI) during the inventory process is recommended to prioritize
detected streaming sensors.
2)
e)b) Stage 2 Subcarrier assignment and allocation: A unique subcarrier is assigned and allocated to each
streaming sensor using a Write or BlockWrite command to the SSC. Each streaming sensor is given a zone
identification number (zone ID) that distinguishes the corresponding Interrogator. After the subcarrier
allocation, the Interrogator can configure the sensor in a streaming sensor using the command

2)
Assignment means the determination of subcarrier frequency chosen for a particular streaming sensor. Whereas,
allocation means the communication between the reader and streaming sensor that enables setting the assigned
subcarrier.
© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
ISO/IEC FDIS 18000-65:2025(en)
encapsulated in the Write or BlockWrite command. When a s
...

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International
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Information technology — Radio
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frequency identification for item
Voting begins on:
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Parameters for air interface
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ISO/IEC FDIS 18000­65:2025(en) © ISO/IEC 2025

FINAL DRAFT
ISO/IEC FDIS 18000-65:2025(en)
International
Standard
ISO/IEC
FDIS
18000-65
ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31
Information technology — Radio
Secretariat: ANSI
frequency identification for item
Voting begins on:
management —
Part 65:
Voting terminates on:
Parameters for air interface
communications for streaming
sensors based on ISO/IEC 18000-63
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO SUBMIT,
WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION OF ANY
RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE
AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING DOCUMENTATION.
© ISO/IEC 2025
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO­
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES, DRAFT
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© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
ii
ISO/IEC FDIS 18000-65:2025(en)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Symbols, abbreviated terms and notations . 2
4.1 Symbols .2
4.2 Abbreviated terms .2
4.3 Notations .3
5 Streaming sensor . 3
5.1 General .3
5.2 Full duplex operation in backscatter communication .3
5.3 Configuration of streaming sensor .6
5.4 Streaming sensor state machine .7
5.5 Communication protocol .8
5.5.1 General .8
5.5.2 Writing configuration to tag and digital sensor.9
5.5.3 Streaming data frame . 13
5.5.4 Streaming data encoding . 13
5.5.5 StreamStart .14
5.5.6 StreamStop (full duplex operation) . 15
5.5.7 Subcarrier and bitrate allocation . 15
Annex A (normative) State transition tables for streaming sensors . 17
Annex B (informative) Stream sensor implementation guide .18
Annex C (informative) Write and Read command and reply sequence in stage 2 .21

© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
iii
ISO/IEC FDIS 18000-65:2025(en)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical
Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are
members of ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical
committees established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical activity.
ISO and IEC technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organizations,
governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the work.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types
of document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/
IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives or www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs).
ISO and IEC draw attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the
use of (a) patent(s). ISO and IEC take no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any
claimed patent rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO and IEC had
received notice of (a) patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers
are cautioned that this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent
database available at www.iso.org/patents and https://patents.iec.ch. ISO and IEC shall not be held
responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
In the IEC, see www.iec.ch/understanding-standards.
This document was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology,
Subcommittee SC 31, Automatic identification and data capture techniques.
A list of all parts in the ISO/IEC 18000 series can be found on the ISO and IEC websites.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards
body. A complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html and
www.iec.ch/national-committees.

© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
iv
ISO/IEC FDIS 18000-65:2025(en)
Introduction
Passive-backscatter Interrogator-Talks-First (ITF) systems comprise Interrogators, also known as readers
and tags. To differentiate the tags in ordinarily ITF system from the functional tags defined in this document,
the functional tag is referred as to streaming sensor. A streaming sensor comprises, at least, a tag, which
exploits the backscatter technology to establish the tag-to-interrogator link and an optional digital sensor.
If a stream sensor involves a digital sensor, the tag provides a unique identification number for the digital
sensor as well as working as a wireless modem between the interrogator and the digital sensor. Depending
on the usage of the system, the interrogator may process, store and pass-through the received data from the
tag. General functions as an item management application, specifically inventory, reading and writing tags
are utilizing functionality defined in ISO/IEC 18000-63.
This document is based on ISO/IEC 18000-63. The unique features of this document are to accommodate the
backscatter communication capability to various digital sensors and to allow simultaneous communication
between streaming sensors and interrogators.
The described backscatter sensor system supports the following system capabilities in addition to the basic
capability of ISO/IEC 18000-63:
— allocation of dedicated subcarrier frequency, bitrate and channel coding method to a selected set of
streaming sensors;
— start and stop control of continuous data streaming from the set of streaming sensors to the interrogator;
— configuration and read/write of digital sensors from the interrogator through the tag in a streaming sensor.

© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
v
FINAL DRAFT International Standard ISO/IEC FDIS 18000-65:2025(en)
Information technology — Radio frequency identification for
item management —
Part 65:
Parameters for air interface communications for streaming
sensors based on ISO/IEC 18000-63
1 Scope
This document establishes the air interface based on ISO/IEC 18000-63 for radio frequency identification
(RFID) devices operating in the 860 MHz to 930 MHz range used in sensing as well as item management
applications.
This document specifies the physical and logical requirements for a passive-backscatter Interrogator-Talks-
First (ITF) system.
This document specifies:
— logical and physical procedures between the interrogator and tags to allocate a dedicated subcarrier
channel to each of the tags to produce continuous data streaming;
— logical and physical procedure between the interrogator and the tags to start and stop the continuous
data streaming;
— logical interface between the interrogator and the tag to configure a digital sensor and to receive data
from the digital sensor through the tag.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes
requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/IEC 18000-63:2025,
Information technology — Radio frequency identification for item management — Part 63: Parameters
1)
for RAIN air interface communications at 860 MHz to 930 MHz Type C
ISO/IEC 19762,
Information technology — Automatic identification and data capture (AIDC) techniques — Vocabulary
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions giving in ISO/IEC 19762 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
1) Under preparation. Stage at the time of publication: ISO/IEC DIS 18000-63:2025.

© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
ISO/IEC FDIS 18000-65:2025(en)
3.1
streaming sensor
combination of a tag and a digital sensor (3.1)
Note 1 to entry: A tag is essentially a radio frequency integrated circuit to handle bilateral wireless communication
with interrogator.
3.2
digital sensor
sensor which furnishes a digital interface, particularly SPI in this document
Note 1 to entry: An analog digital converter with digital interface is considered to be a type of digital sensors.
3.3
streaming
continuous data transmission
3.4
differential coding
channel coding produced as the differential with respect to the previous symbol
4 Symbols, abbreviated terms and notations
4.1 Symbols
f designated DCO frequency
X 14 bits DCO value
4.2 Abbreviated terms
CPHA clock phase
CPOL clock polarity
DCO digitally controlled oscillator
EBV extensible bit vector
FS full function sensor indicator
LSB least significant bit
MB memory bank
MSB most significant bit
SPI serial peripheral interface
P/S parallel to serial conversion
RFU reserved for future use
RSSI received signal strength indicator
SSC streaming sensor configuration
TID tag-identification or tag identifier, depending on context
XPC_W1 XPC word 1
© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
ISO/IEC FDIS 18000-65:2025(en)
4.3 Notations
This document uses the following notational conventions.
— States are denoted as capital.
EXAMPLE 1 STREAMING.
— Commands are denoted in italics. Variables are also denoted in italics. Where there can be confusion
between commands and variables, this protocol will make an explicit statement.
EXAMPLE 2 StreamStart.
5 Streaming sensor
5.1 General
A streaming sensor can produce a continuous sensor data measurement over a dedicated subcarrier channel
using streaming data frames. The frequency and the bandwidth of the dedicated subcarrier channel are
allocated dynamically after inventory by the Interrogator. A streaming sensor logically comprises a tag and
an optional digital sensor typically connected using an SPI interface. A streaming sensor can house more
than one digital sensor and use one at a time by specifying the active digital sensor.
Configuration of the tag and the digital sensor in a streaming sensor is performed by writing to a specific
memory address with a Write or BlockWrite command of ISO/IEC 18000-63. Sensor data is collected by the
Interrogator as the digital sensor transfers measurements and the tag maps them into a specific memory
address to be read by a Read or BlockRead command of ISO/IEC 18000-63 for a one-time data capture.
Alternatively, the tag assembles the digital sensor measurements into stream data frames. The initiation of
streaming is triggered by StreamStart command. An on-going data streaming is terminated by StreamStop
command. If multiple streaming sensors are used simultaneously by allocating different subcarrier channels,
concurrent data collection from multiple streaming sensors can be realized.
5.2 Full duplex operation in backscatter communication
Control of streaming sensors, for example to suspend an ongoing stream, by issuing a command from an
Interrogator requires a full duplex operation in backscatter communication.
For a streaming sensor to recognize a command while the streaming sensor is actively backscattering and
harvesting power, the streaming sensor, specifically the tag in the streaming sensor, continuously samples
the incoming signal only when the tag is in the matched states, as shown in Figure 5-1.

© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
ISO/IEC FDIS 18000-65:2025(en)
Key
t decimation duration
d
s decimated samples
d
t decimation jitter caused by subcarrier symbol transition
dj
t subcarrier duration
sub
i impedance matched
stm
i impedance short
sts
Figure 5-1 — Subcarrier synchronized decimation to realize the true duplex in backscatter
communication
Given the subcarrier symbol transitions, the decimated samples are inevitably subjected to sampling jitter
of one subcarrier duration. To mitigate the jitter noise, any command from the Interrogator in the full duplex
operation shall be transmitted with a sufficiently slow symbol rate compared with the subcarrier frequency.
A command in the full duplex operation, such as StreamStop, is sent with 10 kHz coded rate with 2,5 kbps
bitrates using the encoding shown in Figure 5-2. The nominal modulation index of commands in the full
duplex operation is 0,5 to prevent the counterpart streaming sensors from powering down.
Key
fd-0 full duplex data-0
fd-1 full duplex data-1
m modulation index of full duplex command = typically 0,5
fd
t full duplex unit period = 100 µsec
fd
n number of full duplex cycle in a full duplex symbol = 4
fd
Figure 5-2 — Full duplex command encoding
Encoded commands in the full duplex operation shall be pulse-shaped to suppress unwanted emissions in
neighbouring frequency channels; the RF envelope shall conform with this. Parameters of RF envelop in the
full duplex operation are defined in Figure 5-3. The parameters in Figure 5-3 are described in Table 5-1.

© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
ISO/IEC FDIS 18000-65:2025(en)
Key
a modulation high level
b modulation low level
m envelope ripple low level
l
m envelope ripple high level
h
t time
t envelope fall time, 10 % to 90 %
f
t envelope rise time, 10 % to 90 %
r
w pulse width measured at 0,5(a + b)
p
Figure 5-3 — Interrogator-to-Tag RF envelope in full duplex communication
Table 5-1 — RF envelope parameters in full duplex communication
Parameter Symbol Minimum Nominal Maximum Unit
Modulation depth (a − b)/a 40 50 60 %
RF envelope ripple m = m 0 0,05 (a − b) V/m
h l
RF envelope fall time t 33 μs
f
RF envelope rise time t 33 μs
r
RF pulse width pw 48 50 52 μs
A typical pulse-shaping filter is a raised cosine filter with a roll-off factor from 0,8 to 1,0.
A command in full duplex operation is sent by adding a twenty-two-bit full duplex frame_start pattern,
comprising sixteen 0s followed by 101010, and terminated with a four-bit full duplex frame_end pattern,
0000, which is preceded by CRC-5 as shown in Table 5-2. In Table 5-2, 0{16} represents sixteen consecutive 0s.
Table 5-2 — Full duplex command frame
Full duplex frame_start Command and Data CRC Full duplex frame_end
Number of bits 22 5 4
Description 0{16}101010 CRC-5 0000
The data after the frame_start should produce a CRC-5 as follows:
5 3
— the generation polynomial is x + x + 1;
— the 5-bit register is preloaded with 01001 ;
© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
ISO/IEC FDIS 18000-65:2025(en)
— the data MSB was the input and all the data has been clocked;
— the final 5 bits are inverted to obtain CRC-5.
To check a CRC-5, first preload the entire CRC register with the value 01001 , then clock the received data
and CRC-5 bits. The CRC-5 check passes if the value in 00000 .
5.3 Configuration of streaming sensor
As a streaming sensor works as a Full Function Sensor of ISO/IEC 18000-63, the Full Function sensor
indicator (FS) bit 216 shall be set to 1 in XPC_W1 (see ISO/IEC 18000-63:2025, 6.3.2.1.2.5). The streaming
h 2
sensor configuration (SSC) memory pointer shall be implemented in the TID memory at memory word 2A
h
MSB first, as in Figure 5-4.
Figure 5‑4 — Structure of T‑ID memory for stream sensor configuration
The SSC memory pointer shall comprise 6 bits reserved for future use (RFU), followed by 2 bits identifying
the memory bank (MB) where the SSC is stored, and a 24-bit field specifying the starting word address of
the SSC in linear (non-EBV) format (see Table 5-3).

© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
ISO/IEC FDIS 18000-65:2025(en)
Table 5-3 — Structure of SSC memory pointer
RFU MB Word address
Number of bits 6 2 24
Description Reserved for future use Memory bank selector SSC starting word address
5.4 Streaming sensor state machine
The state flow for a streaming sensor is shown in Figure 5-5. The typical streaming sensor is first
inventoried and then recognized as a streaming sensor as an Interrogator checks the FS bit in XPC_W1. In
some application scenarios, target streaming sensors can be recognized by an application using their UIIs.
A dedicated subcarrier channel is allocated to a streaming sensor by writing to the SSC registers whose
leading address is given by the SSC memory pointer in TID memory. After the allocation of a subcarrier
channel, the digital sensor configuration, such as sampling rate, sensing range and sensing initiation,
is done in the OPEN state. Then, the streaming sensor is moved to the DCO_LOCKED state by a Write or
BlockWrite command to a specific register (DCO_LCK), waiting for a StreamStart command, or the streaming
sensor responds to a sequence of Read/Block Read or Write/Block Write operations to collect data from the
digital sensor, to confirm the configuration of the digital sensor or to configure the d
...

ISO/IEC DISFDIS 18000-65:2025(en)
ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31
Secretariat: ANSI
Date: 2025-10-17
Information technology — Radio frequency identification for item
management — —
Part 65:
Parameters for air interface communications for streaming sensors
based on ISO/IEC 18000-63
First edition
Date: 2025-03-26
FDIS stage
ISO/IEC FDIS 18000-65:2025(en)
© ISO/IEC 2025
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication
may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,
or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO
at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
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© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
ii
ISO/IEC FDIS 18000-65:2025(en)
Contents
Foreword . iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Symbols, abbreviated terms and notations . 2
4.1 Symbols . 2
4.2 Abbreviated terms . 2
4.3 Notations . 3
5 Streaming sensor . 3
5.1 General . 3
5.2 Full duplex operation in backscatter communication . 3
5.3 Configuration of streaming sensor . 6
5.4 Streaming sensor state machine . 8
5.5 Communication protocol . 11
Annex A (normative) State transition tables for streaming sensors . 22
Annex B (informative) Stream sensor implementation guide . 23
Annex C (informative) Write and Read command and reply sequence in stage 2 . 29

© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
iii
ISO/IEC FDIS 18000-65:2025(en)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical
Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are members
of ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical committees
established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical activity. ISO and IEC
technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organizations, governmental
and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the work.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types of
document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC
Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives or www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs).
Field Code Changed
ISO and IEC draw attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of
(a) patent(s). ISO and IEC take no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed
patent rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO and IEC had received notice
of (a) patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned
that this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available
at www.iso.org/patents and https://patents.iec.ch. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying
any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
In the IEC, see www.iec.ch/understanding-standards.
Field Code Changed
This document was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology,
Subcommittee SC 31, Automatic identification and data capture techniques.
A list of all parts in the ISO/IEC 18000 series can be found on the ISO and IEC websites.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html and www.iec.ch/national-
committees.
© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
iv
ISO/IEC FDIS 18000-65:2025(en)
Introduction
Passive-backscatter Interrogator-Talks-First (ITF) systems comprise Interrogators, also known as readers,
and tags. To differentiate the tags in ordinarily ITF system from the functional tags defined in this
specificationdocument, the functional tag is referred as to streaming sensor. A streaming sensor comprises, at
least, a tag, which exploits the backscatter technology to establish the tag-to-interrogator link, and an optional
digital sensor. If a stream sensor involves a digital sensor, the tag provides a unique identification number for
the digital sensor as well as working as a wireless modem between the interrogator and the digital sensor.
Depending on the usage of the system, the interrogator may process, store and pass-through the received data
from the tag. General functions as an item management application, specifically inventory, reading and writing
tags, are utilizing functionality defined in ISO/IEC 18000-63.
This document is based on ISO/IEC 18000-63. The unique features of this document are to accommodate the
backscatter communication capability to various digital sensors and to allow simultaneous communication
between streaming sensors and interrogators.
The described backscatter sensor system supports the following system capabilities in addition to the basic
capability of ISO/IEC 18000-63:
— — allocation of dedicated subcarrier frequency, bitrate and channel coding method to a selected set of
streaming sensors;
— — start and stop control of continuous data streaming from the set of streaming sensors to the
interrogator;
— — configuration and read/write of digital sensors from the interrogator through the tag in a streaming
sensor.
© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
v
ISO/IEC FDIS 18000-65:2025(en)
Information technology — Radio frequency identification for item
management — —
Part 65:
Parameters for air interface communications for streaming sensors
based on ISO/IEC 18000-63
1 Scope
This document definesestablishes the air interface based on ISO/IEC 18000-63 for radio frequency
identification (RFID) devices operating in the 860 MHz to 930 MHz range used in sensing as well as item
management applications.
This document specifies the physical and logical requirements for a passive-backscatter Interrogator-Talks-
First (ITF) system.
This document specifies:
— — logical and physical procedures between the interrogator and tags to allocate a dedicated subcarrier
channel to each of the tags to produce continuous data streaming.;
— — logical and physical procedure between the interrogator and the tags to start and stop the continuous
data streaming.;
— — logical interface between the interrogator and the tag to configure a digital sensor and to receive data
from the digital sensor through the tag.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes
requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
— ISO/IEC 18000-63
— ISO/IEC 18000-63:2025, Information technology — Radio frequency identification for item management — Part 63:
1)
Parameters for RAIN air interface communications at 860 MHz to 930 MHz Type C
— ISO/IEC 19762, Information technology — Automatic identification and data capture (AIDC) techniques —
Vocabulary
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions giving in ISO/IEC 19762 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— — ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
— — IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/

1)
Under preparation. Stage at the time of publication: ISO/IEC DIS 18000-63:2025.
© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
ISO/IEC FDIS 18000-65:2025(en)
3.1 3.1
streaming sensor
streaming sensor comprisescombination of a tag and a digital sensor (3.1)
Note 1 to entry: A tag is essentially a radio frequency integrated circuit to handle bilateral wireless communication with
interrogator.
3.2 3.2
digital sensor
sensor which furnishes a digital interface, particularly SPI in this document
Note 1 to entry: An analog digital converter with digital interface is considered to be a type of digital sensors.
3.3 3.3
streaming
continuous data transmission using a dedicated subcarrier signal from a streaming sensor to interrogator
3.4 3.4
differential coding
channel coding produced as the differential with respect to the previous symbol
4 Symbols, abbreviated terms and notations
4.1 Symbols
f designated DCO frequency
X 14 bits DCO value
4.2 Abbreviated terms
CPHA clock phase
CPOL clock polarity
DCO digitally controlled oscillator
EBV extensible bit vector
FS full function sensor indicator
LSB least significant bit
MB memory bank
MSB most significant bit
SPI serial peripheral interface
P/S parallel to serial conversion
RFU reserved for future use
RSSI received signal strength indicator
SSC streaming sensor configuration
TID tag-identification or tag identifier, depending on context
XPC_W1 XPC word 1
© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
ISO/IEC FDIS 18000-65:2025(en)
4.3 Notations
This document uses the following notational conventions.
— — States are denoted as capital.
EXAMPLE 1 STREAMING.
— — Commands are denoted in italics. Variables are also denoted in italics. Where there can be confusion
between commands and variables, this protocol will make an explicit statement.
EXAMPLE 2 StreamStart.
5 Streaming sensor
5.1 General
A streaming sensor can produce a continuous sensor data measurement over a dedicated subcarrier channel
using streaming data frames. The frequency and the bandwidth of the dedicated subcarrier channel are
allocated dynamically after inventory by the Interrogator. A streaming sensor logically comprises a tag and an
optional digital sensor typically connected using an SPI interface. A streaming sensor maycan house more than
one digital sensor and use one at a time by specifying the active digital sensor.
Configuration of the tag and the digital sensor in a streaming sensor is performed by writing to a specific
memory address with a Write or BlockWrite command of ISO/IEC 18000-63. Sensor data is collected by the
Interrogator as the digital sensor transfers measurements, and the tag maps them into a specific memory
address to be read by a Read or BlockRead command of ISO/IEC 18000-63 for a one-time data capture.
Alternatively, the tag assembles the digital sensor measurements into stream data frames. The initiation of
streaming is triggered by StreamStart command. An on-going data streaming is terminated by StreamStop
command. If multiple streaming sensors are used simultaneously by allocating different subcarrier channels,
concurrent data collection from multiple streaming sensors can be realized.
5.2 Full duplex operation in backscatter communication
Control of streaming sensors, for example to suspend an ongoing stream, by issuing a command from an
Interrogator requires a full duplex operation in backscatter communication.
For a streaming sensor to recognize a command while the streaming sensor is actively backscattering and
harvesting power, the streaming sensor, specifically the tag in the streaming sensor, continuously samples the
incoming signal only when the tag is in the matched states, as shown in Figure 5-1.
s
d
t t
d dj
st
m
st
s
t
sub
.
© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
ISO/IEC FDIS 18000-65:2025(en)

Key
td decimation duration
sd decimated samples
t decimation jitter caused by subcarrier symbol transition
dj
t subcarrier duration
sub
stm istm impedance matched
sts ists impedance short
Figure- 5-1 — Subcarrier synchronized decimation to realize the true duplex in backscatter
communication
Because ofGiven the subcarrier symbol transitions, the decimated samples are inevitably subjected to
sampling jitter of one subcarrier duration. To mitigate the jitter noise, any command from the Interrogator in
the full duplex operation shall be transmitted with a sufficiently slow symbol rate compared with the
subcarrier frequency.
A command in the full duplex operation, such as StreamStop, is sent with 10 kHz coded rate with 2,5 kbps
bitrates using the encoding shown in Figure 5-2. The nominal modulation index of commands in the full
duplex operation is 0,5 to prevent the counterpart streaming sensors from powering down.
fd-0 fd-1
m
m
fd
fd
t
t
fd
fd
n t
n t
fd fd
fd fd
Key
fd-0 full duplex data-0
fd-1 full duplex data-1
© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
ISO/IEC FDIS 18000-65:2025(en)
mfd modulation index of full duplex command = typically 0,5
tfd full duplex unit period = 100 µsec
nfd number of full duplex cycle in a full duplex symbol = 4
Figure- 5-2 — Full duplex command encoding
Encoded commands in the full duplex operation shall be pulse-shaped to suppress unwanted emissions in
neighboringneighbouring frequency channels; the RF envelope shall conform with this. Parameters of RF
envelop in the full duplex operation are defined in Figure 5-3Figure 5-3. Specification of. The parameters in
Figure 5-3 are defineddescribed in Table 5-1. .
f
m
h
pw
tr
m
l
t
m
f
h
a
m
b
l
t
Key
a modulation high level
b modulation low level
ml envelope ripple low level
mh envelope ripple high level
t time
t envelope fall time, 10- % to 90 %
f
© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
ISO/IEC FDIS 18000-65:2025(en)
tr envelope rise time, 10- % to 90 %
pw wp pulse width measured at 0,5(a+ + b)
Figure- 5-3 — Interrogator-to-Tag RF envelope in full duplex communication
Table -5-1 — RF envelope parameters in full duplex communication
Parameter Symbol Minimum Nominal Maximum UnitsUnit
Modulation Depthdepth (a- − b)/a 40 50 60 %
RF Envelope mh= ml 0  0,05 (A-Ba − V/m
Rippleenvelope ripple b)
RF Envelope Fall Time tf   33 μs
envelope fall time
RF Envelope Rise Time tr   33 μs
envelope rise time
RF Pulsewidthpulse width pw 48 50 52 μs
A typical pulse-shaping filter is a raised cosine filter with a roll-off factor from 0,8 to 1,0.
A command in full duplex operation is sent by adding a twenty-two-bit full duplex frame_start pattern,
comprising sixteen 0s followed by 101010, and terminated with a four-bit full duplex frame_end pattern, 0000,
which is preceded by CRC-5 as shown in Table 5-2. In Table 5-2the Table,, 0{16} represents sixteen
consecutive 0s.
Table- 5-2 — Full duplex command frame
Full duplex frame_start Command and Data CRC Full duplex frame_end
numberNumber 22  5 4
of bits
Description 0{16}101010  CRC-5 0000
The data after the frame_start should produce a CRC-5 as follows:
5 3
— — the generation polynomial is x + x + 1;
— — the 5-bit register is preloaded with 01001 ;
— — the data MSB was the input and all the data has been clocked;
— — the final 5 bits are inverted to obtain CRC-5;.
— for checking,To check a CRC-5, first preload the entire CRC register filled with the value 01001
all, then clock the received data, including CRC-5 clocked, and checkedCRC-5 bits. The CRC-5 check passes if
the output isvalue in 00000 .
5.3 Configuration of streaming sensor
As a streaming sensor works as a Full Function Sensor of ISO/IEC 18000-63, the Full Function sensor indicator
(FS) bit 216 shall be set to 1 in XPC_W1 (see ISO/IEC 18000-63:2025, 6.3.2.1.2.5 of ISO/IC 18000-63).). The
h 2
Streaming Sensor Configurationstreaming sensor configuration (SSC) memory pointer shall be implemented
in the TID memory at memory word 2A MSB first, as in Figure 5-4. .
h
© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
ISO/IEC FDIS 18000-65:2025(en)
2F0
h
2E0
h
2D0
h
2C0
h
2B0
Address[15:0]
h
SSC
MB
2A0
Address[23:16]
h RFU[5:0]
[1:0]
Address[15:0]
h
RTC
Address
MB
h RFU[5:0] Address[23:16]
[1:0]
Active
h
SSD
MB11 USER
Address
h
MB10 TID
250 SDS Size in words [8:0] SDS Size in entries [6:0]
h
SDS
SDS 1st Entry Alarm
Information
SDS Type[5:0] Size in Words Reporting RFU[3:0]
MB01 UII h [3:0] Place [1:0]
230 Address[15:0]
h
SDS
MB00 Reserved
Address
MB
RFU[5:0] Address[23:16]
h [1:0]
Address[15:0]
h SDS Flag
Status Word
RFU SDS Size in MB
210 Address[23:16] Address
h [1:0] words [3:0] [1:0]
h
© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
ISO/IEC FDIS 18000-65:2025(en)

Figure- 5-4 — Structure of T-ID memory for stream sensor configuration
The SSC memory pointer shall comprise 6 bits reserved for future use (RFU), followed by 2 bits identifying the
memory bank (MB) where the SSC is stored, and a 24-bit field specifying the starting word address of the SSC
in linear (non-EBV) format (see Table 5-3).).
Table- 5-3 — Structure of Streaming Sensor Configuration (SSC) memory pointer
RFU MB Word address
numberNumber 6 2 24
of bits
descriptionDesc Reserved for future use Memory bank selector SSC starting word address
ription
5.4 Streaming sensor state machine
The state flow for a streaming sensor is shown in Figure 5-5. The typical streaming sensor is first inventoried
and then recognized as a streaming sensor as an Interrogator checks the FS bit in XPC_W1. In some application
scenarios, target streaming sensors maycan be recognized by an application using their UIIs.
A dedicated subcarrier channel is allocated to a streaming sensor by writing to the Streaming Sensor Configure
(SSC)SSC registers whose leading address is given by the SSC memory pointer in TID memory. After the
allocation of a subcarrier channel, the digital sensor configuration, such as sampling rate, sensing range and
© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
ISO/IEC FDIS 18000-65:2025(en)
sensing initiation, is done in the OPEN state. Then, the streaming sensor is moved to the DCO_LOCKED state
by a Write or BlockWrite command to a specific register (DCO_LCK), waiting for a StreamStart command. Or,
or the streaming sensor responds to a sequence of Read/Block Read or Write/Block Write operations to collect
data from the digital sensor, to confirm the configuration of the digital sensor or to configure the digital sensor
further. When temporal sensor data collection or temporal GPIO control is needed, not in the form of
streaming, the Interrogator only needs to issue suitable Write/Read commands to specific registers after
sensor configuration without moving the state machine to a DCO_LOCKED state.
A streaming sensor moves to a STREAMING state when a valid StreamStart command is received. A streaming
sensor returns from the STREAMING state to the DCO_LOCKED state when the streaming sensor receives a
valid StreamStop command or a designated number of stream frames is transmitted by the streaming sensor.
StateThe state transition tabletables of the streaming sensor is givenshall be in accordance with
Annex Anormative Annex A. .
© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
Normal Mode
Streaming Mode
ISO/IEC FDIS 18000-65:2025(en)
On power up
Ready
Ready
OPEN
Ready
Write to DCO_LOCK with
Write to DCO_LOCK with
lock_flag=1
lock_flag=0
DCO_LOCKED
Other commands Ready
StreamStart
FrameCount match
with matching
or
ZoneID
StreamStop
STRReEaAMdyING
Figure- 5-5 — State machine of the streaming sensor
© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
ISO/IEC FDIS 18000-65:2025(en)
5.5 Communication protocol
5.5.1 General
The high-level overview of the communication protocol of a streaming sensor is shown in Figure 5-6. The
communication between an Interrogator and streaming sensors follows three stages:

Interrogator streaming sensor
Stage 1:
Inventory
subcarrier allocation with Write command
digital sensor configuration with Write
Stage 2:
command
digital sensor reading with Read
command
streaming start with StreamStart command
streaming
Stage 3:
Figure - — Communication protocol between Interrogator and streaming sensors
d)a) Stage 1 Inventory: In this stage, the Interrogator performs normal inventory operations. Although the
algorithm for subsequent subcarrier allocation depends on Interrogator implementation, the collection of
received signal strength indicators (RSSI) during the inventory process is recommended to prioritize
detected streaming sensors.
2)
e)b) Stage 2 Subcarrier assignment and allocation: A unique subcarrier is assigned and allocated to each
streaming sensor using a Write or BlockWrite command to the SSC. Each streaming sensor is given a zone
identification number (zone ID) that distinguishes the corresponding Interrogator. After the subcarrier
allocation, the Interrogator can configure the sensor in a streaming sensor using the command

2)
Assignment means the determination of subcarrier frequency chosen for a particular streaming sensor. Whereas,
allocation means the communication between the reader and streaming sensor that enables setting the assigned
subcarrier.
© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
ISO/IEC FDIS 18000-65:2025(en)
encapsulated in the Write or BlockWrite command. When a s
...