IEC 62899-501-1:2019

IEC 62899-501-1 ®
Edition 1.0 2019-01
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
colour
inside
Printed electronics –
Part 501-1: Quality assessment – Failure modes and mechanical testing –
Flexible or bendable primary or secondary cells
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from
either IEC or IEC's member National Committee in the country of the requester. If you have any questions about IEC
copyright or have an enquiry about obtaining additional rights to this publication, please contact the address below or
your local IEC member National Committee for further information.

IEC Central Office Tel.: +41 22 919 02 11
3, rue de Varembé info@iec.ch
CH-1211 Geneva 20 www.iec.ch
Switzerland
About the IEC
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is the leading global organization that prepares and publishes
International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies.

About IEC publications
The technical content of IEC publications is kept under constant review by the IEC. Please make sure that you have the
latest edition, a corrigendum or an amendment might have been published.

IEC publications search - webstore.iec.ch/advsearchform Electropedia - www.electropedia.org
The advanced search enables to find IEC publications by a The world's leading online dictionary on electrotechnology,
variety of criteria (reference number, text, technical containing more than 22 000 terminological entries in English
committee,…). It also gives information on projects, replaced and French, with equivalent terms in 16 additional languages.
and withdrawn publications. Also known as the International Electrotechnical Vocabulary

(IEV) online.
IEC Just Published - webstore.iec.ch/justpublished
Stay up to date on all new IEC publications. Just Published IEC Glossary - std.iec.ch/glossary
details all new publications released. Available online and 67 000 electrotechnical terminology entries in English and
once a month by email. French extracted from the Terms and Definitions clause of
IEC publications issued since 2002. Some entries have been
IEC Customer Service Centre - webstore.iec.ch/csc collected from earlier publications of IEC TC 37, 77, 86 and
If you wish to give us your feedback on this publication or CISPR.

need further assistance, please contact the Customer Service

Centre: sales@iec.ch.
IEC 62899-501-1 ®
Edition 1.0 2019-01
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
colour
inside
Printed electronics –
Part 501-1: Quality assessment – Failure modes and mechanical testing –

Flexible or bendable primary or secondary cells

INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
ICS 29.220.10; 29.220.30; 29.220.99 ISBN 978-2-8322-6412-6

– 2 – IEC 62899-501-1:2019 © IEC 2019

CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 3
INTRODUCTION . 5
1 Scope . 6
2 Normative references . 6
3 Terms and definitions . 6
4 Characteristics . 8
4.1 Geometrical cell properties . 8
4.1.1 General specifications for measurement . 8
4.1.2 Measuring method for cell thickness determination . 8
4.1.3 Measuring method for cell volume and cell volume change calculation . 9
4.2 Mechanical characteristics . 9
4.2.1 General remarks . 9
4.2.2 Mechanical stability (of battery package and contacts) . 9
4.2.3 Bending test . 10
4.2.4 Torsion properties . 13
5 Failure criteria . 14
5.1 Mechanical package damage and heat generation . 14
5.2 Failure states . 14
6 Storage conditions . 14
Bibliography . 15

Figure 1 – Schematic description of battery thickness measurement . 8
Figure 2 – Test points for testing the mechanical strength of cell or battery package
with a steel ball tip . 10
Figure 3 – Measurement setup for mechanical testing of flexible cells or batteries . 11
Figure 4 – Flexible substrate carrier for cell or battery packages with small and non-
clampable lamination frame . 12
Figure 5 – Possible cell or battery designs with bending axes (dashed) . 12

INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
PRINTED ELECTRONICS –
Part 501-1: Quality assessment – Failure modes and mechanical testing –
Flexible or bendable primary or secondary cells

FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications,
Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC
Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested
in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-
governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely
with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by
agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
misinterpretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence
between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in
the latter.
5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity
assessment services and, in some areas, access to IEC marks of conformity. IEC is not responsible for any
services carried out by independent certification bodies.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or
other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and
expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC
Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of
patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard IEC 62899-501-1 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 119:
Printed Electronics.
The text of this International Standard is based on the following documents:
FDIS Report on voting
119/241/FDIS 119/245/RVD
Full information on the voting for the approval of this International Standard can be found in
the report on voting indicated in the above table.
This document has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.

– 4 – IEC 62899-501-1:2019 © IEC 2019
A list of all parts in the IEC 62899 series, published under the general title Printed electronics,
can be found on the IEC website.
The committee has decided that the contents of this document will remain unchanged until the
stability date indicated on the IEC website under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data related to
the specific document. At this date, the document will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
A bilingual version of this publication may be issued at a later date.

IMPORTANT – The 'colour inside' logo on the cover page of this publication indicates
that it contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct
understanding of its contents. Users should therefore print this document using a
colour printer.
INTRODUCTION
Due to the trend towards a globalised, technological and connected society there is a rising
demand for a new breed of technologies enabling low-priced, flexible and new-concept
products. Some conventional technologies (including silicon-based microelectronics) have
reached their limits due to their high fabrication costs and environmental impact. Armed with
new printing technologies (e.g., ink jet) and innovative materials, printed electronics have
recently emerged as a promising, environmentally friendly route toward producing electronic,
display or energy storage articles at low cost, enabling new creative technologies such as
flexible electronics. Currently, this technology is beginning to be applied for the industrial
production of items such as photovoltaic devices, signage, RFID, batteries, lighting devices,
some parts of display devices, where cost, flexibility and recycling are very critical issues. For
successful industrialization of this technology, reliability and repeatability in equipment and
process should be provided under global standardization.
In the interests of improving communication, printed electronics terminology should be
identical to, or analogous with, standardised terminology approved by technical committees in
the following areas (since one or more of these will be commonly used concurrently with
printed electronics):
• TC 21: Secondary cells and batteries
• SC 21A: Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other non-acid electrolytes
• TC 35: Primary cells and batteries
• TC 113: Nanotechnology for electrotechnical products and systems

– 6 – IEC 62899-501-1:2019 © IEC 2019
PRINTED ELECTRONICS –
Part 501-1: Quality assessment – Failure modes and mechanical testing –
Flexible or bendable primary or secondary cells

1 Scope
This part of IEC 62899 specifies failure modes and mechanical stress test methods for the
determination of reliability characteristics of bendable or flexible printed primary cells and
secondary cells and batteries as defined in IEC 60050-482:2004, 482-01-01,
IEC 60050-482:2004, 482-01-02, IEC 60050-482:2004, 482-01-03, IEC 60050-482:2004,
482-01-04 and IEC 60050-482:2004, 482-01-05, respectively.
Important parameters and specifications for primary cells are mentioned in IEC 60086-1 and
IEC 60086-2. IEC 61960-3, as well as IEC 61951-1 and IEC 61951-2 define performance tests,
designations, markings, dimensions and other requirements for secondary single cells and
batteries. IEC 62133-1 and IEC 62133-2 address general safety requirements of secondary
cells and batteries.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their
content constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition
cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including
any amendments) applies.
IEC 60050-482, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) – Part 482: Primary and
secondary cells and batteries (available at www.electropedia.org)
ISO/IEC 10373-1, Identification cards – Test methods – Part 1: General charac
...