EN 60809:2015

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-junij-2015
1DGRPHãþD
SIST EN 60809:1996
SIST EN 60809:1996/A1:2002
SIST EN 60809:1996/A2:2004
SIST EN 60809:1996/A3:2005
SIST EN 60809:1996/A4:2009
SIST EN 60809:1996/A5:2013
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Lamps for road vehicles - Dimensional, electrical and luminous requirements
Lampen für Straßenfahrzeuge - Maße, elektrische und lichttechnische Anforderungen
Lampes pour véhicules routiers - Exigences dimensionnelles, électriques et lumineuses
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 60809:2015
ICS:
29.140.20 Žarnice z žarilno nitko Incandescent lamps
43.040.20 Naprave za osvetlitev, Lighting, signalling and
signalizacijo in opozarjanje warning devices
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 60809
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
March 2015
ICS 43.040.20; 29.140.20 Supersedes EN 60809:1996
English Version
Lamps for road vehicles - Dimensional, electrical and luminous
requirements
(IEC 60809:2014)
Lampes pour véhicules routiers - Exigences Lampen für Straßenfahrzeuge - Maße, elektrische und
dimensionnelles, électriques et lumineuses lichttechnische Anforderungen
(IEC 60809:2014) (IEC 60809:2014)
This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2015-01-20. CENELEC members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC
Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC
Management Centre or to any CENELEC member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the
same status as the official versions.
CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and the United Kingdom.

European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2015 CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC Members.
Ref. No. EN 60809:2015 E
Foreword
The text of document 34A/1798/FDIS, future edition 3 of IEC 60809, prepared by SC 34A "Lamps", of
IEC/TC 34 "Lamps and related equipment" was submitted to the IEC-CENELEC parallel vote and
approved by CENELEC as EN 60809:2015.
The following dates are fixed:
(dop) 2015-10-20
• latest date by which the document has to be implemented at
national level by publication of an identical national
standard or by endorsement
(dow) 2018-01-20
• latest date by which the national standards conflicting with
the document have to be withdrawn

This document supersedes EN 60809:1996.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CENELEC [and/or CEN] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such
patent rights.
Endorsement notice
The text of the International Standard IEC 60809:2014 was approved by CENELEC as a European
Standard without any modification.

- 3 - EN 60809:2015
Annex ZA
(normative)
Normative references to international publications
with their corresponding European publications
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE 1 When an International Publication has been modified by common modifications, indicated by (mod),
the relevant EN/HD applies.
NOTE 2 Up-to-date information on the latest versions of the European Standards listed in this annex is
available here: www.cenelec.eu.

Publication Year Title EN/HD Year
IEC 60050 series International electrotechnical vocabulary - -
IEC 60051-1 -  Direct acting indicating analogue electrical measuring EN 60051-1 -
instruments and their accessories -
Part 1: Definitions and general requirements common
to all parts
IEC 60061-1 -  Lamp caps and holders together with gauges for the EN 60061-1 -
control of interchangeability and safety -
Part 1: Lamp caps
IEC 60810 2014 Lamps for road vehicles - Performance requirements EN 60810 2015
IEC 60983 -  Miniature lamps EN 60983 -
IEC 62504 -  General lighting - Light emitting diode (LED) products EN 62504 -
and related equipment - Terms and definitions
CIE 15 2004 Colorimetry - -
UNECE 1958 - Agreement concerning the adoption of uniform - -
Agreement technical prescription for wheeled vehicles, equipment
and parts which can be fitted and/or be used on
wheeled vehicles and the conditions for reciprocal
recognition of approvals granted on the basis of these
prescriptions
UNECE 4 -  1958 Agreement, Addendum 3: Regulation No. 4: - -
Uniform provisions concerning the approval of devices
for the illumination of rear registration plates of power-
driven vehicles and their trailers
UNECE 6 -  1958 Agreement, Addendum 5: Regulation No. 6: - -
Uniform provisions concerning the approval of
direction indicators for power-driven vehicles and their
trailers
Publication Year Title EN/HD Year
UNECE 7 -  1958 Agreement, Addendum 6: Regulation No. 7: - -
Uniform provisions concerning the approval of front
and rear position lamps, stop-lamps and end-outline
marker lamps for motor vehicles (except motor cycles)
and their trailers
UNECE 23 -  1958 Agreement, Addendum 22: Regulation No. 23: - -
Uniform provisions concerning the approval of
reversing and manoeuvring lamps for power-driven
vehicles and their trailers
UNECE 37 -  1958 Agreement, Addendum 36: Regulation No. 37: - -
Uniform provisions concerning the approval of filament
lamps for use in approved lamp units of power-driven
vehicles and of their trailers
UNECE 38 -  1958 Agreement, Addendum 37: Regulation No. 38: - -
Uniform provisions concerning the approval of rear fog
lamps for power-driven vehicles and their trailers
UNECE 50 -  1958 Agreement, Addendum 49: Regulation No. 50: - -
Uniform provisions concerning the approval of front
position lamps, rear position lamps, stop lamps,
direction indicators and rear-registration-plate
illuminating devices for vehicles of category L
UNECE 77 -  1958 Agreement, Addendum 76: Regulation No. 77: - -
Uniform provisions concerning the approval of parking
lamps for power-driven vehicles
UNECE 87 -  1958 Agreement, Addendum 86: Regulation No. 87: - -
Uniform provisions concerning the approval of daytime
running lamps for power-driven vehicles
UNECE 91 -  1958 Agreement, Addendum 90: Regulation No. 91: - -
Uniform provisions concerning the approval of side-
marker lamps for motor vehicles and their trailers
UNECE 99 -  1958 Agreement, Addendum 98: Regulation No. 99: - -
Uniform provisions concerning the approval of gas-
discharge light sources for use in approved gas-
discharge lamp units of power-driven vehicles
UNECE 101 -  1958 Agreement, Addendum 100: Regulation No. 101: - -
Uniform provisions concerning the approval of
passenger cars powered by an internal combustion
engine only, or powered by a hybrid electric power
train with regard to the measurement of the emission
of carbon dioxide and fuel consumption and/or the
measurement of electric energy consumption and
electric range, and of categories M and N vehicles
1 1
powered by an electric power train only with regard to
the measurement of electric energy consumption and
electric range
UNECE 119 -  1958 Agreement, Addendum 118: Regulation No. 119: - -
Uniform provisions concerning the approval of
cornering lamps for power-driven vehicles
UNECE 128 -  1958 Agreement, Addendum 127: Regulation No. 128: - -
Uniform provisions concerning the approval of light
emitting diode (LED) light sources for use in approved
lamp units on power-driven vehicles and their trailers

IEC 60809 ®
Edition 3.0 2014-12
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
Lamps for road vehicles – Dimensional, electrical and luminous requirements

Lampes pour véhicules routiers – Exigences dimensionnelles, électriques et

lumineuses
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
PRICE CODE
INTERNATIONALE
CODE PRIX XC
ICS 29.140.20; 43.040.20 ISBN 978-2-8322-1966-9

– 2 – IEC 60809:2014  IEC 2014
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 7
1 Scope . 9
2 Normative references . 9
3 Terms and definitions . 11
4 Requirements and test conditions for filament lamps . 14
4.1 General requirements . 14
4.2 Lamp marking . 14
4.3 Bulbs . 14
4.4 Colour . 15
4.4.1 Colour of light . 15
4.4.2 Colour endurance . 16
4.4.3 Coated bulb . 16
4.5 Lamp dimensions . 16
4.6 Caps and bases . 16
4.7 Initial electrical and luminous requirements . 17
4.8 Check on optical quality. 17
4.8.1 General . 17
4.8.2 12 V lamps emitting white light . 17
4.8.3 6 V and 24 V lamps emitting white light . 17
4.8.4 Lamps emitting selective-yellow light . 17
4.9 UV radiation . 18
4.10 Standard (étalon) filament lamps . 18
4.11 Non-replaceable filament lamps . 18
4.11.1 General . 18
4.11.2 Fixation. 19
4.11.3 Lifetime . 19
4.11.4 Colour endurance . 20
4.11.5 Luminous flux and colour maintenance . 20
4.11.6 Vibration and shock resistance . 20
5 Requirements and test conditions for discharge lamps . 21
5.1 General requirements . 21
5.2 Lamp marking . 21
5.3 Bulbs . 21
5.4 Caps . 21
5.5 Position and dimensions of electrodes, arc and black stripes . 22
5.5.1 Measurements . 22
5.5.2 Electrodes . 22
5.5.3 Arc . 22
5.5.4 Black stripes . 22
5.6 Starting, run-up and hot-restrike characteristics . 22
5.6.1 Starting . 22
5.6.2 Run-up . 22
5.6.3 Hot-restrike . 23
5.6.4 Compliance . 23
5.7 Electrical and photometric characteristics . 23
5.7.1 Voltage and wattage . 23

IEC 60809:2014  IEC 2014 – 3 –
5.7.2 Luminous flux . 23
5.7.3 Compliance . 23
5.8 Colour . 23
5.9 UV radiation . 24
5.10 Standard (étalon) discharge lamps . 25
6 Requirements and test conditions for LED light sources . 25
6.1 General requirements . 25
6.2 Light source marking . 25
6.3 Optical surfaces . 26
6.4 Colour of light . 26
6.5 Lamp dimensions . 26
6.6 Caps and bases . 26
6.7 Initial electrical and photometrical requirements. 26
6.8 Red content . 26
6.9 UV radiation . 26
6.10 Standard (étalon) light sources . 26
7 Sampling and conditions of compliance . 27
8 Lamp data sheets . 27
8.1 General . 27
8.2 List of specific lamp types . 27
Annex A (normative) Filament shape, length and position . 51
A.1 General . 51
A.2 Filaments shown as points . 51
A.3 Line filaments. 51
A.4 Coiled-coil filaments . 51
A.5 Extreme filament turns . 51
A.6 Filament extremities . 51
A.6.1 General . 51
A.6.2 Axial filaments . 51
A.6.3 Transverse filaments. 51
A.7 Determination of filament length . 52
A.8 Filament offsets . 52
A.9 Lateral deviation . 52
A.10 Filament location check system (box system) . 52
Annex B (normative) Measurement method of the colour of filament lamps . 55
B.1 General . 55
B.2 Colour . 55
B.3 Measuring directions . 55
B.3.1 General . 55
B.3.2 Filament lamps used in headlamps . 55
B.3.3 Filament lamps used in light signalling devices . 56
Annex C (normative) Test conditions for electrical and luminous characteristics . 57
C.1 Filament lamps. 57
C.1.1 Ageing . 57
C.1.2 Test conditions . 57
C.1.3 Electrical instrumentation . 57
C.1.4 Photometry . 57
C.2 LED light sources . 57

– 4 – IEC 60809:2014  IEC 2014
C.2.1 Test conditions . 57
C.2.2 Luminous flux . 57
C.2.3 Normalized luminous intensity . 58
C.2.4 Colour. 58
C.2.5 Power consumption . 58
Annex D (normative) Method of measuring internal elements of R2 lamps . 59
D.1 General test conditions . 59
D.1.1 Measurement position . 59
D.1.2 Ageing . 59
D.1.3 Test condition . 59
D.2 Reference axis, reference plane and planes for measurements . 59
D.2.1 Reference axis . 59
D.2.2 Reference plane . 59
D.2.3 Plane V-V . 59
D.2.4 Plane H-H . 59
D.2.5 Plane X-X . 59
D.2.6 Plane Y1-Y1 . 59
D.2.7 Plane Y2-Y2 . 59
D.3 Viewing directions (see Figure D.1) . 60
D.3.1 Viewing direction  . 60
D.3.2 Viewing direction  . 60
D.3.3 Viewing direction  . 60
D.4 Measuring points (MP) . 60
D.5 Dimensions to be measured . 61
Annex E (normative) Method of measuring internal elements of H4 and HS1 lamps . 64
E.1 General test conditions . 64
E.1.1 Measurement position . 64
E.1.2 Ageing . 64
E.1.3 Test condition . 64
E.2 Reference axis, reference plane and planes for measurements . 64
E.2.1 Reference axis . 64
E.2.2 Reference plane . 64
E.2.3 Plane V-V . 64
E.2.4 Plane H-H . 64
E.2.5 Plane X-X . 64
E.2.6 Plane Y1-Y1 . 64
E.2.7 Plane Y2-Y2 . 65
E.2.8 Plane Y3-Y3 . 65
E.2.9 Plane Y4-Y4 . 65
E.2.10 Plane Y5-Y5 . 65
E.3 Viewing directions (see Figure E.1) . 65
E.3.1 Viewing direction  . 65
E.3.2 Viewing direction  . 65
E.3.3 Viewing direction  . 65
E.4 Measuring points (MP) . 65
E.4.1 Shield and filaments (see Figure E.2) . 65
E.4.2 Top obscuration (see Figure E.3) . 66
E.5 Dimensions to be measured . 66
Annex F (normative) Method of measuring internal elements of HB1 lamps. 70

IEC 60809:2014  IEC 2014 – 5 –
F.1 General test conditions . 70
F.1.1 Measurement position . 70
F.1.2 Ageing . 70
F.1.3 Test condition . 70
F.2 Dipped beam filament location . 70
F.2.1 Horizontal location . 70
F.2.2 Vertical location . 70
F.2.3 Axial location . 70
F.3 Main beam filament location . 70
F.3.1 Horizontal location . 70
F.3.2 Vertical location . 70
F.3.3 Axial location . 71
Annex G (informative) Optical set-up for the measurement of the position and form of
the arc and of the position of the electrodes of discharge lamps . 72
Annex H (normative) Measurement method of electrical and photometric characteristics
of discharge lamps . 73
H.1 General . 73
H.2 Ballast. 73
H.3 Burning position . 73
H.4 Ageing . 73
H.5 Supply voltage. 73
H.6 Starting test . 73
H.7 Run-up test . 73
H.8 Hot restrike test . 74
H.9 Electrical and photometric test. 74
H.10 Colour . 74
Annex I (informative) Overview of lamp types and their applications . 75
Annex J (normative) Test conditions for colour endurance measurements . 77
J.1 General . 77
J.2 Calibration and ageing. 77
J.3 Test voltage . 78
J.4 Operating position . 78
J.5 Test rack . 78
J.6 Operating cycles . 78
J.7 Closure . 81

B) . 53
Figure A.1 – Determination of apexes, filament length and filament offsets (A and
Figure A.2 – Determination of filament centre . 53
Figure A.3 – Determination of lateral deviations (A and B) and tolerance on the light
centre length (C) . 54
Figure B.1 – Positions of the colorimetric receiver when measuring lamps used in
headlamps . 56
Figure B.2 – Positions of the colorimetric receiver when measuring lamps used in light
signalling devices . 56
Figure D.1 – Viewing directions, seen from the top of the lamp. 62
Figure D.2 – Position of measuring points of R2 lamps . 63
Figure E.1 – Viewing directions, seen from the top of the lamp . 67
Figure E.2 – Position of measuring points of H4 and HS1 lamps . 68

– 6 – IEC 60809:2014  IEC 2014
Figure E.3 – Top obscuration . 69
ab
Figure F.1 – Side view, view from  . 71
a
Figure F.2 – Plan view, view from  . 71
Figure G.1 – Optical system . 72
Figure J.1 – Side view of box . 78
Figure J.2 – Front view of box . 78
Figure J.3 – Temperature in the climate chamber during one operating cycle . 79
Figure J.4 – Relative humidity in the climate chamber during one operating cycle . 79
Figure J.5 – Switching modes of filament lamps for intermittent operation during one
operating cycle . 80
Figure J.6 – Switching modes of filament lamps for intermittent and continuous
operation during one operating cycle . 80
Figure J.7 – Switching modes of filament lamps for continuous operation during one

operating cycle . 81
Figure J.8 – Switching modes of filament lamps for intermittent and continuous
operation during one operating cycle . 81

Table 1 – Lifetime of non-replaceable filament lamps . 20
Table 2 – Spectral weighting function . 25
Table C.1 – Luminous flux tolerance limits . 58
Table D.1 – Dimensions to be measured for R2 lamps . 61
Table E.1 – Dimensions to be measured for H4 and HS1 lamps . 67
Table J.1 – Applicable switching modes . 77
Table J.2 – Applicable boxes of the test racks . 77
Table J.3 – Dimensions of the applicable boxes and the relative position of the centre
of the filament . 78
Table J.4 – Timing during one operating cycle . 79
Table J.5 – Switching modes of the filament lamps . 80

IEC 60809:2014  IEC 2014 – 7 –
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
LAMPS FOR ROAD VEHICLES –
DIMENSIONAL, ELECTRICAL AND LUMINOUS REQUIREMENTS

FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications,
Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC
Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested
in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-
governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely
with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by
agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
misinterpretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence
between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in
the latter.
5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity
assessment services and, in some areas, access to IEC marks of conformity. IEC is not responsible for any
services carried out by independent certification bodies.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or
other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and
expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC
Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of
patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard IEC 60809 has been prepared by subcommittee 34A: Lamps, of IEC
technical committee 34, Lamps and related equipment.
The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
FDIS Report on voting
34A/1798/FDIS 34A/1819/RVD
Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
voting indicated in the above table.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (1995), its Amendment 1 (1996), its
Amendment 2 (2002), its Amendment 3 (2004), its Amendment 4 (2009) and its Amendment 5
(2012). This edition constitutes a technical revision.

– 8 – IEC 60809:2014  IEC 2014
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous
edition:
a) the introduction of requirements for non-replaceable filament lamps;
b) the introduction of requirements for LED light sources.
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. However,
as the original editable data sheets and some figures from previous editions were not available,
they have been reproduced in their old format which does not comply fully with the current
drafting rules.
The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until the
stability date indicated on the IEC web site under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data related to
the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
IEC 60809:2014  IEC 2014 – 9 –
LAMPS FOR ROAD VEHICLES –
DIMENSIONAL, ELECTRICAL AND LUMINOUS REQUIREMENTS

1 Scope
This International Standard is applicable to replaceable and standardised lamps (filament
lamps, discharge lamps and LED light sources) to be used in headlamps, fog-lamps and
signalling lamps for road vehicles. In some applications, these lamps may be installed as non-
replaceable.
This standard is especially applicable to those lamps which are the subject of legislation. In
particular, it includes the lamps contained in Regulations No. 37, No. 99, No. 128 and its series
of amendments of the Geneva Agreement of 20 March 1958 of the United Nations Economic
Commission for Europe (UNECE). However, the standard may be used for other lamps falling
under the scope of this standard, as well as lamps which are subject of legislation but not
contained in Regulations No. 37, No. 99 and No. 128, e.g. the non-replaceable (filament) lamps
and LED modules.
For replaceable and standardised lamps, the standard specifies the technical requirements
with methods of tests and basic interchangeability (dimensional, electrical and luminous) for
lamps of normal production and for standard (étalon) lamps.
For most of the requirements given in this standard, reference is made to the “relevant lamp
data sheet”. For all lamps listed in Clause 8, data sheets are contained in this standard or
included by reference. For other lamps, the relevant data are supplied by the lamp
manufacturer or responsible vendor. It could be based on national legislation.
Other requirements to replaceable and standardised lamps such as lamp life, luminous flux
maintenance, torsion strength and resistance to vibration and shock are specified in IEC 60810.
Such requirements to non-replaceable lamps are given in this standard.
For some test methods, reference is made to IEC 60810.
Road vehicle lamps for supplementary purposes which are not the subject of legislation are
specified in IEC 60983.
In countries which legislate for approval, for example under the terms of the aforementioned
UN Regulations, it is suggested that reference is made to this standard for assessment of
compliance. IEC 60810 and IEC 60983 are not intended for that purpose.
NOTE 1 In various vocabularies and standards, different terms are used for "incandescent lamp", "discharge
lamp" and “LED lamp”. In this standard "filament lamp", "discharge lamp" and “LED light source” are used. However,
where only "lamp" is written all three kinds of lamp are meant, unless the context clearly shows that it applies to
one kind only.
NOTE 2 Wherever the term “device” is used, it is meant to designate equipment which is used as luminaire. It can
take the form and purpose of a headlight or signal light.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and
are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments)
applies.
– 10 – IEC 60809:2014  IEC 2014
IEC 60050 (all parts), International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (available at
IEC 60051-1, Direct acting indicating analogue electrical measuring inst
...