EN ISO 16559:2014

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-september-2014
1DGRPHãþD
SIST EN 14588:2010
Trdna biogoriva - Terminologija, definicije in opisi (ISO 16559:2014)
Solid biofuels - Terminology, definitions and descriptions (ISO 16559:2014)
Feste Biobrennstoffe - Terminologie, Definitionen und Beschreibungen (ISO 16559:2014)
Biocarburants solides - Terminologie, définitions et descriptions (ISO 16559:2014)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 16559:2014
ICS:
01.040.75 Naftna in sorodna tehnologija Petroleum and related
(Slovarji) technologies (Vocabularies)
27.190 Biološki viri in drugi Biological sources and
alternativni viri energije alternative sources of energy
75.160.10 Trda goriva Solid fuels
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN ISO 16559
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
July 2014
ICS 27.190; 01.040.75; 75.160.10
English Version
Solid biofuels - Terminology, definitions and descriptions (ISO
16559:2014)
Biocombustibles solides - Terminologie, définitions et Feste Biobrennstoffe - Terminologie, Definitionen und
descriptions (ISO 16559:2014) Beschreibungen (ISO 16559:2014)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 28 June 2014.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same
status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United
Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2014 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 16559:2014 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
Foreword .3
Foreword
This document (EN ISO 16559:2014) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 238 "Solid biofuels"
in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 335 “Solid biofuels” the secretariat of which is held by SIS.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by January 2015, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at
the latest by January 2015.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 16559:2014 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 16559:2014 without any modification.

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 16559
First edition
2014-07-15
Solid biofuels — Terminology,
definitions and descriptions
Biocombustibles solides — Terminologie, définitions et descriptions
Reference number
ISO 16559:2014(E)
©
ISO 2014
ISO 16559:2014(E)
© ISO 2014
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
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Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

ISO 16559:2014(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Principle . 1
4 Terms and definitions . 2
Bibliography .32
ISO 16559:2014(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. www.iso.org/directives
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any
patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on
the ISO list of patent declarations received. www.iso.org/patents
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers
to Trade (TBT), see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 238, Solid biofuels.
iv © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

ISO 16559:2014(E)
Introduction
This International Standard has been written in accordance with ISO 10241. This International Standard
[6]
is based on European standard EN 14588:2010 as well as on approved national standards and manuals.
Some of the terms included in this International Standard are only used in particular countries.
In this International Standard instead of the legal definition waste the technical terms residue, and by-
product are used to describe co-products from forestry and arboriculture, agriculture and horticulture,
and aquaculture as well as related industries. The terms and definitions are harmonized as far as
possible with the current language used in management as well as in regulatory activities.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16559:2014(E)
Solid biofuels — Terminology, definitions and descriptions
1 Scope
This international standard determines the terminology and definitions for solid biofuels. According to
the scope of the ISO/TC 238 this standard only includes raw and processed material originating from
— forestry and arboriculture,
— agriculture and horticulture,
— aquaculture
NOTE 1 Raw and processed material includes woody, herbaceous, fruit and aquatic biomass from the sectors
mentioned above.
NOTE 2 Chemically treated material does not include halogenated organic compounds or heavy metals at
levels higher than those in typical virgin material values or higher than typical values of the country of origin.
Materials originating from different recycling processes of end-of-life-products are not within the scope
but relevant terms are included for information. Areas covered by ISO/TC28/SC7 “Liquid biofuels” and
ISO/TC193 “Natural gas” are excluded.
Other standards with a different scope than this International Standard may have different definitions
than this standard.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
Not applicable.
3 Principle
This International Standard only contains terms used to describe solid biofuels within the scope of
ISO/TC 238, see Figure 1.
Figure 1 — ISO/TC 238 within the biomass-biofuel-bioenergy field
ISO 16559:2014(E)
Solid biofuels are produced from different sources, which are defined within the scope of ISO/TC 238
“Solid Biofuels”. Terms and definitions are categorised in a logical structure based on the fact that solid
biofuels are produced from different sources and that solid biofuels are used to produce bioenergy:
— origin and source of solid biofuels in the overall supply chain,
— the different traded forms as well as the different forms of biofuels produced within the preparation
processes,
— the most relevant solid biofuel properties and terms of sampling and testing as well as classification
and specification
— the description of the solid biofuels itself as well as their handling and processing given in the same
structure as the biomass sources
— bioenergy as the result of solid biofuel conversion
Appropriate terms for sampling and testing as well as classification and specification of properties have
to be defined and described together with the category source/origin, type and properties of solid biofuels.
The necessarity of terms defined in this International Technical Standard is in many cases based on the
classification system of solid biofuels given in ISO 17225-1, in which the classification of solid biofuels is
specified in more detail.
4 Terms and definitions
4.1
absorption
phenomenon whereby atoms, ions, or molecules from a gas, liquid, or dissolved solid permeates or is
dissolved by a liquid or solid (the absorbent)
Note 1 to entry: Adsorption is a surface-based process while absorption involves the whole volume of the material.
[SOURCE: ISO 18757:2003]
4.2
adsorption
phenomenon whereby atoms, ions, or molecules from a gas, liquid, or dissolved solid adheres to a surface
whereby the process creates a film of the adsorbate on the surface of the adsorbent
[SOURCE: ISO 18757:2003]
4.3
additive
material which has been intentionally introduced into the fuel feedstock to improve quality of fuel (e.g.
combustion properties), to reduce emissions or to make production more efficient
Note 1 to entry: Trace amounts of e.g. grease or other lubricants that are introduced into the fuel processing
stream as part of normal mill operations are not considered as additives.
[SOURCE: ISO 17225-2:2014]
4.4
agrofuels
biofuels obtained from energy crops and/or agricultural by-products (agricultural residues)
[SOURCE: FAO unified bioenergy terminology (UBET)]
4.5
air dried
condition in which the solid biofuel has dried in air to equilibrium moisture content
[SOURCE: ISO 1213-2:1992]
2 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

ISO 16559:2014(E)
4.6
angle of repose
critical angle of repose
steepest angle of descent measured in degrees of the slope of material relative to the horizontal plane
when granular material on the slope face is on the verge of sliding
Note 1 to entry: The slope may be the convex perimeter of a conical pile on a flat surface.
[SOURCE: ISO 4324:1977]
4.7
angle of drain
steepest angle of descent measured in degrees of the slope of material relative to the horizontal plane
when granular material on the slope face is on the verge of sliding
Note 1 to entry: When biomass is held in a silo or hopper and drained through a gate at the bottom the material
is usually forming a cone within which the material, especially material with high particle aspect ratio such as
pellets, partially becomes interlocked before released by the forces of gravity.
Note 2 to entry: The angle of drain is normally a few degrees higher than the angle of repose.
4.8
animal biomass
biomass obtained from livestock
4.9
animal by-products
animal residues
agricultural by-products (or agricultural residues) obtained from livestock operations
Note 1 to entry: It includes among others solid excreta of animals.
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.10
aquatic biomass
biomass from so called hydrophytic plants or hydrophytes, which are plants that have adapted to living
in or on aquatic environments
[SOURCE: ISO 17225-1:2014]
4.11
as analysed
determined basis
condition in which the moisture content of the solid biofuel is the content of the material at the moment
of analysis/determination
[SOURCE: ISO 1213-2:1992]
4.12
as received
as delivered
ar
calculation basis for a material in the delivery state
Note 1 to entry: The abbreviation of as received is ar.
[SOURCE: ISO 15357:2011]
ISO 16559:2014(E)
4.13
ash
ash content
total ash
A
mass of inorganic residue remaining after combustion of a fuel under specified conditions, typically
expressed as a percentage of the mass of dry matter in fuel
Note 1 to entry: See also ash fusibility, natural ash, extraneous ash.
Note 2 to entry: Depending on the combustion efficiency the ash may contain combustibles.
Note 3 to entry: If a complete combustion is realized ash contains only inorganic, non-combustible components.
[SOURCE: ISO 1213-2:1992]
4.14
ash deformation temperature
DT
temperature at which first signs of rounding due to melting of the edges of the ash test piece occur
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.15
ash flow temperature
FT
temperature at which the ash is spread out over the supporting tile in a layer, the height of which is half
of the height of the test piece at the ash hemisphere temperature
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.16
ash fusibility
ash melting behaviour
characteristic physical state of the ash obtained by heating under specific conditions
Note 1 to entry: Ash fusibility is determined under either oxidising or reducing conditions.
Note 2 to entry: See also ash deformation temperature, ash flow temperature, ash hemisphere temperature and ash
shrinkage starting temperature.
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.17
ash hemisphere temperature
HT
temperature at which the height of a test piece, prepared from ash by a specific procedure, is equal to
half the width of the base, and its shape becomes approximately hemispherical
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.18
ash shrinkage starting temperature
SST
temperature at which shrinking of the test piece occurs
Note 1 to entry: This temperature is defined as when the area of the test piece falls below 95 % of the original test
piece area at 550°C.
4.19
bag weight
weight of the fuel plus the bag
4 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

ISO 16559:2014(E)
4.20
baled biofuel
bale
solid biofuel which has been compressed and bound to keep its shape and density
EXAMPLE Straw bales, bales of energy grass, bales of treetops and branches.
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.21
bark
organic cellular tissue which is formed by taller plants (trees, bushes) on the outside of the growth zone
(cambium) as a shell for the wooden body
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.22
basic density
ratio of the mass on dry basis and the solid volume on green basis
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.23
biobased
derived from biomass
[SOURCE: EN 16575:2013]
4.24
biobased content
fraction of a fuel that is derived from biomass
Note 1 to entry: Normally expressed as a percentage of the total mass of the product.
[SOURCE: EN 16575:2013]
4.25
biobased product
biobased industrial product
bioproduct
product wholly or partly derived from biomass
Note 1 to entry: The biobased product is normally characterized by the biobased carbon content or the biobased
content.
[SOURCE: EN 16575:2013]
4.26
bioenergy
energy derived from biomass
Note 1 to entry: Biomass may either be directly converted into energy or processed into solids, liquids or gases.
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.27
biofuel
solid, liquid or gaseous fuel produced directly or indirectly from biomass
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
ISO 16559:2014(E)
4.28
biofuel blend
biofuel resulting from intentionally mixing of different biofuels
EXAMPLE Straw or energy grass with wood, dried biosludge with bark.
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.29
biofuel briquette
densified biofuel made with or without additives in the form of cubiform, polyhedral, polyhydric or
cylindrical units with a diameter of more than 25 mm, produced by compressing biomass
Note 1 to entry: Usually the biomass has been milled before densification.
Note 2 to entry: See also non-woody briquette and wood briquette.
[SOURCE: ISO 17225-3:2014]
4.30
biofuel mixture
biofuel resulting from natural or unintentional mixing of different biofuels and/or different types of
biomass
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.31
biofuel pellet
biofuel made with or without additives in the form of cubiform, polyhedral, polyhydric or cylindrical
units with a diameter up to 25 mm, produced by compressing biomassNOTE 1 to entry: Usually the
biomass has been milled before densification.
Note 1 to entry: See also non-woody pellet and wood pellet.
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.32
biomass
material of biological origin excluding material embedded in geological formations and/or fossilized
Note 1 to entry: Biomass is organic material that is plant or animal based, including but not limited to dedicated
energy crops, agricultural crops and trees, food, feed and fibre crop residues, aquatic plants, algae, forestry and
wood residues, agricultural wastes, processing by-products and other non fossil organic matters.
Note 2 to entry: See also herbaceous biomass, fruit biomass, and woody biomass.
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.33
biomass by-product
a secondary product which is made incidentially during the production of something else
EXAMPLE Sawdust when sawing timber.
4.34
biomass residue
biomass from well-defined side-streams from forestry, agricultural, aqua cultural and related industrial
operations
EXAMPLE Olive cake after pressing of oil, logging residues.
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
6 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

ISO 16559:2014(E)
4.35
biomass resource owner
body or enterprise with the right to exploit the biomass resources for energy purposes
Note 1 to entry: The biomass resource owner can be a land or forest owner, a company etc.
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.36
biomethane
methane produced from biomass (e.g. solid biofuels)
Note 1 to entry: Biomethane is not a solid biofuel. The term is included for information only.
4.37
biosludge
sludge formed in the aeration basin during biological waste water treatment or biological treatment
process and separated by sedimentation or flotation
Note 1 to entry: Biosludge has to be treated to transfer into solid biomass.
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.38
black liquor
liquor obtained from wood during the process of pulp production, in which the energy content is mainly
originating from the content of lignin removed from the wood in the pulping process
Note 1 to entry: Black liquor contains also pulping chemicals.
Note 2 to entry: Black liquor is not a solid biofuel. The term is included for information only.
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.39
bridging
arching
hindering flow that occurs when particles form stable arch across an opening
[SOURCE: Woodcock and Mason. Bulk Solids Handling]
4.40
bulk density
ρ
mass of a portion (i.e. a large quantity of particulate material) of a solid fuel divided by the volume of the
container which is filled by that portion under specific conditions
[SOURCE: ISO 1213-2:1992]
4.41
bulk volume
loose volume
volume of a material including space between the particles
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.42
bundled biofuel
bundle
solid biofuels which has been bound together and where there is a lengthwise orientation of the material
EXAMPLE Bundles of energy forest trees and logging residues, small trees, or branches and tops.
ISO 16559:2014(E)
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.43
calorific value
heating value
q
energy amount per unit mass or volume released on complete combustion
Note 1 to entry: See also gross calorific value, energy density, net calorific value.
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.44
cereal crops
annual crops grown with the main purpose of using the seed for food production
Note 1 to entry: Some cereal crops can be used as a solid biofuel.
EXAMPLE Barley, wheat, rye, oat.
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.45
certified reference material
CRM
reference material one or more of whose property values are certified by a technically valid procedure,
accompanied by or traceable to a certificate or other documentation which is issued by a certifying body
[SOURCE: ISO 16967]
4.46
char
solid partially or non-agglomerated carbonaceous material produced from thermo-chemical conversion
of solid fuels
[SOURCE: ISO 1213-2:1992]
4.47
charcoal
biochar
biocarbon
biocoke
biocoal
solid biofuel derived from carbonization distillation and pyrolysis of biomass
[SOURCE: ANSI/ASABE S593]
4.48
chemical treatment
any treatment with chemicals other than air, water or heat
[SOURCE: ISO 17225-7:2014]
4.49
chopped straw
straw which has been cut into small pieces
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
8 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

ISO 16559:2014(E)
4.50
chunkwood
wood cut with sharp cutting devices where most of the material have typical particle lengths of 50 to
150 mm, which are substantially longer and coarser than wood chips
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.51
coke
the solid residue of impure carbon obtained from carbon rich feedstock after removal of volatile material
by destructive distillation
[SOURCE: ANSI/ASABE S593-2006]
4.52
combined sample
sample consisting of all the increments taken from a lot or a sub-lot
Note 1 to entry: The increments may be reduced by division before being added to the combined sample.
[SOURCE: EN 14780:2011]
4.53
complete tree
tree, including limbs and root system
Note 1 to entry: See also whole tree.
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.54
condensable gas
gas which is going through transition from gaseous to liquid or solid state at a certain temperature
Note 1 to entry: The process is reversible but not necessarily at the same temperature.
4.55
contamination
exposure to impurity such as poisonous or polluting substance to a fuel
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.56
coproduct
any of two or more products coming from the same unit process or product system
[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006]
4.57
critical control point
quality control point
CCP
point within or between processes at which relevant properties can be most readily assessed; quality
control points also offer the greatest potential for quality improvement
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.58
cross-cut ends
short pieces of woody biomass which occur when the ends of logs or sawn timber are cross cut off, with
or without bark
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
ISO 16559:2014(E)
4.59
customer
organization or person that receives a product
[SOURCE: ISO 9000:2005]
4.60
cutter chips
wood chips made as a by-product of the wood processing industry, with or without bark
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.61
deflagration
violent event describing subsonic combustion propagating by means of hot burning material (usually
dust) heating the next layer of cold material and igniting it in consecutive sequence
Note 1 to entry: The process can be characterized as an exploding fire whereby the burning material partly
deposits on surfaces in its path and causing significant damage and injuries.
[SOURCE: EN 13857-1:2003]
4.62
deflagration index
measure in bar meter per second and a product of the pressure rate and propagation of an explosion as
established by testing standards
4.63
delivery agreement
contract for fuel trade, which specifies e.g. origin and source, quality and quantity of the fuel, as well as
delivery terms
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.64
delivery lot
solid biofuel batch on which the essential quality requirements for solid biofuel are focused
Note 1 to entry: The delivery lot can be an individual delivery lot, which is an agreed quantity of solid biofuel (e.g. a
package, shipload or truck load), or continuous delivery, where several loads are delivered to the end-user during
an agreed period of time (usually daily or weekly delivery).
Note 2 to entry: In continuous delivery, the delivery lot is the amount of solid biofuel delivered during a specified
period of time, e.g. 24 h, unless otherwise agreed by supplier and end-user. If the delivery lot in continuous delivery
is more than 1,500 to 2,000 m in 24 h, it is recommended that it should be divided into two or more individual
lots.
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.65
demolition wood
used wood arising from demolition of buildings or civil engineering installations
[SOURCE: EN 13965-1:2004]
4.66
densified biofuel
compressed biofuel
solid biofuel made by mechanically compressing biomass or thermally treated biomass to mould the solid
biofuel into a specific size and shape such as cubes, pressed logs, biofuel pellets or biofuel briquettes
Note 1 to entry: See also biofuel briquette and biofuel pellet.
10 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

ISO 16559:2014(E)
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.67
density
ratio of mass to volume or ratio of energy content to volume
Note 1 to entry: It must always be stated whether the density refers to the density of individual particles or to the
bulk density of the material and whether the mass of water in the material is included.
Note 2 to entry: See also bulk density, solid density, particle density and energy density
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.68
desorption
phenomenon whereby a substance is released from or through a surface
Note 1 to entry: The process is the opposite of sorption.
4.69
detonation
violent event generated by sudden expansion of gas in to a supersonic shock wave (molecular speed
higher than the speed of sound) not followed by fire
[SOURCE: EN 13857-1:2003]
4.70
devolatilization
process (usually pyrolysis or gasification) whereby volatile matter is removed from carbon rich feedstock
(e.g. biomass)
[SOURCE: ANSI/ASABE S593]
4.71
dry ash free
dry ash free basis
daf
calculation basis in which the solid biofuel is considered free from moisture and inorganic matter
Note 1 to entry: The abbreviation of dry ash free is daf.
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.72
dry
dry basis
d
calculation basis in which the solid biofuel is considered free from moisture
Note 1 to entry: See oven dry.
Note 2 to entry: The abbreviation of dry basis is d.
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.73
dry matter
material remaining after removal of moisture under specific conditions
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
ISO 16559:2014(E)
4.74
dry matter content
portion of dry matter in the total material on mass basis
Note 1 to entry: Expressed as a percentage of the total mass of the solid biofuel.
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.75
dust
fragmented material of small size caused by a non-voluntary process as opposed to powder which is
normally manufactured to size
Note 1 to entry: There is no official definition of what constitutes dust in terms of physical size.
4.76
edgings
parts of woody biomass which occur when trimming sawn timber and which show a remainder of the
original rounded surface of the tree, with or without bark
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.77
end-user
consumer (private person, enterprise, utility etc.) using fuel for energy purposes
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.78
energy crops
woody or herbaceous crops grown and harvested specifically for their fuel value
Note 1 to entry: See also energy forest trees, energy grass.
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.79
energy density
E
ratio of net energy content and bulk volume
Note 1 to entry: The energy density is calculated using the net calorific value determined and the bulk density.
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.80
energy forest trees
woody biomass grown specifically for its fuel value in medium to long rotation forestry
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.81
energy grain
grain used for energy purpose
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.82
energy grass
herbaceous energy crop
EXAMPLE Sugar cane, Miscanthus, Reed canary grass.
12 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

ISO 16559:2014(E)
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.83
explosibility
propensity by gaseous, liquid or solid material to ignite and violently transform to high pressure gas
while emitting sound and light and normally followed by fire
4.84
explosion (primary and secondary)
violent event emitting sound and light immediately followed by fire
Note 1 to entry: An initial explosion followed by fire may dislodge dust deposited on beams, floor, machinery etc.
and ignite this material resulting in a secondary explosion, usually a few seconds after the first explosion.
Note 2 to entry: Thermal energy is transferred from the first to the second explosion through deflagration.
[SOURCE: EN 16256-1:2012]
4.85
extraneous ash
ash from contaminants entering the material at harvest, logging, treatment, transport, storage etc
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.86
extraneous substances
foreign materials entering the biomass or solid biofuel during any stages of the overall supply chain
EXAMPLE Particles not belonging to the particular biomass such as stone, glass or corn in wood pellets.
4.87
feedstock
material that is further processed for conversion to bioenergy, biofuel and/or biobased products
4.88
fibre saturation point
FSP
the moisture content at which only the cell walls are completely saturated (all bound water) but no free
water exists in the cell lumens – typically about 30 % total moisture (on wet basis)
Note 1 to entry: Below the fibre saturation point the physical and mechanical properties of wood begin to change
as a function of moisture content.
4.89
fibre sludge
sludge formed in the sedimentation basin as a part of the waste water treatment process in a pulp and
paper mill and separated by sedimentation or flotation
Note 1 to entry: The main component is pieces of wood fibres. The sludge can be dewatered and further processed
into a solid biofuel.
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.90
fines
F
Small sized particles in fuel below a certain pre-defined size, usually less than 3.15 mm
Note 1 to entry: The amount of fines can be different after completion of production, bagging, transportation,
unloading, distribution etc.
ISO 16559:2014(E)
4.91
firewood
cut, and split fuelwood usually with a length of 20 to 100 cm used in household appliances like stoves,
fireplaces and central heating devices
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.92
fixed carbon
remaining carbon after removal of water, ash an volatile matter
[SOURCE: ISO 1213-2:1992]
4.93
flash point
propensity by vapour of a material to ignite under atmospheric conditions in the presence of a thermal
source at a temperature and as determined by testing method
Note 1 to entry: A lower flash point temperature indicates higher flammability.
4.94
flammability
propensity by gaseous, liquid or solid material to catch fire upon exposure to ignitable external source
Note 1 to entry: For solids like dust from biomass the flammability is determined by testing method establishing
the speed of burning in mm per time unit.
4.95
flowability
ability of a solid to flow
Note 1 to entry: See also bridging or arching.
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.96
foreign material
impurity
material other than claimed, which has entered the fuel
Note 1 to entry: Examples of impurities for biofuels are stones, soil, pieces of metal, plastics, rope, ice and snow.
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.97
forest chips
forest wood in the form of wood chips
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.98
forest fuels
fuelwood
forest fuel is produced directly from forest wood or plantation wood by a mechanical process, the raw
material has not previously had another use
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
14 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

ISO 16559:2014(E)
4.99
forest wood
plantation and other virgin wood
wood from forest, plantation and other virgin wood including segregated wood from gardens, parks,
roadside maintenance, vineyards, fruit orchards and driftwood from freshwater
Note 1 to entry: See also complete tree, energy forest trees, logging residues, stump, thinning residues, tree section,
whole trees, drift wood from fresh water.
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.100
fruit biomass
part of a plant which holds seeds
EXAMPLE Nuts, olives, oil palm fruit.
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.101
fuel
energy carrier intended for energy conversion
Note 1 to entry: Fuels are solid, liquid or gaseous.
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.102
fuel classification
division of fuels into defined fuel classes
Note 1 to entry: The aim of classification can be to describe the fuel and/or to physically separate certain particle
types.
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.103
fuel dust
pulverised fuel with a typical particle size of 1 to 5 mm
EXAMPLE Saw dust.
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.104
fuel powder
fuel flour
pulverised fuel with a typical particle size less than 1 mm
EXAMPLE Wood powder, wood flour, straw powder.
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.105
fuel specification
description of fuel properties
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
ISO 16559:2014(E)
4.106
fuelwood
energy wood
wood fuel where the original composition of the wood is preserved, unaltered from original form
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.107
general analysis sample
sub-sample of a laboratory sample having a nominal top size of 1 mm or less and used for a number of
chemical and physical analyses
[SOURCE: EN 14780:2011]
4.108
green biomass
material with a moisture content close to fresh after cutting but no further quality specified
4.109
fresh chips
green chips
Wood chips produced from recently harvested woody biomass
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.110
grinding dust
dust-like wood residue formed in grinding timber and wood boards
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.111
gross calorific value
Q
v,gr
measured value of specific energy of combustion of a solid fuel burned in oxygen in a calorimetric bomb
under such conditions that all the water of the reaction products is in the form of liquid water
Note 1 to entry: The result of combustion are assumed to consist of gaseous, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and
sulfur dioxide, of liquid water (in equilibrium with its vapor) saturated with carbon dioxide under conditions of
the bomb reaction, and of solid ash, all at the reference temperature and at constant volume.
Note 2 to entry: Another term is higher heating value.
[SOURCE: EN 14918:2009]
4.112
gross density
ratio of the mass of a wooden body and its volume, including all cavities (pores and vessels), based on
specific total moisture
Note 1 to entry: See also particle density
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.113
heat rate
measure of the number of heating units required to generate output energy over a length of time
expressed in MWh
Note 1 to entry: MWh is used to express thermal efficiency of thermal conversion facilities such as power plants.
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
16 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

ISO 16559:2014(E)
4.114
herbaceous biomass
biomass from plants that has a non-woody stem and which dies back at the end of the growing season
Note 1 to entry: See also energy grass.
[SOURCE: BioTech’s Life Science Dictionary]
4.115
herbaceous fuels
all types of biofuels originating from herbaceous biomass
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.116
higher heating value
see gross calorific value
4.117
hog fuel
shred
fuelwood that has pieces of varying size and shape, produced by crushing with blunt tools such as rollers,
hammers, or flails
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.118
hygroscopic
material with propensity to adsorb or absorb moisture from the air
4.119
hydrophilic
material with propensity to attract water
4.120
hydrophobic
material with propensity to repel water
4.121
hydrothermal carbonised biomass
solid biofuel produced by hydrothermal carbonisation of biomass
Note 1 to entry: Hydrothermal carbonisation is a thermo-chemical conversion process of biomass performed in
pressurized hot (liquid) water, typically at temperatures between 160 °C to 250 °C and at pressures between
6 bar to 40 bar.
4.122
increment
portion of fuel extracted in a single operation of the sampling device
[SOURCE: EN 14780:2011]
4.123
inorganic matter
non-combustible fraction of a fuel
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.124
laboratory sample
combined sample or a sub-sample of a combined sample for use in a laboratory
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
ISO 16559:2014(E)
4.125
lignocellulose
plant cell wall biomass composed primarily of cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin
[SOURCE: ANSI/ASABE S593]
4.126
log wood
cut fuelwood in which most of the material has a length of 500 mm and above
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.127
logging residues
woody biomass residues created during wood harvesting
Note 1 to entry: Logging residues include branches and tree tops that can be salvaged when fresh or after seasoning.
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.128
lot
defined quantity of fuel for which the quality is to be determined
Note 1 to entry: See also sub-lot.
[SOURCE: EN 14780:2011]
4.129
major elements
the elements in the fuel that predominantly will constitute the ash; including aluminium (Al), calcium
(Ca), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), silicon (Si), sodium (Na) and titanium
(Ti)
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.130
mass-reduction
reduction of the mass of a sample or sub-sample
[SOURCE: EN 14778:2011]
4.131
mechanical durability
DU
ability of densified fuel units (e.g. briquettes, pellets) to remain intact during handling and transportation
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.132
minor elements
elements in the fuel that are at small concentrations
Note 1 to entry: The term trace elements is often used synonymous to minor elements; if the elements are metal,
the term trace metals also is used.
Note 2 to entry: Concerning solid biofuels, minor elements include, but not limited to elements (not all are metals)
such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), manganese (Mn),
molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), antimony (Sb), selenium (Se), tin (Sn), thallium (TI), vanadium (V) and
zinc (Zn).
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
18 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

ISO 16559:2014(E)
4.133
moisture analysis sample
sample taken specifically for the purpose of determining total moisture
[SOURCE: EN 14780:2011]
4.134
municipal solid waste
MSW
waste stream consisting of end-of-life-materials
Note 1 to entry: Municipal solid waste can contain biomass fractions as well as non-biomass fractions.
Note 2 to entry: Only separated and not contaminated biomass fractions could be solid biofuels, see also solid
recovered fuels.
Note 3 to entry: The term is included for information only.
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.135
natural ash
ash of uncontaminated solid biofuel
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.136
net calorific value
lower heating value
q
p, net
calculated value of specific energy of combustion of a solid fuel burned in oxygen under such conditions
that all the water of the reaction products remain as water vapour
Note 1 to entry: The net calorific value is calculated from the gross calorific value at either constant pressure or at
constant volume. The net calorific value at constant pressure is however the one generally used.
[SOURCE: EN 14918:2009]
4.137
nominal top size
aperture size of the sieve through which at least 95 % by mass of the material passes during the
determination of particle size distribution of solid fuels
[SOURCE: EN 14780:2011]
4.138
non-woody biomass
biofuel made from herbaceous, fruits or aquatic biomass as well from blended or mixture
Note 1 to entry: Stem of fruit trees and energy crops like poplar and willow are included in woody biomass.
4.139
non-woody b
...