SIST EN ISO 16559:2014

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 16559:2014
01-september-2014
1DGRPHãþD
SIST EN 14588:2010
Trdna biogoriva - Terminologija, definicije in opisi (ISO 16559:2014)
Solid biofuels - Terminology, definitions and descriptions (ISO 16559:2014)
Feste Biobrennstoffe - Terminologie, Definitionen und Beschreibungen (ISO 16559:2014)
Biocarburants solides - Terminologie, définitions et descriptions (ISO 16559:2014)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 16559:2014
ICS:
01.040.75 Naftna in sorodna tehnologija Petroleum and related
(Slovarji) technologies (Vocabularies)
27.190 Biološki viri in drugi Biological sources and
alternativni viri energije alternative sources of energy
75.160.10 Trda goriva Solid fuels
SIST EN ISO 16559:2014 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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SIST EN ISO 16559:2014

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SIST EN ISO 16559:2014

EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN ISO 16559

NORME EUROPÉENNE

EUROPÄISCHE NORM
July 2014
ICS 27.190; 01.040.75; 75.160.10
English Version
Solid biofuels - Terminology, definitions and descriptions (ISO
16559:2014)
Biocombustibles solides - Terminologie, définitions et Feste Biobrennstoffe - Terminologie, Definitionen und
descriptions (ISO 16559:2014) Beschreibungen (ISO 16559:2014)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 28 June 2014.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same
status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United
Kingdom.





EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2014 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 16559:2014 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

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SIST EN ISO 16559:2014
EN ISO 16559:2014 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword .3
2

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SIST EN ISO 16559:2014
EN ISO 16559:2014 (E)
Foreword
This document (EN ISO 16559:2014) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 238 "Solid biofuels"
in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 335 “Solid biofuels” the secretariat of which is held by SIS.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by January 2015, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at
the latest by January 2015.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 16559:2014 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 16559:2014 without any modification.

3

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SIST EN ISO 16559:2014

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SIST EN ISO 16559:2014
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 16559
First edition
2014-07-15
Solid biofuels — Terminology,
definitions and descriptions
Biocombustibles solides — Terminologie, définitions et descriptions
Reference number
ISO 16559:2014(E)
©
ISO 2014

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SIST EN ISO 16559:2014
ISO 16559:2014(E)

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2014
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

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SIST EN ISO 16559:2014
ISO 16559:2014(E)

Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Principle . 1
4 Terms and definitions . 2
Bibliography .32
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SIST EN ISO 16559:2014
ISO 16559:2014(E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. www.iso.org/directives
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any
patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on
the ISO list of patent declarations received. www.iso.org/patents
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers
to Trade (TBT), see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 238, Solid biofuels.
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SIST EN ISO 16559:2014
ISO 16559:2014(E)

Introduction
This International Standard has been written in accordance with ISO 10241. This International Standard
[6]
is based on European standard EN 14588:2010 as well as on approved national standards and manuals.
Some of the terms included in this International Standard are only used in particular countries.
In this International Standard instead of the legal definition waste the technical terms residue, and by-
product are used to describe co-products from forestry and arboriculture, agriculture and horticulture,
and aquaculture as well as related industries. The terms and definitions are harmonized as far as
possible with the current language used in management as well as in regulatory activities.
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SIST EN ISO 16559:2014

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SIST EN ISO 16559:2014
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16559:2014(E)
Solid biofuels — Terminology, definitions and descriptions
1 Scope
This international standard determines the terminology and definitions for solid biofuels. According to
the scope of the ISO/TC 238 this standard only includes raw and processed material originating from
— forestry and arboriculture,
— agriculture and horticulture,
— aquaculture
NOTE 1 Raw and processed material includes woody, herbaceous, fruit and aquatic biomass from the sectors
mentioned above.
NOTE 2 Chemically treated material does not include halogenated organic compounds or heavy metals at
levels higher than those in typical virgin material values or higher than typical values of the country of origin.
Materials originating from different recycling processes of end-of-life-products are not within the scope
but relevant terms are included for information. Areas covered by ISO/TC28/SC7 “Liquid biofuels” and
ISO/TC193 “Natural gas” are excluded.
Other standards with a different scope than this International Standard may have different definitions
than this standard.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
Not applicable.
3 Principle
This International Standard only contains terms used to describe solid biofuels within the scope of
ISO/TC 238, see Figure 1.
Figure 1 — ISO/TC 238 within the biomass-biofuel-bioenergy field
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ISO 16559:2014(E)

Solid biofuels are produced from different sources, which are defined within the scope of ISO/TC 238
“Solid Biofuels”. Terms and definitions are categorised in a logical structure based on the fact that solid
biofuels are produced from different sources and that solid biofuels are used to produce bioenergy:
— origin and source of solid biofuels in the overall supply chain,
— the different traded forms as well as the different forms of biofuels produced within the preparation
processes,
— the most relevant solid biofuel properties and terms of sampling and testing as well as classification
and specification
— the description of the solid biofuels itself as well as their handling and processing given in the same
structure as the biomass sources
— bioenergy as the result of solid biofuel conversion
Appropriate terms for sampling and testing as well as classification and specification of properties have
to be defined and described together with the category source/origin, type and properties of solid biofuels.
The necessarity of terms defined in this International Technical Standard is in many cases based on the
classification system of solid biofuels given in ISO 17225-1, in which the classification of solid biofuels is
specified in more detail.
4 Terms and definitions
4.1
absorption
phenomenon whereby atoms, ions, or molecules from a gas, liquid, or dissolved solid permeates or is
dissolved by a liquid or solid (the absorbent)
Note 1 to entry: Adsorption is a surface-based process while absorption involves the whole volume of the material.
[SOURCE: ISO 18757:2003]
4.2
adsorption
phenomenon whereby atoms, ions, or molecules from a gas, liquid, or dissolved solid adheres to a surface
whereby the process creates a film of the adsorbate on the surface of the adsorbent
[SOURCE: ISO 18757:2003]
4.3
additive
material which has been intentionally introduced into the fuel feedstock to improve quality of fuel (e.g.
combustion properties), to reduce emissions or to make production more efficient
Note 1 to entry: Trace amounts of e.g. grease or other lubricants that are introduced into the fuel processing
stream as part of normal mill operations are not considered as additives.
[SOURCE: ISO 17225-2:2014]
4.4
agrofuels
biofuels obtained from energy crops and/or agricultural by-products (agricultural residues)
[SOURCE: FAO unified bioenergy terminology (UBET)]
4.5
air dried
condition in which the solid biofuel has dried in air to equilibrium moisture content
[SOURCE: ISO 1213-2:1992]
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4.6
angle of repose
critical angle of repose
steepest angle of descent measured in degrees of the slope of material relative to the horizontal plane
when granular material on the slope face is on the verge of sliding
Note 1 to entry: The slope may be the convex perimeter of a conical pile on a flat surface.
[SOURCE: ISO 4324:1977]
4.7
angle of drain
steepest angle of descent measured in degrees of the slope of material relative to the horizontal plane
when granular material on the slope face is on the verge of sliding
Note 1 to entry: When biomass is held in a silo or hopper and drained through a gate at the bottom the material
is usually forming a cone within which the material, especially material with high particle aspect ratio such as
pellets, partially becomes interlocked before released by the forces of gravity.
Note 2 to entry: The angle of drain is normally a few degrees higher than the angle of repose.
4.8
animal biomass
biomass obtained from livestock
4.9
animal by-products
animal residues
agricultural by-products (or agricultural residues) obtained from livestock operations
Note 1 to entry: It includes among others solid excreta of animals.
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.10
aquatic biomass
biomass from so called hydrophytic plants or hydrophytes, which are plants that have adapted to living
in or on aquatic environments
[SOURCE: ISO 17225-1:2014]
4.11
as analysed
determined basis
condition in which the moisture content of the solid biofuel is the content of the material at the moment
of analysis/determination
[SOURCE: ISO 1213-2:1992]
4.12
as received
as delivered
ar
calculation basis for a material in the delivery state
Note 1 to entry: The abbreviation of as received is ar.
[SOURCE: ISO 15357:2011]
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ISO 16559:2014(E)

4.13
ash
ash content
total ash
A
mass of inorganic residue remaining after combustion of a fuel under specified conditions, typically
expressed as a percentage of the mass of dry matter in fuel
Note 1 to entry: See also ash fusibility, natural ash, extraneous ash.
Note 2 to entry: Depending on the combustion efficiency the ash may contain combustibles.
Note 3 to entry: If a complete combustion is realized ash contains only inorganic, non-combustible components.
[SOURCE: ISO 1213-2:1992]
4.14
ash deformation temperature
DT
temperature at which first signs of rounding due to melting of the edges of the ash test piece occur
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.15
ash flow temperature
FT
temperature at which the ash is spread out over the supporting tile in a layer, the height of which is half
of the height of the test piece at the ash hemisphere temperature
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.16
ash fusibility
ash melting behaviour
characteristic physical state of the ash obtained by heating under specific conditions
Note 1 to entry: Ash fusibility is determined under either oxidising or reducing conditions.
Note 2 to entry: See also ash deformation temperature, ash flow temperature, ash hemisphere temperature and ash
shrinkage starting temperature.
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.17
ash hemisphere temperature
HT
temperature at which the height of a test piece, prepared from ash by a specific procedure, is equal to
half the width of the base, and its shape becomes approximately hemispherical
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.18
ash shrinkage starting temperature
SST
temperature at which shrinking of the test piece occurs
Note 1 to entry: This temperature is defined as when the area of the test piece falls below 95 % of the original test
piece area at 550°C.
4.19
bag weight
weight of the fuel plus the bag
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4.20
baled biofuel
bale
solid biofuel which has been compressed and bound to keep its shape and density
EXAMPLE Straw bales, bales of energy grass, bales of treetops and branches.
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.21
bark
organic cellular tissue which is formed by taller plants (trees, bushes) on the outside of the growth zone
(cambium) as a shell for the wooden body
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.22
basic density
ratio of the mass on dry basis and the solid volume on green basis
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.23
biobased
derived from biomass
[SOURCE: EN 16575:2013]
4.24
biobased content
fraction of a fuel that is derived from biomass
Note 1 to entry: Normally expressed as a percentage of the total mass of the product.
[SOURCE: EN 16575:2013]
4.25
biobased product
biobased industrial product
bioproduct
product wholly or partly derived from biomass
Note 1 to entry: The biobased product is normally characterized by the biobased carbon content or the biobased
content.
[SOURCE: EN 16575:2013]
4.26
bioenergy
energy derived from biomass
Note 1 to entry: Biomass may either be directly converted into energy or processed into solids, liquids or gases.
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.27
biofuel
solid, liquid or gaseous fuel produced directly or indirectly from biomass
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
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4.28
biofuel blend
biofuel resulting from intentionally mixing of different biofuels
EXAMPLE Straw or energy grass with wood, dried biosludge with bark.
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.29
biofuel briquette
densified biofuel made with or without additives in the form of cubiform, polyhedral, polyhydric or
cylindrical units with a diameter of more than 25 mm, produced by compressing biomass
Note 1 to entry: Usually the biomass has been milled before densification.
Note 2 to entry: See also non-woody briquette and wood briquette.
[SOURCE: ISO 17225-3:2014]
4.30
biofuel mixture
biofuel resulting from natural or unintentional mixing of different biofuels and/or different types of
biomass
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.31
biofuel pellet
biofuel made with or without additives in the form of cubiform, polyhedral, polyhydric or cylindrical
units with a diameter up to 25 mm, produced by compressing biomassNOTE 1 to entry: Usually the
biomass has been milled before densification.
Note 1 to entry: See also non-woody pellet and wood pellet.
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.32
biomass
material of biological origin excluding material embedded in geological formations and/or fossilized
Note 1 to entry: Biomass is organic material that is plant or animal based, including but not limited to dedicated
energy crops, agricultural crops and trees, food, feed and fibre crop residues, aquatic plants, algae, forestry and
wood residues, agricultural wastes, processing by-products and other non fossil organic matters.
Note 2 to entry: See also herbaceous biomass, fruit biomass, and woody biomass.
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.33
biomass by-product
a secondary product which is made incidentially during the production of something else
EXAMPLE Sawdust when sawing timber.
4.34
biomass residue
biomass from well-defined side-streams from forestry, agricultural, aqua cultural and related industrial
operations
EXAMPLE Olive cake after pressing of oil, logging residues.
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
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4.35
biomass resource owner
body or enterprise with the right to exploit the biomass resources for energy purposes
Note 1 to entry: The biomass resource owner can be a land or forest owner, a company etc.
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.36
biomethane
methane produced from biomass (e.g. solid biofuels)
Note 1 to entry: Biomethane is not a solid biofuel. The term is included for information only.
4.37
biosludge
sludge formed in the aeration basin during biological waste water treatment or biological treatment
process and separated by sedimentation or flotation
Note 1 to entry: Biosludge has to be treated to transfer into solid biomass.
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.38
black liquor
liquor obtained from wood during the process of pulp production, in which the energy content is mainly
originating from the content of lignin removed from the wood in the pulping process
Note 1 to entry: Black liquor contains also pulping chemicals.
Note 2 to entry: Black liquor is not a solid biofuel. The term is included for information only.
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.39
bridging
arching
hindering flow that occurs when particles form stable arch across an opening
[SOURCE: Woodcock and Mason. Bulk Solids Handling]
4.40
bulk density
ρ
mass of a portion (i.e. a large quantity of particulate material) of a solid fuel divided by the volume of the
container which is filled by that portion under specific conditions
[SOURCE: ISO 1213-2:1992]
4.41
bulk volume
loose volume
volume of a material including space between the particles
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.42
bundled biofuel
bundle
solid biofuels which has been bound together and where there is a lengthwise orientation of the material
EXAMPLE Bundles of energy forest trees and logging residues, small trees, or branches and tops.
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[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.43
calorific value
heating value
q
energy amount per unit mass or volume released on complete combustion
Note 1 to entry: See also gross calorific value, energy density, net calorific value.
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.44
cereal crops
annual crops grown with the main purpose of using the seed for food production
Note 1 to entry: Some cereal crops can be used as a solid biofuel.
EXAMPLE Barley, wheat, rye, oat.
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.45
certified reference material
CRM
reference material one or more of whose property values are certified by a technically valid procedure,
accompanied by or traceable to a certificate or other documentation which is issued by a certifying body
[SOURCE: ISO 16967]
4.46
char
solid partially or non-agglomerated carbonaceous material produced from thermo-chemical conversion
of solid fuels
[SOURCE: ISO 1213-2:1992]
4.47
charcoal
biochar
biocarbon
biocoke
biocoal
solid biofuel derived from carbonization distillation and pyrolysis of biomass
[SOURCE: ANSI/ASABE S593]
4.48
chemical treatment
any treatment with chemicals other than air, water or heat
[SOURCE: ISO 17225-7:2014]
4.49
chopped straw
straw which has been cut into small pieces
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
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4.50
chunkwood
wood cut with sharp cutting devices where most of the material have typical particle lengths of 50 to
150 mm, which are substantially longer and coarser than wood chips
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.51
coke
the solid residue of impure carbon obtained from carbon rich feedstock after removal of volatile material
by destructive distillation
[SOURCE: ANSI/ASABE S593-2006]
4.52
combined sample
sample consisting of all the increments taken from a lot or a sub-lot
Note 1 to entry: The increments may be reduced by division before being added to the combined sample.
[SOURCE: EN 14780:2011]
4.53
complete tree
tree, including limbs and root system
Note 1 to entry: See also whole tree.
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.54
condensable gas
gas which is going through transition from gaseous to liquid or solid state at a certain temperature
Note 1 to entry: The process is reversible but not necessarily at the same temperature.
4.55
contamination
exposure to impurity such as poisonous or polluting substance to a fuel
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.56
coproduct
any of two or more products coming from the same unit process or product system
[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006]
4.57
critical control point
quality control point
CCP
point within or between processes at which relevant properties can be most readily assessed; quality
control points also offer the greatest potential for quality improvement
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.58
cross-cut ends
short pieces of woody biomass which occur when the ends of logs or sawn timber are cross cut off, with
or without bark
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
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4.59
customer
organization or person that receives a product
[SOURCE: ISO 9000:2005]
4.60
cutter chips
wood chips made as a by-product of the wood processing industry, with or without bark
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.61
deflagration
violent event describing subsonic combustion propagating by means of hot burning material (usually
dust) heating the next layer of cold material and igniting it in consecutive sequence
Note 1 to entry: The process can be characterized as an exploding fire whereby the burning material partly
deposits on surfaces in its path and causing significant damage and injuries.
[SOURCE: EN 13857-1:2003]
4.62
deflagration index
measure in bar meter per second and a product of the pressure rate and propagation of an explosion as
established by testing standards
4.63
delivery agreement
contract for fuel trade, which specifies e.g. origin and source, quality and quantity of the fuel, as well as
delivery terms
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.64
delivery lot
solid biofuel batch on which the essential quality requirements for solid biofuel are focused
Note 1 to entry: The delivery lot can be an individual delivery lot, which is an agreed quantity of solid biofuel (e.g. a
package, shipload or truck load), or continuous delivery, where several loads are delivered to the end-user during
an agreed period of time (usually daily or weekly delivery).
Note 2 to entry: In continuous delivery, the delivery lot is the amount of solid biofuel delivered during a specified
period of time, e.g. 24 h, unless otherwise agreed by supplier and end-user. If the delivery lot in continuous delivery
3
is more than 1,500 to 2,000 m in 24 h, it is recommended that it should be divided into two or more individual
lots.
[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.65
demolition wood
used wood arising from demolition of buildings or civil engineering installations
[SOURCE: EN 13965-1:2004]
4.66
densified biofuel
compressed biofuel
solid biofuel made by mechanically compressing biomass or thermally treated biomass to mould the solid
biofuel into a specific size and shape such as cubes, pressed logs, biofuel pellets or biofuel briquettes
Note 1 to entry: See also biofuel briquette and biofuel pellet.
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[SOURCE: EN 14588:2010]
4.67
density
ratio of mass to volume or ratio of energy content to volume
Note 1 to entry: It must always be stated whether the density refers to the density of individual particles or to the
bulk density of the material and whether
...