EN ISO 16559:2022

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-april-2022
Nadomešča:
SIST EN ISO 16559:2014
Trdna biogoriva - Slovar (ISO 16559:2022)
Solid biofuels - Vocabulary (ISO 16559:2022)
Biogene Festbrennstoffe - Terminologie, Definitionen und Beschreibungen (ISO
16559:2022)
Biocombustibles solides - Vocabulaire (ISO 16559:2022)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 16559:2022
ICS:
01.040.75 Naftna in sorodna tehnologija Petroleum and related
(Slovarji) technologies (Vocabularies)
75.160.20 Tekoča goriva Liquid fuels
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EN ISO 16559
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
January 2022
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 01.040.27; 01.040.75; 27.190; 75.160.40 Supersedes EN ISO 16559:2014
English Version
Solid biofuels - Vocabulary (ISO 16559:2022)
Biocombustibles solides - Vocabulaire (ISO Biogene Festbrennstoffe - Terminologie, Definitionen
16559:2022) und Beschreibungen (ISO 16559:2022)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 30 November 2021.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2022 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 16559:2022 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
European foreword . 3

European foreword
This document (EN ISO 16559:2022) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 238 "Solid
biofuels" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 335 “Solid biofuels” the secretariat of
which is held by SIS.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by July 2022, and conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by July 2022.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN ISO 16559:2014.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards
body/national committee. A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of
North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the
United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 16559:2022 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 16559:2022 without any modification.

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 16559
Second edition
2022-01
Solid biofuels — Vocabulary
Biocombustibles solides — Vocabulaire
Reference number
ISO 16559:2022(E)
ISO 16559:2022(E)
© ISO 2022
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
ISO 16559:2022(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
Annex A (informative) Scheme of sample hierarchy .27
Bibliography .29
iii
ISO 16559:2022(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 238, Solid biofuels, in collaboration with
the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee CEN/TC 335, Solid biofuels, in
accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 16559:2014), which has been technically
revised. The main changes are as follows:
— Clause 3 has been updated;
— the title of this document has been changed;
— Annex A has been added.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv
ISO 16559:2022(E)
Introduction
Some of the terms included in this document are only used in particular countries.
In this document, terms for virgin biomass, residue, and by-product are used to describe co-products
from forestry, arboriculture, agriculture, horticulture and aquaculture as well as related virgin biomass
industries. The terms and definitions are harmonized as far as possible with the current language used
in management as well as in regulatory activities.
This document only contains terms used to describe solid biofuels within the scope of ISO/TC 238, see
Figure 1.
Figure 1 — ISO/TC 238 within the biomass-biofuel-bioenergy field
Solid biofuels are produced from different sources. Terms and definitions are categorized in a logical
structure based on the fact that solid biofuels are produced from different sources and that solid
biofuels are used to produce bioenergy:
— origin and source of solid biofuels in the overall supply chain;
— the different traded forms as well as the different forms of biofuels produced within the preparation
processes;
— the most relevant solid biofuel properties and terms of sampling and testing as well as classification
and specification;
— the description of the solid biofuels itself as well as their handling and processing given in the same
structure as the biomass sources;
— bioenergy as the result of solid biofuel conversion.
Appropriate terms for sampling and testing as well as classification and specification of properties
should be defined and described together with the category source/origin, type and properties of
solid biofuels. The inclusion of terms defined in this document is, in many cases, based on the detailed
classification system of solid biofuels given in ISO 17225-1.
v
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16559:2022(E)
Solid biofuels — Vocabulary
1 Scope
This document establishes a vocabulary for solid biofuels. This document only includes raw and
processed material originating from
— forestry and arboriculture,
— agriculture and horticulture, and
— aquaculture.
NOTE 1 Chemically treated material cannot include halogenated organic compounds or heavy metals at levels
higher than those in typical virgin material values (see also ISO 17225-1:2021, Annex B) or higher than typical
values of the country of origin.
NOTE 2 Raw and processed material includes woody, herbaceous, fruit and aquatic biomass and biodegradable
waste originating from above sectors.
Materials originating from different recycling processes of end-of-life-products are outside the scope
of this document but relevant terms are included for information. Liquid biofuels (ISO/TC 28/SC 7),
natural gas (ISO/TC 193) and solid recovered fuels (ISO/TC 300) are outside the scope of this document.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
absorption
phenomenon whereby atoms, ions, or molecules from a gas, liquid, or dissolved solid permeates or is
dissolved by a liquid or solid (the absorbent)
Note 1 to entry: Adsorption (3.3) is a surface-based process while absorption involves the whole volume (3.214) of
the material.
3.2
additive
material which has been intentionally introduced into the fuel feedstock (3.86) to improve quality
(3.160) of fuel (3.99) (e.g. combustion or durability properties), to reduce emissions or to make
production more efficient
Note 1 to entry: Trace amounts of, e.g. grease or other lubricants that are introduced into the fuel (3.99)
processing stream as part of typical mill operations are not considered as additives.
[SOURCE: ISO 17225-2:2021, 3.1]
ISO 16559:2022(E)
3.3
adsorption
phenomenon whereby atoms, ions, or molecules from a gas, liquid, or dissolved solid adheres to a
surface whereby the process creates a film of the adsorbate on the surface of the adsorbent
3.4
agrofuel
biofuel (3.27) obtained from energy crops (3.76) and/or agricultural by-products (agricultural residues)
[SOURCE: FAO unified bioenergy terminology (UBET)]
3.5
air-dried
in a condition, in which the solid biofuel (3.185) has been brought to equilibrium moisture content
(3.132) by drying in air
3.6
angle of drain
steepest angle of descent within a silo or a hopper when granular material on the slope face is on the
verge of sliding
Note 1 to entry: The angle of drain is measured in degrees of slope relative to the horizontal plane.
Note 2 to entry: The angle of drain is typically a few degrees higher than the angle of repose (3.7).
3.7
angle of repose
critical angle of repose
steepest angle of descent of a stock pile when granular material on the slope face is on the verge of
sliding
Note 1 to entry: The angle of repose is measured in degrees of the slope of material relative to the horizontal
plane.
Note 2 to entry: The angle of repose is typically a few degrees lower than the angle of drain (3.6).
3.8
animal biomass
biomass (3.32) obtained from livestock
Note 1 to entry: Animal biomass is not a solid biofuel (3.185). The term is included for information only.
3.9
animal by-products
animal residues
agricultural by-products (or agricultural residues) obtained from livestock operations
Note 1 to entry: It includes among others solid excreta of animals.
3.10
aquatic biomass
biomass (3.32) from hydrophytic plants or hydrophytes
Note 1 to entry: Hydrophytes are plants that have adapted to living in or on aquatic environments.
ISO 16559:2022(E)
3.11
as determined
as analysed
ad
reference moisture content (3.132) of the material at the moment of analysis/determination
Note 1 to entry: “ad” is used as a subscript, e.g. M is equivalent to moisture content (3.132) at the time of
ad
determination.
3.12
as received
as delivered
ar
calculation basis for a material in the delivery state
Note 1 to entry: The abbreviation of as received is "ar".
3.13
ash
ash content
total ash
A
mass of inorganic residue remaining after complete combustion of a fuel (3.99) under specified
conditions, typically expressed as a percentage of the mass of dry matter (3.71) in fuel (3.99)
Note 1 to entry: See also ash melting behaviour (3.17).
Note 2 to entry: Depending on the combustion efficiency, the ash can contain combustibles.
Note 3 to entry: If a complete combustion is realised, ash contains only inorganic, non-combustible components.
3.14
ash deformation temperature
deformation temperature
DT
temperature at which first signs of melting occur
Note 1 to entry: See also ash melting behaviour (3.17).
Note 2 to entry: Ash deformation temperature can be seen as rounding of the edges, smoothing of surfaces,
expansion of the cylinder or general changing of the cylinder shape. If the test piece starts to swell or bubble
without the edges being rounded, the temperature is registered as DT (since swelling and bubbling only occur
when a fraction of the ash (3.13) is melted).
[SOURCE: ISO 21404:2020, 3.2, modified — First preferred term added, Notes 1 and 3 to entry deleted,
new Note 1 to entry added.]
3.15
ash flow temperature
flow temperature
FT
temperature at which the ash (3.13) is spread out over the supporting tile in a layer, the height of which
is half of the height of the test piece at the ash hemisphere temperature (3.16)
Note 1 to entry: See also ash melting behaviour (3.17).
ISO 16559:2022(E)
3.16
ash hemisphere temperature
hemisphere temperature
HT
temperature at which the test piece forms approximately a hemisphere, i.e. when the height is half of
the base diameter
Note 1 to entry: See also ash melting behaviour (3.17).
[SOURCE: ISO 21404:2020, 3.3, modified — First preferred term added, Note to entry added.]
3.17
ash melting behaviour
ash fusibility
characteristic set of temperatures at which the ash (3.13) undergoes certain physical stages of melting
during heating under specific conditions
Note 1 to entry: Ash melting behaviour is determined under either oxidising or reducing conditions.
Note 2 to entry: See also ash deformation temperature (3.14), ash flow temperature (3.15), ash hemisphere
temperature (3.16) and ash shrinkage starting temperature (3.18).
3.18
ash shrinkage starting temperature
shrinkage starting temperature
SST
temperature at which the area of a test piece falls below 95 % of the original test piece area under
specific conditions due to shrinking of a test piece
Note 1 to entry: See also ash melting behaviour (3.17).
Note 2 to entry: Shrinkage can be due to liberation of carbon dioxide and volatile alkali compounds. It can also be
due to sintering and may be a first sign of partial melting.
[SOURCE: ISO 21404:2020, 3.1, modified — First preferred term added, Note 1 to entry added.]
3.19
bag weight
weight of the fuel (3.99) including the bag
3.20
baled biofuel
bale
solid biofuel (3.185) which has been compressed and bound to keep its shape and bulk density (3.40)
EXAMPLE Straw bales, bales of energy grass (3.80), bales of logging residues (3.124).
3.21
bark
organic cellular tissue which is formed by taller plants (trees, bushes) on the outside of the growth zone
(cambium) as a shell for the wooden body
3.22
basic density
ratio of the mass on dry basis (3.70) and the solid volume (3.187) as received (3.12)
3.23
bio-based
derived from biomass (3.32)
[SOURCE: EN 16575:2013, 2.1 modified — Notes to entry deleted.]
ISO 16559:2022(E)
3.24
bio-based content
fraction of a fuel (3.99) that is derived from biomass (3.32)
Note 1 to entry: Typically expressed as a percentage of the total mass (3.205) of the product.
[SOURCE: EN 16575:2013, 2.4, modified — "product" changed to "fuel" and Note 2 to entry deleted.]
3.25
bio-based product
bio-based industrial product
bioproduct
product wholly or partly derived from biomass (3.32)
Note 1 to entry: The bio-based product is typically characterized by the bio-based (3.23) carbon content (3.202) or
the bio-based content (3.24).
[SOURCE: EN 16575:2013, 2.5, modified — Two new preferred terms added; Note 1 to entry modified
and Notes 2 and 3 to entry deleted.]
3.26
bioenergy
energy derived from biomass (3.32)
3.27
biofuel
solid, liquid or gaseous fuel (3.99) produced directly or indirectly from biomass (3.32)
3.28
biofuel blend
biofuel resulting from intentionally mixing of different biofuels (3.27)
EXAMPLE Straw or energy grass (3.80) with wood, dried biosludge (3.37) with bark (3.21).
3.29
biofuel briquette
densified biofuel (3.64) made with or without additives (3.2) in pre-determined geometric form with at
least two dimensions (length, width, height) of more than 25 mm, produced by compressing biomass
(3.32)
3.30
biofuel mixture
biofuel (3.27) resulting from natural or unintentional mixing of different biofuels (3.27) and/or different
types of biomass (3.32)
3.31
biofuel pellet
densified biofuel (3.64) made with or without additives (3.2) usually with a cylindrical form, random
length typically 5 mm to 40 mm and diameter up to 25 mm and broken ends, produced by compressing
biomass (3.32)
Note 1 to entry: Usually the biomass (3.32) has been milled before densification.
Note 2 to entry: See also non-woody pellet (3.140) and wood pellet (3.224).
3.32
biomass
material of biological origin excluding material embedded in geological formations and/or fossilized
EXAMPLE Including but not limited to energy crops (3.76), agricultural crops and trees, food, feed and fibre
crop residues, aquatic plants, algae, forestry and wood residues, agricultural wastes, processing by-products and
other non-fossil organic matters (3.143).
ISO 16559:2022(E)
Note 1 to entry: See also aquatic biomass (3.10), fruit biomass (3.98), herbaceous biomass (3.110) and woody
biomass (3.227).
3.33
biomass by-product
secondary product which is made incidentally during the production of something else
EXAMPLE Sawdust (3.176) when sawing timber.
3.34
biomass residue
biomass (3.32) from well-defined side-streams from forestry, agriculture, aquaculture and related
industrial operations
EXAMPLE Olive press cake after pressing of oil, logging residues (3.124).
3.35
biomass resource owner
body or enterprise with the right to exploit the biomass (3.32) resources
Note 1 to entry: The biomass resource owner can be a land or forest owner, a company, etc.
3.36
biomethane
methane produced from biomass (3.32), e.g. solid biofuels (3.185)
Note 1 to entry: Biomethane is not a solid biofuel (3.185). The term is included for information only.
3.37
biosludge
sludge formed in the aeration basin during biological waste water treatment or biological treatment
process and separated by sedimentation or flotation
Note 1 to entry: Biosludge must be treated for the transformation into solid biomass (3.32).
3.38
black liquor
fluid containing lignin (3.121) removed from the wood in the pulping process
Note 1 to entry: Black liquor also contains pulping chemicals.
Note 2 to entry: Black liquor is not a solid biofuel (3.185). The term is included for information only.
3.39
bridging
arching
tendency of particles (3.147) to form a stable arch across an opening which restricts flow
[SOURCE: ISO 21637:2020, 3.8, modified — "bridge" replaced by "arch".]
3.40
bulk density
BD
mass of a portion of a particulate matter divided by the volume (3.214) of the container which is filled
by that portion under specific conditions
[SOURCE: ISO 21637:2020, 3.9, modified — abbreviation “BD” added, "solid fuel" replaced by "particulate
matter", text in parentheses deleted.]
ISO 16559:2022(E)
3.41
bulk permeability
permeability in storage
ability of gas such as air to pass through the void spaces in biomass (3.32) during storage
3 2
Note 1 to entry: Permeability is measured in pressure (Pa) vs. flow of gas (m /s/m ) and depends for example
on the viscosity and density (3.65) of the gas (including moisture content (3.132) and temperature), shape, and
orientation of particles (3.147) and the bulk porosity of biomass (3.32).
3.42
bundled biofuel
bundle
solid biofuels (3.185) which have been bound together and where there is a lengthwise orientation of
the material
EXAMPLE Bundles of short rotation coppice (3.178), logging residues (3.124) or small trees.
3.43
calorific value
heating value
Q
energy amount per unit mass released on complete combustion
Note 1 to entry: Q is used as designation for the net calorific value (3.136) as received (3.12) basis at constant
pressure (q ).
p,net,ar
Note 2 to entry: See also gross calorific value (3.106), energy density (3.77), net calorific value (3.136).
3.44
cereal crops
annual crops grown with the main purpose of using the seed for food production
EXAMPLE Barley, wheat, rye, oat.
Note 1 to entry: Some cereal crops can be used as a solid biofuel (3.185).
3.45
certified reference material
CRM
reference material (3.164) of which one or more property values are certified by a technically valid
procedure, accompanied by or traceable to a certificate or other documentation which is issued by a
certifying body
3.46
charcoal
biochar
biocarbon
biocoke
biocoal
solid biofuel (3.185) derived from carbonization, distillation or pyrolysis of biomass (3.32)
[SOURCE: ANSI/ASABE S593]
3.47
chemical treatment
any treatment with chemicals other than air, water or heat
[SOURCE: ISO 17225-1:2021, 3.1, modified — Note 1 to entry deleted.]
3.48
chopped straw
straw which has been cut into small pieces
ISO 16559:2022(E)
3.49
chunkwood
wood cut with sharp cutting devices where most of the material have typical particle (3.147) lengths of
50 mm to 150 mm
Note 1 to entry: Chunkwood is substantially longer and coarser than wood chips (3.222).
3.50
coarse pellet fines
CPF
particles (3.147) with a size ranging from ≥3,15 mm to <5,6 mm resulting from breakage of pellets
during production or handling
Note 1 to entry: The fraction of coarse pellet fines contains all particles (3.147) which pass through a sieve with
an aperture size of 5,6 mm round hole and which are retained on a sieve with an aperture size of 3,15 mm round
hole.
3.51
coke
solid residue of impure carbon obtained from carbon rich feedstock (3.86) after removal of volatile
material by destructive distillation
[SOURCE: ANSI/ASABE S593]
3.52
combined sample
composite sample
sample (3.168) consisting of all the increments (3.118) taken from a lot (3.126) or a sub-lot (3.193)
Note 1 to entry: The increments (3.118) may be reduced by division before being added to the combined sample.
Note 2 to entry: See also Annex A.
3.53
complete tree
tree, including branches and root system
Note 1 to entry: See also whole tree (3.218).
3.54
contamination
occurrence of any undesirable matter such as chemical, physical and/or microbiological matter in the
product
[SOURCE: ISO 22716:2007, 2.10]
3.55
co-product
any of two or more products coming from the same unit process or product system
[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006, 3.10]
3.56
critical control point
CCP
quality control (3.162) point within or between processes at which relevant properties can be most
readily assessed and which offer the greatest potential for quality (3.160) improvement
3.57
cross-cut ends
short pieces of woody biomass (3.227) which occur when the ends of logs or sawn timber are cross cut
off, with or without bark (3.21)
ISO 16559:2022(E)
3.58
cutter chips
wood chips (3.222) made as a by-product of the wood processing industry, with or without bark (3.21)
3.59
deflagration
violent event describing subsonic combustion propagating by means of hot burning material [usually
dust (3.73)] heating the next layer of cold material and igniting it in consecutive sequence
Note 1 to entry: The process can be characterized as an exploding fire whereby the burning material partly
deposits on surfaces in its path and causing significant damage and injuries.
[SOURCE: EN 13857-1:2003, 2.13, modified — With regard to solid biofuels.]
3.60
deflagration index
measure in bar meter per second and is a product of the pressure rate and propagation of an explosion
(3.83) as established by testing standards
3.61
delivery agreement
contract for fuel (3.99) trade, which specifies, e.g. origin and source, quality (3.160) and quantity of the
fuel (3.99), as well as delivery terms
3.62
delivery lot
amount of a solid biofuel (3.185) delivery to which the essential quality (3.160) requirements are related
Note 1 to entry: The delivery lot can be an individual delivery lot, which is an agreed quantity of solid biofuel
(3.185) (e.g. a package, shipload or truck load), or continuous delivery, where several loads are delivered to the
end-user (3.75) during an agreed period of time (usually daily or weekly delivery).
Note 2 to entry: In continuous delivery, the delivery lot is the amount of solid biofuel (3.185) delivered during a
specified period of time, e.g. 24 h, unless otherwise agreed by supplier (3.195) and end-user (3.75). If the delivery
lot in continuous delivery is more than 1 500 to 2 000 m in 24 h, it should be divided into two or more individual
lots (3.126).
3.63
demolition wood
used wood (3.212) arising from demolition of buildings or civil engineering installations
3.64
densified biofuel
compressed biofuel
solid biofuel (3.185) made by mechanically compressing biomass (3.32) or thermally treated biomass
(3.200) to mould the solid biofuel (3.185) into a specific size and shape such as cubes, pressed logs,
biofuel pellets (3.31) or biofuel briquettes (3.29)
3.65
density
ratio of mass to volume (3.214) or ratio of energy content to volume (3.214)
Note 1 to entry: It shall always be stated whether the density refers to the density of individual particles (3.147)
or to the bulk density (3.40) of the material and whether the mass of water in the material is included.
Note 2 to entry: See also particle density (3.148) and energy density (3.77).
3.66
desorption
phenomenon whereby a substance is released from or through a surface
Note 1 to entry: The process is the opposite of absorption (3.1) and adsorption (3.3).
ISO 16559:2022(E)
3.67
detonation
violent event generated by sudden expansion of gas in to a supersonic shock wave (molecular speed
higher than the speed of sound) not followed by fire
3.68
devolatilization
process (usually pyrolysis or gasification) whereby volatile matter (3.213) is removed from carbon rich
feedstock (3.86) [e.g. biomass (3.32)]
[SOURCE: ANSI/ASABE S593]
3.69
dry ash free
dry ash free basis
daf
calculation basis in which the solid biofuel (3.185) is considered free from moisture (3.132) and inorganic
matter (3.119)
3.70
dry
dry basis
d
calculation basis in which the solid biofuel (3.185) is considered free from moisture (3.132)
3.71
dry matter
material remaining after removal of moisture (3.132) under specific conditions
3.72
dry matter content
portion of dry matter (3.71) in the total material on mass basis
Note 1 to entry: Expressed as a percentage of the total mass (3.205) of the solid biofuel (3.185).
3.73
dust
fragmented material of small size passing a 500 µm sieve caused by a non-intentional process
Note 1 to entry: It is opposed to fuel powder (3.101) which is intentionally manufactured to size.
3.74
edgings
parts of woody biomass (3.227) which occur when trimming sawn timber and which show a remainder
of the original rounded surface of the tree, with or without bark (3.21)
3.75
end-user
consumer (private person, enterprise, utility etc.) using biofuel (3.27)
3.76
energy crops
woody or herbaceous crops grown and harvested specifically for their fuel (3.99) value
Note 1 to entry: See also energy forest trees (3.78), energy grass (3.80).
ISO 16559:2022(E)
3.77
energy density
E
ratio of net energy content and bulk volume (3.125)
Note 1 to entry: The energy density is calculated using the net calorific value (3.136) determined and the bulk
density (3.40).
3.78
energy forest trees
woody biomass (3.227) grown specifically for its fuel (3.99) value in medium to long rotation forestry
3.79
energy grain
grain used for energy purpose
3.80
energy grass
herbaceous energy crop (3.76)
EXAMPLE Sugarcane, Miscanthus, Reed canary grass.
3.81
energy wood
fuelwood
wood fuel (3.223) where the original composition of the wood is maintained and which has only been
threated mechanically
3.82
explosibility
propensity by gaseous, liquid or solid material to ignite and violently transform to high pressure gas
while emitting sound and light, and typically followed by fire
3.83
explosion
violent event emitting sound, and light typically followed by fire
Note 1 to entry: An initial explosion, often referred to as primary explosion, can dislodge dust (3.73) deposited
on beams, floor, machinery etc. and ignite this material resulting in a secondary explosion, usually a few seconds
after the first explosion.
Note 2 to entry: Thermal energy is transferred from the first to the second explosion through deflagration (3.59).
[SOURCE: EN 16256-1:2012, 2.9, modified — Notes to entry added.]
3.84
extraneous ash
ash (3.13) from contaminants entering the material at harvest, logging, treatment, transport, storage,
etc.
3.85
extraneous material
foreign matter
non-biomass (3.32) material, which has entered the fuel (3.99)
Note 1 to entry: See also impurity (3.117) and heavy extraneous material (3.109).
EXAMPLE Plastic, metal or stone.
ISO 16559:2022(E)
3.86
feedstock
material that is further processed for conversion to bioenergy (3.26), biofuel (3.27) and/or bio-based
products (3.25)
3.87
fibre saturation point
FSP
moisture content (3.132) of woody material at which only the cell walls are completely saturated (all
bound water) but no free water exists in the cell lumens – typically about 27 % total moisture (3.206)
[wet basis (3.217)]
Note 1 to entry: Below the fibre saturation point the physical and mechanical properties of wood begin to change
as a function of moisture content (3.132).
3.88
fibre sludge
sludge formed in the sedimentation basin as a part of the waste water treatment process in a pulp and
paper mill and separated by sedimentation or flotation
Note 1 to entry: The main component is pieces of wood fibres. The sludge can be dewatered and further processed
into a solid biofuel (3.185).
3.89
fines
F
fraction of small sized particles (3.147) as defined by a specification or user
Note 1 to entry: In the solid biofuels (3.185) standards fines are always defined as particles (3.147) passing a
3,15 mm round hole sieve.
3.90
firewood
cut and split oven-ready energy wood (3.81) usually used in household wood burning appliances like
stoves, fireplaces and central heating systems
Note 1 to entry: Firewood usually has a uniform length, typically in the range of 15 cm to 100 cm.
Note 2 to entry: Cut-offs from virgin wood can also be used as a firewood.
3.91
fixed carbon
remaining carbon calculated by subtracting total moisture (3.206), ash (3.13) and volatile matter (3.213)
from 100 %
Note 1 to entry: The fixed carbon fraction can contain traces of other elements, such as hydrogen or oxygen.
Note 2 to entry: All percentages (% in mass) are on same moisture (3.132) basis (see also ISO 17225-1).
3.92
flash point
temperature at which the vapor of a material will ignite when exposed to an ignition source
3.93
flammability
propensity by gaseous, liquid or solid material to catch fire upon exposure to an ignition source
3.94
flowability
ability of a solid bulk material to flow
Note 1 to entry: See also bridging (3.39).
ISO 16559:2022(E)
3.95
forest chips
forest wood in the form of wood chips (3.222)
3.96
forest fuels
biofuel (3.27), which is produced directly from forest wood or plantation wood by a mechanical process,
the raw material has not previously had another use
3.97
forest, plantation and other virgin wood
wood from forest, plantation and other virgin wood including segregated wood from gardens, parks,
roadside maintenance, vineyards, fruit orchards and driftwood from freshwater
Note 1 to entry: See also complete tree (3.53), energy forest trees (3.78), logging residues (3.124), stump (3.192),
tree section (3.210) and whole tree (3.218).
3.98
fruit biomass
part of a plant which holds seeds
EXAMPLE Nuts, olives, oil palm fruit.
3.99
fuel
energy carrier intended for energy conversion
3.100
fuel classification
division of fuels (3.99) into defined fuel (3.99) classes
Note 1 to entry: The aim of classification can be to describe the fuel and/or to physically separate certain traded
form.
3.101
fuel powder
fuel flour
pulverised fuel (3.159) intentionally manufactured to size less than 1 mm
EXAMPLE Wood powder, wood flour, straw powder.
3.102
fuel specification
description of origin and source, fuel (3.99) traded form and fuel (3.99) properties
3.103
general analysis sample
sub-sample (3.194) of a laboratory sample (3.120) having a nominal top size (3.137) of 1 mm or less and
used for a number of chemical and physical analyses
Note 1 to entry: See also Annex A.
3.104
green biomass
material with a moisture content (3.132) close to fresh after harvesting
3.105
green chips
fresh chips
wood chips (3.222) produced from recently harvested woody biomass (3.227)
ISO 16559:2022(E)
3.106
gross calorific value
higher heating value
q
V,gr
measured value of specific energy of combustion of a solid fuel (3.99) burned in oxygen in a calorimetric
bomb under such conditions that all the water of the reaction products is in the form of liquid water
Note 1 to entry: The result of combustion is assumed to consist of gaseous, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and
sulfur dioxide, of liquid water (in equilibrium with its vapor) saturated with carbon dioxide under conditions of
the bomb reaction, and of solid ash (3.13), all at the reference temperature and at constant volume (3.214).
3.107
gross density
ratio of the mass of a wooden body and its volume (3.214), including all cavities (pores and vessels),
based on specific moisture content (3.132)
Note 1 to entry: See also particle density (3.148).
3.108
heat rate
measure of the number of heating units required to generate output energy over a length of time
expressed in megawatt-hours (MWh)
Note 1 to entry: MWh is used to express thermal efficiency of thermal conversion facilities such as power plants.
3.109
heavy extraneous materials
extraneous substances ≥3,15 mm with a specific density (3.65) >1 g/cm
Note 1 to entry: Most of the particles (3.147) are inorganic material, e.g. stones, glass or metal, but it also can
include particles (3.147) of organic but not biogenic origin, e.g. plastic or rubber.
3.110
herbaceous biomass
biomass (3.32) from plants that have a non-woody stem and which die back at the end of the growing
season
Note 1 to entry: See also energy grass (3.80).
[SOURCE: BioTech’s Life Science Dictionary]
3.111
herbaceous fuel
biofuel (3.27) originating from herbaceous biomass (3.110)
3.112
hog fuel
shred
wood fuel (3.223) that has pieces of varying size and shape, produced by crushing with blunt tools such
as rollers, hammers, or flails
3.113
hydrophilic
having the propensity to attract water
3.114
hydrophobic
having the propensity to repel water
ISO 16559:2022(E)
3.115
hydrothermally carbonized biomass
solid biofuel (3.185) produced by thermo-chemical conversion process of biomass (3.32) performed in
pressurized hot (liquid) water, typically at temperatures between 160 °C to 250 °C and at pressures
between 6 bar to 40 bar
3.116
hygroscopic
having the propensity to adsorb or absorb moisture (3.132) from the air
3.117
impurity
material other than claimed, which has entered the fuel (3.99)
EXAMPLE Stones, soil, pieces of metal, plastics, rope, ice and snow.
3.118
increment
portion of fuel (3.99) extracted in a single operation of the sampling (3.171) device
Note 1 to entry: See also Annex A.
3.119
inorganic matter
non-combustible fraction of a fuel (3.99)
3.120
laboratory sample
sample (3.168) delivered to a laboratory
Note 1 to entry: See also Annex A.
3.121
lignin
class of complex, aromatic, highly cross-linked, and amorphous macromolecules that play a key role in
the formation of cell walls in wood and bark (3.21), conferring mechanical strength and rigidity to the
cell walls and to plants as a whole
3.122
lignocellulose
plant cell wall biomass (3.32) composed primarily of cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin (3.121)
[SOURCE: ANSI/ASABE S593]
3.123
log wood
cut energy wood (3.81) in which most of the material has a length of 500 mm and above
3.124
logging residues
woody biomass (3.227) residues created during wood harvesting
Note 1 to entry: Logging residues include branches and tree tops that can be salvaged when fresh or after
seasoning.
3.125
loose volume
bulk volume
volume (3.214) of a material including space between the particles (3.147)
ISO 16559:2022(E)
3.126
lot
defined quantity of fuel (3.99) for which the quality (3.160) will be determined
Note 1 to entry: See also sub-lot (3.193).
Note 2 to entry: See also Annex A.
3.127
major elements
elements in the fuel (3.99) that predominantly will constitute the ash (3.13)
Note 1 to entry: Major elements include aluminium (Al), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus
(P), potassium (K), silicon (Si), sodium (Na) and titanium (Ti).
3.128
mass-reduction
reduction of the mass of a sample (3.168) or sub-sample (3.194)
3.129
mechanical durability
DU
ability of densified fuel units (e.g. briquettes, pellets) to remain intact during handling and
transportation
3.130
median value of a particle size distribution
d50
calculated particle size (3.149) of a sample (3.168) where 50 % of the particle (3.147) mass is below and
50 % is above
3.131
minor elements
elements in the fuel (3.99) that are at small concentrations
Note 1 to entry: "Trace elements" is often used synonymous to minor elements; if the elements are metal, the term
trace metals also is used.
Note 2 to entry: Concerning solid biofuels (3.185), minor elements include, but not limited to elements (not all are
metals) such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), manganese
(Mn), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), antimony (Sb), selenium (Se), tin (Sn), thallium (TI), vanadium (V)
and zinc (Zn).
3.132
moisture
moisture content
M
amount of water in the fuel (3.99) with reference to wet basis (3.217)
Note 1 to entry: See also total moisture (3.206), as received (3.12) and as determined (3.11).
3.133
moisture analysis sample
sample (3.168) taken specifically for the purpose of determining total moisture (3.206)
...