ASTM E2271/E2271M-22

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of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E2271/E2271M − 18 E2271/E2271M − 22
Standard Practice for
Clearance Examinations Following Lead Hazard Reduction
Activities in Multifamily Dwellings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2271/E2271M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice covers visual assessment for the presence of deteriorated paint, surface dust, painted debris, and paint chips with
environmental sampling of surface dust to determine whether a lead hazard exists at the time of sample collection, following
lead-hazard reduction activities, or other building maintenance and modification activities.
1.2 This practice addresses clearance examination of multifamily dwellings having similar units, common areas or exterior sites.
1.3 This practice also addresses clearance examinations that may include soil sampling, for example when soil abatement has been
performed.
1.4 This practice includes a procedure for determining whether regulatory requirements for lead clearance levels for dust and,
where warranted, soil have been met, and, consequently whether a clearance area, passes or fails a clearance examination.
NOTE 1—This practice is based on that portion of “clearance” described in 40 CFR Part 745 for abatement, and in 24 CFR 35 for lead-hazard reduction
activities other than abatement, except that composite dust sampling as described therein is not used.
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used
independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
1.6 Methods described in this practice may not meet or be allowed by requirements or regulations established by local authorities
having jurisdiction. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to comply with all such requirements and regulations.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air Quality and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.12 on Sampling and
Analysis,Analysis of Lead,Lead for Exposure and Risk Assessment.
Current edition approved April 1, 2018March 1, 2022. Published May 2018June 2022. Originally approved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 20122018 as
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E2271 – 05a (2012)E2271 – 18. . DOI: 10.1520/E2271_E2271M-18.10.1520/E2271_E2271M-22.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E2271/E2271M − 22
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
D4840 Guide for Sample Chain-of-Custody Procedures
D5124 Practice for Testing and Use of a Random Number Generator in Lumber and Wood Products Simulation
E631 Terminology of Building Constructions
E1480 Terminology of Facility Management (Building-Related)
E1583 Practice for Evaluating Laboratories Engaged in Determination of Lead in Paint, Dust, Airborne Particulates, and Soil
Taken From and Around Buildings and Related Structures
E1605 Terminology Relating to Lead in Buildings
E1727 Practice for Field Collection of Soil Samples for Subsequent Lead Determination
E1728E1728/E1728M Practice for Collection of Settled Dust Samples Using Wipe Sampling Methods for Subsequent Lead
Determination
E1792 Specification for Wipe Sampling Materials for Lead in Surface Dust
E2239 Practice for Record Keeping and Record Preservation for Lead Hazard Activities
E2255/E2255M Practice for Conducting Visual Assessments for Lead Hazards in Buildings
E3074/E3074M Practice for Clearance Examinations Following Lead Hazard Reduction Activities in Single Family Dwellings,
in Individual Units of Multifamily Dwellings, and in Other Child-Occupied Facilities
2.2 U.S. Regulations:
24 CFR (Code of Federal Regulations) 35, Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), Requirements for
Notification, Evaluation and Reduction of Lead-Based Paint Hazards in Federally Owned Residential Property and Housing
Receiving Federal Assistance (especially subparts B and R)
40 CFR 745, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Lead-Based Paint Poisoning Prevention in Certain Residential Structures
(especially subparts D, L and Q)
4,5
2.3 Governmental Agency Guidance:
EPA National Lead Laboratory Accreditation Program (NLLAP)
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms not appearing here, see Terminologies D1356, E631, E1480, and E1605.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 clearance area, n—work area and additional spaces outside the work area where lead contamination may have occurred
during lead hazard reduction and other building maintenance or modification activities.
3.2.1.1 Discussion—
The spaces outside the work area may include rooms connected to the work area, egress routes, waste storage areas, and grounds
adjoining exterior work areas.
3.2.2 work area, n—the interior or exterior space where lead hazard control or other building maintenance or modification
activities are performed.
3.2.2.1 Discussion—
The interior work space may include (1) a portion of a room, an entire room, or room equivalent, or (2) portions of multiple rooms,
multiple rooms or room equivalents, depending upon the extent or location, or both, of the lead hazard control activity. The exterior
work space workspace may include (1) a portion of a building façade, an entire building façade, associated structures, such as
fences, and (2) bare soil.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 A clearance examination of abatement areas and other areas associated with other lead-hazard control activities, or building
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Available from U.S. Government Publishing Office (GPO), 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Washington, DC 20401, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/
collectionCfr.action?collectionCode=CFR.
Available from U.S. Dept. of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), 451 7th Street SW, Washington DC 20410, https://www.hud.gov/program_offices/healthy_
homes/.
Available from United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), William Jefferson Clinton Bldg., 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20460,
http://www.epa.gov.
E2271/E2271M − 22
maintenance or modification activities in multifamily dwellings having similar units, common areas or exterior sites is performed
to determine that the clearance area is adequately safe for reoccupancy.
4.2 It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to assure that all regulatory, contractual, and personnel requirements are met
prior to conduct of a clearance examination. At a minimum, users of this standard shall be trained in its use and in safe practices
for its conduct.
4.3 This practice is one of a set of standards developed for lead hazard management activities. The visual assessment procedures
required in this standard are found in Practice E2255/E2255M and the record keeping requirements are found in Practice E2239.
4.4 Although this practice was primarily developed for multifamily dwellings, this practice may be also applied to nonresidential
buildings and related structures by agreement between the client and the individual conducting the clearance examination.
4.5 This practice may be used by owners and property managers, including owner-occupants, and others responsible for
maintaining facilities. It may also be used by lead hazard management consultants, construction contractors, labor groups, real
estate and financial professionals, insurance organizations, legislators, regulators, and legal professionals.
4.6 This standard does not address whether lead-hazard reduction activities or other building modification or maintenance work
were done properly.
5. General Requirements
5.1 Applicable Regulations—The clearance examination shall be conducted in accordance with all regulations promulgated by
authorities having jurisdiction. Applicable regulations are those that are currently in force in jurisdictions where the clearance
examination is conducted.
5.2 Personnel Qualifications—All persons conducting or participating in the clearance examination shall be qualified in
accordance with regulations promulgated by authorities having jurisdiction.
NOTE 2—For example, in the United States of America, 40 CFR Part 745, Subpart L, or 24 CFR Part 35, Subpart R, or both, may apply.
5.3 Reporting Schedule—Before arriving at the property, determine with the client the schedule for reporting the results of the
clearance examination. Specify in hours or days when the clearance summary and clearance report are due to the client. Consider
in the reporting schedule the following: when the last sample for the clearance examination is to be collected; when the results of
testing are to be available; and, whether and how reoccupancy, additional construction, or maintenance work, or other factors affect
the schedule.
5.4 Dust Wipe Sampling Materials—Use only dust wipes that meet Specification E1792 to collect samples of surface dust.
5.5 Dust Sampling Procedure—Collect surface dust wipe samples in accordance with Practices E1728E1728/E1728M and
E3074/E3074M. Record the unique location description, unique sample identifier, the dimensions of the area sampled, and all other
sample collection information on the Paint/Dust/Debris Data Form (given in Practice E2255/E2255M).
5.6 Soil Sampling Procedure—When required, collect soil samples in accordance with Practice E1727. Record the unique location
description, unique sample identifier, and all other sample collection information on the Ground Data Form (given in Practice
E2255/E2255M).
5.7 Laboratory Selection:
5.7.1 Use only laboratories (fixed site, mobile, or field operational) that meet Practice E1583, or hold the necessary accreditations,
certifications, and recognitions needed to conduct lead testing services required by regulations promulgated by authorities having
jurisdiction, or both.
NOTE 3—For example, in the United States of America, laboratories are recognized for analysis of lead in soil or dust wipe samples, or both, as applicable,
by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) through the National Lead Laboratory Accreditation Program (NLLAP).
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6. Activities Conducted Prior to Visual Assessment and Sample Collection
6.1 Permissions and Releases—In advance of carrying out the Clearance Examination, obtain the following:
6.1.1 Signed releases permitting entry to the property and conducting the clearance examination, as may be needed, prior to
attempting entry to the property,
6.1.2 Permission to acquire and review available property construction records and any other records appropriate to the conduct
of the clearance examination, and
6.1.3 Permission to collect samples.
6.2 Consider Random Sampling of Dwelling Units in Multifamily Dwellings:
NOTE 4—Random sampling of similar units, areas, or sites in multifamily dwellings or groups of other detached dwellings may be permitted in regulations
promulgated by authorities having jurisdiction. For example, in the United States of America, see 40 CFR 745.227(e)(9) and 24 CFR 35.1340(b)(2) or
other regulations promulgated by authorities having jurisdiction. Regulations can be found at www.epa.gov/lead or http://www.hud.gov/offices/lead/
index.cfm.
6.2.1 Determine with the client or client’s designee whether to conduct clearance examination in a random sample of multifamily
dwelling units, common areas, or exterior sites, or all three. If random sampling is not acceptable, continue with 6.3. Otherwise,
6.2.2 Group units, areas, or sites, or all three, having similar construction and maintenance history based on written documentation
or visual evidence.
6.2.3 Determine the number(s) of distinct dwelling units, common areas or exterior sites, or all three, in which clearance
examination will be performed using statistical methods or other referenced methods to estimate mean lead contents.
NOTE 5—In the United States of America, The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) has developed guidance on determining the
appropriate number of samples to include in lead inspections, risk assessment, and clearance examinations.
6.2.4 For each group of dwelling units, common areas, and exterior sites identified in 6.2.2, prepare a table that uniquely describes
each unit, area or site within the group.
6.2.5 Create a list of random numbers for each group of dwelling units, common areas, or exterior sites identified in 6.2.2 having
a length corresponding to the number of units, areas, or sites in the group. Use a random number generator meeting the randomness
quality measure of Practice D5124.
6.2.6 For each unit, area or site, record the list of random numbers in the corresponding table developed in 6.2.4, associating a
random number with each unit, area, or site.
6.2.7 Sort each group of units, areas, or sites in either ascending or descending order, determined prior to sorting the table, of the
corresponding random numbers.
6.2.8 Select the random sample of units, areas, or sites beginning at the top of the sorted list using the number of units, areas, or
sites to be included in the random sample from 6.2.3.
6.2.8.1 When access cannot be gained to a selected dwelling unit, common area, or exterior area, select the next such location on
the corresponding sorted table.
6.3 Determine Clearance Area—Determine the clearance area with the client or client’s designee.
6.3.1 For multifamily housing, agree on the specific dwelling units.
6.3.2 If within a specific dwelling unit the location of the interior work area in which the lead hazard reduction or other building
maintenance or modification activity was performed is unknown, the clearance examiner shall assume that the clearance area is
the entire interior of the dwelling.
E2271/E2271M − 22
6.3.3 If the exterior work area upon which hazard reduction or other building maintenance or modification activity was performed
is unknown, the clearance examiner shall assume that the clearance area is the entire exterior property.
6.4 Prepare Floor and Site Plan(s):
6.4.1 Prepare a floor plan (interior) or property site plan (exterior), or both, to cover all the clearance areas, as applicable, in
accordance with Practice E2255/E2255M for each dwelling unit, common area or exterior site to be examined. Each plan shall be
used to record clearance examination activities including:
6.4.1.1 Location of the clearance area,
6.4.1.2 Locations from which samples of soil or surface dust, or both, were collected prior to a lead hazard or other building
maintenance or modification activity (see Note 6),
NOTE 6—These samples of soil or surface dust, or both, may have been collected to document lead levels prior to the conduct of abatement, other lead
hazard activities, and other building maintenance or modification activities.
6.4.1.3 Area(s) used for the storage of debris and waste,
6.4.1.4 Route(s) used by workers to walk from the work area to the exterior of the building,
6.4.1.5 Locations(s) where deteriorated paint, surface dust, paint chips, and painted or unpainted debris (if any) had been observed
within the work area during visual examination(s).
6.5 Clearance Examination Initiation:
6.5.1 Verify with the client or client’s designee, that the lead hazard reduction or other building maintenance or modification
activity has been completed before initiating the visual assessment.
6.5.2 Wait at least 1 h after cleaning has been completed before initiating the visual assessment to allow airborne dust to settle.
7. Protocol for Interior Visual Assessment
7.1 Conduct visual assessments of all clearance areas in each dwelling unit, common area, or exterior site to be examined in
accordance with Practice E2255/E2255M.
7.1.1 Spaces Outside the Work Area—Assess each space outside the work area but within the clearance area.
7.1.1.1 Rooms Connected to the Work Area—Assess each room connected to the work area for the presence of surface dust and
painted debris. If no surface dust or painted debris is observed, the room connected to the work area passes visual assessment. Any
observation of surface dust or painted debris constitutes failure.
7.1.1.2 Storage Areas—Assess each storage area, if any, where painted debris or other lead hazard reduction or other building
maintenance or modification waste has been stored. If no painted debris or other lead hazard reduction or building maintenance
or modification waste is observed, the storage area passes visual assessment. Any observation of painted debris or lead hazard
reduction waste constitutes failure
7.1.1.3 Egress Routes—Assess egress routes for the presence of surface dust and painted debris. If no surface dust or painted debris
is observed in an egress route, the egress route passes visual assessment. Any observation of surface dust or painted debris
constitutes failure.
7.1.2 Work Area—Assess the work area for the presence of deteriorated paint, surface dust, and painted debris. Any observation
of deteriorated paint, surface dust, or painted debris indicates that the work area has failed visual assessment. If no deteriorated
paint, surface dust, or painted debris is observed, the work area passes visual assessment.
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7.2 If any part of the clearance area does not pass visual assessment, advise the client or the client’s designee, or both, that
corrective action, such as recleaning of the area or removal of debris and waste, or both, are required prior to performance of
another visual examination.
7.3 If the clearance area passes visual assessment, proceed to collect samples of surface dust as described in Section 8.
8. Protocol for Interior Settled Dust Sampling
8.1 Collect a wipe sample of surface dust for each sampling location described in 8.3 through 8.6 in accordance with Practices
E1728E1728/E1728M and E3074/E3074M.
8.2 Record on the floor plan locations from which all dust wipe samples are collected.
8.3 Floor and Windows within the Work Area—Select either Procedure A or Procedure B to determine sampling locations for
collecting floor and window dust-wipe samples within the work area. See Note 7.
NOTE 7—Surfaces affected as a consequence of a failed clearance analysis result depend on whether Procedure A or Procedure B was used to sample the
work area. In the case of Procedure A, a failed clearance analysis result means that only the floor or window surface from which the samples were taken
fails clearance. In the case of Procedure A for a sample of dwelling units or common areas, or both in multifamily developments, a failed clearance
analysis result from the set of results representing a surface means that only the floors or window surfaces in the dwelling units represented by this result
fail clearance, for example, the set of entryway samples apply only to the other entryways except for those specific surfaces for which acceptable
dust-wipe levels were obtained. In Procedure B, because results of a small set of samples taken on only a few floor or window sampling sites are intended
to represent all floors or window surfaces within the work area respectively, a failed clearance analysis result within the set means all floor or window
surfaces represented by the set of samples in multifamily dwellings fail clearance, except for those specific surfaces for which acceptable dust-lead levels
were obtained. See 11.2 and 11.3.
8.3.1 In Procedure A, independent of the number of rooms in the clearance area in a dwelling unit or common area or both, floor
sampling locations are identified in every portion of a room, entire room, or room equivalent and every window.
8.3.2 In Procedure B, depending on the number or rooms in the clearance area in a dwelling unit or common area, or both, floor
sampling locations are identified in all or at least four portions of a room, entire rooms, or room equivalents and one window in
each portion of a room, entire room or room equivalent.
8.4 Procedure A:
8.4.1 Work Area Floors:
8.4.1.1 Identify four (4) sampling locations from the fl
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