ASTM D1356-20a

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D1356 − 20a
Standard Terminology Relating to
Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1356; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope ganic Compound Vapors (Activated Charcoal Tube Ad-
sorption Method)
1.1 This terminology is a collective vocabulary relating to
D3687Test Method for Analysis of Organic Compound
sampling and analysis of atmospheres. As a convenience to
VaporsCollectedbytheActivatedCharcoalTubeAdsorp-
general interest, it contains most of the standard terms,
tion Method
definitions, and nomenclature under the jurisdiction of Com-
D4023Terminology Relating to Humidity Measurements
mittee D22.
(Withdrawn 2002)
1.2 Manyoftheentriesinthisterminologyarecopied(with
D4096Test Method for Determination of Total Suspended
attribution) from the standards of origin referenced in Section
ParticulateMatterintheAtmosphere(High–VolumeSam-
2. The standards of origin are noted in bold type at the right
pler Method)
margin of the applicable definition.
D4240Test Method forAirborneAsbestos Concentration in
1.3 Certain terms in the common language that comprise Workplace Atmosphere (Withdrawn 1995)
multiple concepts are included herein with the definition
D4298Guide for Intercomparing Permeation Tubes to Es-
specific to standards and practices of Committee D22.
tablish Traceability
D4597Practice for Sampling Workplace Atmospheres to
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
Collect Gases or Vapors with Solid Sorbent Diffusive
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
Samplers
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
D5011Practices for Calibration of Ozone Monitors Using
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
Transfer Standards
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
D5015Test Method for pH of Atmospheric Wet Deposition
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Samples by Electrometric Determination
D5096Test Method for Determining the Performance of a
2. Referenced Documents
Cup Anemometer or Propeller Anemometer
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D5111Guide for Choosing Locations and Sampling Meth-
D1357Practice for Planning the Sampling of the Ambient
ods to Monitor Atmospheric Deposition at Non-Urban
Atmosphere
Locations
D3249Practice for General Ambient Air Analyzer Proce-
D5366Test Method for Determining the Dynamic Perfor-
dures
mance of a Wind Vane
D3614Guide for Laboratories Engaged in Sampling and
D5438Practice for Collection of Floor Dust for Chemical
Analysis of Atmospheres and Emissions
Analysis
D3631Test Methods for Measuring Surface Atmospheric
D5466Test Method for Determination of Volatile Organic
Pressure
Compounds inAtmospheres (Canister Sampling Method-
D3670Guide for Determination of Precision and Bias of
ology)
Methods of Committee D22
D5527Practices for Measuring Surface Wind and Tempera-
D3686Practice for Sampling Atmospheres to Collect Or-
ture by Acoustic Means
D5755TestMethodforMicrovacuumSamplingandIndirect
Analysis of Dust by Transmission Electron Microscopy
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air
for Asbestos Structure Number Surface Loading
QualityandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD22.01onQualityControl.
D6061Practice for Evaluating the Performance of Respi-
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2020. Published September 2020. Originally
rable Aerosol Samplers
approved in 1955. Last previous edition approved in 2020 as D1356–20. DOI:
10.1520/D1356-20A.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard‘ Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D1356 − 20a
D6177Practice for Determining Emission Profiles of Vola- ISO 3534-2Statistics Vocabulary and Symbols – Part 2:
tile Organic Chemicals Emitted from Bedding Sets Applied Statistics
D6196Practice for Choosing Sorbents, Sampling Param- ISO7708AirQuality–ParticleSizeFractionDefinitionsfor
eters and Thermal Desorption Analytical Conditions for Health-Related Sampling
Monitoring Volatile Organic Chemicals in Air ISO 13137Workplace Atmospheres — Pumps for Personal
D6246Practice for Evaluating the Performance of Diffusive Sampling of Chemical and BiologicalAgents — Require-
Samplers ments and Test Methods
D6552Practice for Controlling and Characterizing Errors in ISO15202-2WorkplaceAir—DeterminationofMetalsand
Weighing Collected Aerosols Metalloids in Airborne Particulate Matter by Inductively
D6785TestMethodforDeterminationofLeadinWorkplace CoupledPlasmaAtomicEmissionSpectrometry—Part2:
Air Using Flame or Graphite FurnaceAtomicAbsorption Sample Preparation
Spectrometry ISO15202-3WorkplaceAir—DeterminationofMetalsand
D7036Practice for Competence of Air Emission Testing Metalloids in Airborne Particulate Matter by Inductively
Bodies CoupledPlasmaAtomicEmissionSpectrometry—Part3:
D7144Practice for Collection of Surface Dust by Micro- Analysis
vacuum Sampling for Subsequent Metals Determination
3. Terminology
D7338Guide for Assessment Of Fungal Growth in Build-
ings
absolute temperature—see temperature.
D7391TestMethodforCategorizationandQuantificationof
absolute filter—see filter.
Airborne Fungal Structures in an Inertial Impaction
absorbance, n—the logarithm to the base of 10 of the
Sample by Optical Microscopy
reciprocal of transmittance.
D7439Test Method for Determination of Elements in Air-
absorbate,n—materialthathasbeenretainedbytheprocessof
borne Particulate Matter by Inductively Coupled Plasma-
absorption.
–Mass Spectrometry
D7459Practice for Collection of Integrated Samples for the
absorbent, n—material in which absorption occurs.
Speciation of Biomass (Biogenic) and Fossil-Derived
absorption,n—aprocessinwhichonematerial(theabsorbent)
Carbon Dioxide Emitted from Stationary Emissions
takes up and retains another (the absorbate) with the forma-
Sources
tion of an homogeneous mixture having the attributes of a
D7659Guide for Strategies for Surface Sampling of Metals
solution.
and Metalloids for Worker Protection
DISCUSSION—Chemical reaction may accompany or follow absorp-
D7675Test Method for Determination of Total Hydrocar-
tion.
bons in Hydrogen by FID-Based Total Hydrocarbon
(THC) Analyzer
acceptance angle (6α, deg),n—theangulardistance,centered
E7Terminology Relating to Metallography
on the array axis of symmetry, over which the following
E104Practice for Maintaining Constant Relative Humidity
conditionsaremet:(a)windcomponentsareunambiguously
by Means of Aqueous Solutions
defined, and (b) flow across the transducers is unobstructed
E631Terminology of Building Constructions
or remains within the angular range for which transducer
E833Terminology of Building Economics
shadow corrections are defined. D5527
E1613Test Method for Determination of Lead by Induc-
accrediting authority, n—a body that evaluates the capability
tively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry
of a testing agency or an inspection agency, or both, in
(ICP-AES), Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
certain specific fields of activity. D3614
(FAAS), or Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spec-
trometry (GFAAS) Techniques
accretion, n—a phenomenon consisting of the increase in size
E1728PracticeforCollectionofSettledDustSamplesUsing
of particles by the process of external additions.
Wipe Sampling Methods for Subsequent Lead Determi-
accuracy, n—thedegreeofconformityofavaluegeneratedby
nation
a specific procedure to the assumed or accepted true value
2.2 Other Documents:
and includes both precision and bias. D3670
ECC Directive 98/24/ECRisks Related to ChemicalAgents
at Work
acoustic pathlength (d, (m)), n—the physical distance be-
EN 1540:2011Workplace Exposure – Terminology
tween transducer transmitter-receiver pairs. D5527
EPA540-R-04-004, 2004Contract Laboratory Program Na-
6 activated charcoal, n—activated charcoal refers to properly
tional Functional Guidelines for Inorganic Data Review
conditioned coconut-shell charcoal. D3686
adsorbate,n—materialthathasbeenretainedbytheprocessof
Available from EUR-Lex, http://eur-lex.europa.eu.
adsorption.
Available from European Committee for Standardization (CEN), Avenue
Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium, http://www.cen.eu.
AvailablefromUnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA),William
Jefferson Clinton Bldg., 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20460, Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. de
http://www.epa.gov. la Voie-Creuse, CP 56, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, http://www.iso.org.
D1356 − 20a
adsorbent, n—solid material on the surface of which adsorp- lagtime,n—thetimeintervalfromastepchangeintheinput
tion takes place. concentration at the analyzer inlet to the first corresponding
change in the analyzer signal readout. D3249
adsorption, n—a physical process in which molecules of gas,
linearity, n—the maximum deviation between an actual
ofdissolvedsubstances,orofliquids,adhereinanextremely
analyzer reading and the reading predicted by a straight line
thin layer to the surfaces of solid bodies with which they are
drawn between upper and lower calibration points.
in contact.
DISCUSSION—Thisdeviationisexpressedasapercentageoffullscale.
aerosol,n—adispersionofsolidorliquidparticlesinagaseous
D3249
medium.
minimumdetectionlimit,n—thesmallestinputconcentration
that can be determined as the concentration approaches zero.
agency, n—an organization or part of an organization engaged
D3249
in the activities of testing or inspection, or both. D3614
noise, n—random deviations from a mean output not caused
agglomeration, n—aprocessofcontactandadhesionwhereby
by sample concentration changes. D3249
the particles of a dispersion form clusters of increasing size.
open path analyzer, n—an analytical system that measures
air at normal conditions (standard air), n—air at 50%
the average atmospheric or emission compound concentration
relative humidity, 25°C and 101.3 kPa (77°F and 760 mm
along one or more monitoring paths open to the atmosphere.
Hg). See also atmosphere.
See monitoring path.
operating humidity range of analyzer, n—the range of
air change rate, n—the volumetric flow rate (volume per unit
ambientrelativehumidityofairsurroundingtheanalyzer,over
time) of air entering a space or enclosure divided by the net
which the analyzer will meet all performance specifications.
volume of air in that space or enclosure (1/s, 1/h). D6177
D3249
DISCUSSION—The entering air may be outdoor air or conditioned air.
operating temperature range of analyzer, n—the range of
The space may be an entire building, a room or a chamber used for
ambient temperatures of air surrounding the analyzer, over
material emissions and other testing. When using the term air change
which the monitor will meet all performance specifications.
rate, it is important to specify whether the entering air is outdoor or
conditioned, as well as the space being considered. The net volume of D3249
air in a space or enclosure may be different from the internal volume
operational period, n—the period of time over which the
when the contents (for example, materials being tested for emissions)
analyzer can be expected to operate unattended within
displace a significant amount of air within the space or enclosure.
specifications. D3249
Requirements for accounting for the net volume of air in determining
the air change rate, including clear identification of when the displace-
output, n—a signal that is related to the measurement, and
ment is considered significant, are covered in the individual standards
intendedforconnectiontoareadoutordataacquisitiondevice.
using the definition.
DISCUSSION—Usually this is an electrical signal expressed as milli-
volts or milliamperes full scale at a given impedance. D3249
air emission testing body, n—a company or other entity that
conducts Air Emission Testing. D7036
range, n—the concentration region between the minimum
and maximum measurable limits. D3249
air pollution, n—the presence of unwanted material in the air.
readout instrumentation, n—output meters, recorder, or data
DISCUSSION—The term unwanted material here refers to material in
sufficient concentrations, present for a sufficient time, and under acquisition system for monitoring analytical results. D3249
circumstancestointerferesignificantlywithcomfort,health,orwelfare
responsetime,n—thetimeintervalfromastepchangeinthe
of persons, or with the full use and enjoyment of property.
inputconcentrationattheanalyzerinlettoanoutputreadingof
90% of the ultimate reading. D3249
aliquot, n—a representative portion of the whole that can be
expressed as the inverse of an integer.
rise time, n—response time minus lag time. D3249
sample system, n—equipment necessary to provide the
ambient, adj—surrounding on all sides.
analyzer with a continuous representative sample. D3249
analytical recovery, n—ratio of the mass of analyte measured
span drift, n—the change in analyzer output over a stated
to the known mass of analyte in the sample, typically
time period, usually 24 h of unadjusted continuous operation,
expressed as a percentage. D7439
when the input concentration is at a constant, stated upscale
value.
analyzer, n—the instrumental equipment necessary to perform
DISCUSSION—Span drift is usually expressed as a percentage change
automaticanalysisofambientairthroughtheuseofphysical
of full scale over a 24-h operational period. D3249
and chemical properties and giving either cyclic or continu-
ous output signal. D3249
zero drift, n—the change in analyzer output over a stated
time period of unadjusted continuous operation when the input
analyzer system, n—all sampling, analyzing, and readout
concentrationiszero;usuallyexpressedasapercentagechange
instrumentation required to perform ambient air quality analy-
of full scale over a 24-h operational period.
sis automatically. D3249
See also point analyzer. D3249
full scale, n—the maximum measuring limit for a given
range of an analyzer. D3249 analyzer system—see analyzer.
D1356 − 20a
base of the hemisphere is a plane through this line, the top of the head
area sampler—see static sampler.
and the larynx. This technical description is not applicable when
area sampling—see static sampling.
respiratory protective equipment is used.
arrester, n—a term for an air cleaning device.
bubbler, n—a sampling device consisting of a gas disperser
aspect ratio, n—ratio of the length of a particle to its width.
immersed in an absorbing liquid.
adapted from D5755
fritted bubbler, n—a bubbler having a frit as the gas
aspirated psychrometer—see psychrometer.
disperser.
aspirator,n—anyapparatussuchasasqueezebulb,fan,pump,
or venturi that produces a movement of a fluid by suction. building envelope, n—the outer elements of a building, both
aboveandbelowground,whichdividetheexternalfromthe
atmosphere, n—the gaseous envelope which surrounds the
internal environments. D7338
earthandincludesambientair,indoorair,andworkplaceair.
E631
See also air at normal conditions.
DISCUSSION—Commonly included are exterior walls, windows,
doors, roofs and subfloors.
synthetic atmosphere, n—aspecificgaseousmasscontaining
anynumberofconstituentsandinanyproportionproducedfor
calibration curve, n—a plot of instrument response versus
a special purpose.
concentration of standards. EPA 540-R-04-004, 2004
backdrafting, n—the reversal of the normal (upward) direc-
candidate method, n—an analytical method or measurement
tion of air flow in a vent for a vented combustion appliance
process being considered for standardization.
(boiler, fireplace, furnace, or water heater), when the vented
DISCUSSION—Amethod is a candidate until completion of all phases
appliance is operating.
oftheconsensusprocessspecifiedbyASTMregulationsforaproposal,
an emergency standard, or a standard. D3670
bias, n—a systematic (nonrandom) deviation of the method
averagevalueorthemeasuredvaluefromanacceptedvalue.
capillary action, n—(or capillary migration), of water, move-
D3670
ment of water induced by the force of molecular attraction
laboratory bias, n—systematic differences between the true
(surface tension) between the water and the material it
value and a value reported by a laboratory due to errors of contacts. E631
application such as losses, contamination, miscalibration, and
D7338
faulty manipulations, for example. D3670
cascade impactor—see impactor.
method bias, n—systematic departures of the limiting mean
carpet-embedded dust—see dust.
from the true value of the parameter measured caused by
chemical agent,n—anyelementorcompound,onitsownoras
physical or chemical phenomena inherent in the methodology.
itoccursinthenaturalstateorasproduced,used,orreleased
D3670
including release as waste, by any activity, whether or not
produced intentionally and whether or not placed on the
biogenic CO , n—CO recently (in a geological time scale)
2 2
market. adapted from ECC Directive 98/24/EC
removedfromtheatmospherebyplants,thenreturnedtothe
DISCUSSION—Biological agents are excluded from this definition.
atmosphere by combustion or biogenic decay.
adapted from D7459
chemisorption, n—adsorption, especially when irreversible,
bymeansofchemicalforcesincontrastwithphysicalforces.
DISCUSSION—BiomassCO emittedfromcombustiondevicesisoften
referred to as “carbon-neutral CO ” and is distinguished from fossil
chimney effect, n—a phenomenon consisting of a vertical
CO .
movement of a localized mass of air or other gases due to
DISCUSSION—Biomass carbon contains the isotope radiocarbon
temperature differences.
(carbon-14) in measurable quantities. It decays exponentially with a
half-life of about 5700 years and as such is not measurable in fossil
circular impaction sample, n—a sample of airborne particu-
materialsderivedfrompetroleum,coal,naturalgas,oranyothersource
late matter collected via a device that draws air through a
more than about 50 000 years old.
round aperture at a specified rate, impacting the particles
blank substrate, n—a collection medium or substrate coming suspendedintheairontoanadhesivemedium,resultingina
circularareaofdeposition.Acircularimpactionsamplemay
from the same batch as the sampling medium, but not
intentionally exposed in the field. D6552 be collected by means of a cassette manufactured for that
purpose, or by means of a sampling device that requires
boroscope, n—device for internal inspection of difficult access
slides to be pre-coated with impaction medium. D7391
locationssuchaswallcavities.Itslongnarrowtubecontains
a telescope system with a number of relay lenses. Light is cloud, n—any collection of particulate matter in the atmo-
sphere dense enough to be perceptible to the eye, especially
provided via the optical path or fiber bundles. D7338
a collection of water drops.
breathing zone, n—space around the nose and mouth from
cloud water, n—an aggregate of condensed water vapor or
which breath is taken. EN 1540:2011
ice crystals that are suspended in the atmosphere.
DISCUSSION—Technically the breathing zone corresponds to a hemi-
DISCUSSION—Cloud water droplet sizes are typically less than those
sphere (generally accepted to be 30 cm in radius) extending in front of
thehumanface,centeredonthemidpointofalinejoiningtheears.The of precipitation, measuring between 1 and 100 µm in diameter. D5111
D1356 − 20a
cloud water—see cloud. constant flow high-volume sampler—see sampler.
coalescence, n—a process by which the particles of a disper-
confidence interval, n—range of values that has a specified
sion combine into one body.
probability of including the true value of the parameter(s) of
an underlying distribution. Ignacio and Bullot, 2006
collaborative test,n—aninterlaboratorystudyofatestmethod
wherein the participants analyze or make measurements on
contaminant, n—a material added by human or natural activi-
subsamples of the same test material.
ties which may, in sufficient concentrations, render the
DISCUSSION—If the test method includes the sampling of
atmosphere unacceptable.
atmospheres, the participants should sample the same test atmosphere,
DISCUSSION—Contaminants refer to gases, vapors, mists, aerosols,
as possible. D3670
fumes,particles,ordusts,andsoforth,thatareairborne.Thetermdoes
not apply to elements that make up the components of the earth’s
collection effıciency—see efficiency.
atmosphere, such as nitrogen, oxygen, argon, and so forth. D1357
collector,n—adeviceforremovingandretainingcontaminants
from air or other gases.
continuing calibration blank (CCB), n—a solution contain-
DISCUSSION—Usually this term is applied to cleaning devices in
ing no added analyte, that is used to verify blank response
exhaust systems.
and freedom from carryover. E1613
colorimeter, n—an instrument used for color measurement DISCUSSION—The CCB must be analyzed after the CCV. The mea-
sured concentration of the CCB should not exceed 10 % of the
based on optical comparison with standard colors.
applicable occupational exposure limit or minimum level of concern.
combustion system downdrafting, n—the reversal of the
continuing calibration verification (CCV), n—a solution (or
ordinary (upward) direction of air flow in a combustion
set of solutions) of known analyte concentration used to
system when vented combustion appliances are not operat-
verify freedom from excessive instrumental drift; the con-
ing.
centration is to be near the mid-range of a linear calibration
DISCUSSION—The term “cold backdrafting” is used synonymously
curve. E1613
with combustion system downdrafting.
DISCUSSION—The CCV must be matrix matched to the acid content
combustion system spillage,n—entryofcombustionproducts
present in sample digestates or extracts. The CCV must be analyzed
into a building, caused by backdrafting, vent blockage, or a before and after all samples and at a frequency of not less than every
ten samples.The measured value is to fall within 610 % of the known
leaky heat exchanger.
value.
concentration, n—the quantity of a substance contained in a
continuous sampling—see sampling.
total unit quantity of sample.
controlled-pore filter—see filter.
mass concentration, n—concentration expressed in terms of
conventional respirable concentration, C (mg/m ), n—the
R
mass of substance per unit volume of gas or liquid.
concentration measured by a conventional (that is, ideal)
ppb(v), n—aunitofmeasureoftheconcentrationofgasesin
respirablesamplerandgivenintermsofthesizedistribution
air expressed as parts of the gas per billion (10 ) parts of the
dC/dD as follows:
air-gas mixture, both by volume.
`
c 5 dD E dC⁄dD
*
R R
ppm(v),n—aunitofmeasureoftheconcentrationofgasesin 0
DISCUSSION—Notethatsamplesareoftentakenoveranextendedtime
air expressed as parts of the gas per million parts of the air-gas
period (for example, 8 h), so that dC/dD above represents a time-
mixture, both by volume.
averaged, rather than instantaneous, size distribution. D6061
vaporconcentration,n—concentrationexpressedintermsof
count median size, n—a measurement of particle size of
gaseous volume of substance per unit volume of air or other
samples of particulate matter, consisting of that diameter of
gas usually expressed in percent or parts per million by
particlesuchthatonehalfofthenumberofparticlesislarger
volume. See also absolute humidity.
and half is smaller.
volume concentration, n—concentration expressed in terms
of gaseous volume of substance per unit volume of air or other
cryogen, n—a refrigerant used to obtain very low
gas usually expressed in percent or parts per million.
temperatures. adapted from D5466
DISCUSSION—A typical cryogen is liquid argon (bp –185.7°C) or
condensate, n—liquid or solid matter formed by condensation
liquid nitrogen (bp –195°C).
from the vapor phase.
DISCUSSION—In sampling, the term is applied to the components of cumulative sample—see sample.
an atmosphere which have been isolated by simple cooling.
debris rating, n—a distinct value assigned to an impactor
sample based on the percentage of the sample area poten-
condensation, n—the process of converting a material in the
tially obscured by particulate matter, and ranging from 0 to
gaseous phase to a liquid or solid state by decreasing
5. D7391
temperature or by increasing pressure, or both.
DISCUSSION—Usually in air sampling only cooling is used.
condensation sampling—see sampling.
Ignacio, J. S., and Bullock, W. H., A Strategy for Assessing and Managing
condensoid, n—the particles of a dispersion formed by con-
Occupational Exposures, Third Edition. American Industrial Hygiene Association,
densation. Fairfax, VA, 2006.
D1356 − 20a
delay distance (D), n—the distance the air flows past a wind dispersion, n—the most general term for a system consisting
vaneduringthetimeittakesthevanetoreturnto50%ofthe of particulate matter suspended in a fluid.
initial displacement. D5366
dispersoid, n—the particles of a dispersion.
density, n—the mass per unit volume of substance.
distance constant (L, m), n—the distance the air flows past a
denuder,n—adevicedesignedtocollectorremovegasesfrom
rotating anemometer during the time it takes the cup wheel
an air stream by diffusion to a collecting surface or second- or propeller to reach (1 − 1/e) or 63% of the equilibrium
ary air stream while permitting the passage of particles.
speed after a step change in wind speed.
DISCUSSION—Theresponseofarotatinganemometertoastepchange
D5111
in which wind speed increases instantaneously fromU=0 toU=U,
f
deposition, n—the transfer of an atmospheric constituent to a
is:
surfaceduetogravityoranothermechanism,orthematerial
U 5 U ~1 2 e~2t/Γ!!
t f
which is transferred.
where:
dry deposition, n—all forms of deposition derived from the U = instantaneous indicated wind speed at time t, m/s,
t
U = final indicated wind speed, or wind tunnel speed, m/s,
netverticaltransferofchemicalspeciestoasurfacethatarenot f
t = elapsed time after the step change occurs, s, and
the result of precipitation.
Γ = time constant of the instrument.
DISCUSSION—Dry deposition includes both turbulent diffusion and
gravitational settling. Dew and frost are anomalous forms of dry
depositionwhichrelyuponanear-surfacecondensationprocessastheir
Distance constant is:L=UΓ D5096
f
principle means of effecting the net vertical transfer. D5111
diurnal, adj—recurring daily.
wet deposition, n—the precipitation of water from the
DISCUSSION—Applied to (variations in concentration of air
atmosphere in the form of hail, rain, sleet, and snow.
contaminants, diurnal indicates variations that follow a distinctive
DISCUSSION—Deposits of dew, fog, and frost are excluded. See also
pattern and which recur from day to day.
meteorological precipitation under precipitation. D5111
DOP, n—dioctyl phthalate (di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate).
descriptive statistics, n—simple metrics of a sample distribu-
droplet, n—a small liquid particle of such size and density as
tion’s characteristics such as central tendency (for example,
to fall under still conditions but which may remain sus-
mean, median) and dispersion (for example, standard
pended under turbulent conditions.
deviation, variance, range). Ignacio and Bullot, 2006
DISCUSSION—Additionalexamplesarethenumberofsamplesandthe
dry-bulb temperature—see temperature.
actual fraction of samples above a decision value or a limit value.
dry deposition—see deposition.
desorption, n—the process of freeing from a sorbed state. dry impingement—see impingement.
dust, n—a general term, depending upon application, applied
dew,n—watervaporthathascondensedontoasurfacenearthe
to solid particles predominantly larger than colloidal and
ground because of radiational cooling of that surface to a
capable of temporary suspension in air or other gases.
temperature that is below the dew point of the air surround-
DISCUSSION—Dusts tend to flocculate under electrostatic forces and
ing the surface. D5111
settle under the influence of gravity. They are typically formed from
larger masses through the application of physical forces.
dew cell, dew probe, n—an instrument that measures the
dustloading,n—anengineeringtermfordustconcentration,
temperature at which a saturated salt solution (usually of
usually applied to the contents of collection ducts and the
lithium chloride) is in equilibrium with the water vapor in
emissions from stacks.
moist air. D4023
carpet-embedded dust, n—soil and other particulate matter,
dew-/frost-point hygrometer—see hygrometer.
approximately 5-µm equivalent aerodynamic diameter and
dew-point temperature—see temperature.
larger, embedded in carpet pile and normally removable by
dew probe—see dew cell.
household vacuum cleaners. D5438
diffusion, molecular—see molecular diffusion.
surface dust, n—soil and other particulate matter, approxi-
diffusive sampler, n—device which is capable of taking
mately 5-µm equivalent aerodynamic diameter and larger,
samples of gases or vapors from the atmosphere at a rate
adhering to floor surfaces and normally removable by house-
controlled by a physical process such as gaseous diffusion
hold vacuum cleaners. D5438
throughastaticairlayerorpermeationthroughamembrane,
but which does not involve the active movement of air
dustfall—see particle fall under particle.
through the sampler. D6246
dust loading—see dust.
dynamic calibration, n—calibration of an analytical system
diffusive sampling rate, n—in diffusive sampling, the ratio of
mass of a given compound collected by a diffusive sampler using calibration gas standard concentrations generated by
diluting known concentration gas standards with purified
per unit time of exposure to the concentration of that
compound in the atmosphere being sampled. inert gas. adapted from D7675
adapted from D4597
efficiency, n—a measure of the performance of a collector.
DISCUSSION—This is sometimes referred to as the uptake rate, with DISCUSSION—Usually it is the ratio of the amount collected to the
final units of volume per unit time. inlet loading, expressed in percentage.
D1356 − 20a
DISCUSSION—Commonly,theefficiencyisintheregionof99.95%or
collection effıciency, n—the percentage of a specified sub-
higher for a standard aerosol of 0.3-µm diameter (see Practice D2986).
stance retained by a gas cleaning or sampling device.
D4096
fractional effıciency, n—the mean collection efficiency for
controlled-porefilter,n—afilterofvariousplasticsormetals
specific size fractions of a contaminant.
having a structure of controlled uniform pore size.
DISCUSSION—Commonly this term has been applied to the perfor-
DISCUSSION—Sometimes referred to as a membrane or molecular
mance of air cleaning equipment towards particulate matter in various
filter.
size ranges.
flocculation, n—synonymous with agglomeration.
ejector, n—a device that uses a fluid under pressure, such as
steam, air, or water, to move another fluid by developing
flowmeter, n—an instrument for measuring the rate of flow of
suction through differential pressure.
a fluid (that is, liquid or gas) moving through a system.
DISCUSSION—Suction is developed by discharging the fluid under
DISCUSSION—The instrument is calibrated to give volume or mass
pressure through a venturi.
rate of flow.
electrical conductivity, n—the property of a fluid or solid that
fly ash, n—the finely divided particles of ash entrained in flue
permits the passage of an electrical current as a result of an
gases arising from the combustion of fuel.
impressed emf.
DISCUSSION—The particles of ash may contain incompletely burned
DISCUSSION—It is measured by the quantity of electricity transferred
fuel.Thetermhasbeenappliedpredominantlytothegas-bornashfrom
across unit area per unit potential gradient per unit time. (In sampling
boilerswithspreaderstoker,underfeedstoker,andpulverizedfuel(coal
and analysis, changes in this property are utilized to measure the
firing).
presence of certain ions and compounds such as sulfur dioxide.)
fog, n—a visible aggregate of condensed water vapor or ice
electric hygrometer—see hygrometer.
crystals suspended in the atmosphere near the earth’s sur-
electrostatic precipitation—see precipitation.
face.
DISCUSSION—Fog differs from cloud water only that it resides very
electrostatic precipitator—see precipitator.
close to the earth’s surface. D5111
elute, v—to remove sorbed materials from a sorbent by means
of a fluid.
fossil CO ,n—CO introducedintotheatmospherethroughthe
2 2
combustion or thermal dissociation of fossil materials.
emission mixture, n—the total mixture in the outside atmo-
D7459
sphere of emissions from all sources.
DISCUSSION—Fossil-derived CO is distinguished from biogenic
emissions, n—substances discharged into the air from a stack, CO .Itisvoidofcarbon-14andconsistsentirelyofthe“stablecarbon”
isotopes carbon-12 and carbon-13.
vent, or other discrete source.
emission rate, n—the mass emitted per unit of time from a fractional effıciency—see efficiency.
sourceor,alternatively,perunitofmaterialorenergyproduced
fractionation, n—the process of separating a mixture into
or consumed by a process.
components having different properties (as by distillation,
precipitation, or screening).
enhancement factor,n—thecorrectionforthedepartureofthe
mixture of air and water vapor from ideal gas laws. D4023 frit, n—a porous material permeable to gas flow usually made
by sintering microbeads of an appropriate material.
enzyme activity, n—measure of the quantity of active enzyme
fritted bubbler—see bubbler.
present. D7338
DISCUSSION—Enzyme activity is essential to metabolism. frost, n—ice crystals resulting from the direct sublimation of
Specifically,beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase(NAHA)isanenzymepres-
water vapor onto a surface that is below freezing.
entinallfilamentousfungi,themeasurementofwhichhasbeenshown
DISCUSSION—Frostisduetoradiationalcoolingandonlyoccurswhen
to be directly proportional to the amount of fungal biomass.
the temperature of the air in contact with the surface falls below the
freezing point of water. D5111
event sampling—see sampling.
exposure, n—contact with a chemical, biological, physical or frost-pointhygrometer—see dew-/frost-point hygrometerun-
other agent over a specified time period.
der hygrometer.
DISCUSSION—Exposure is expressed as the integral of the concentra-
frost-point temperature—see temperature.
tion (or intensity) of the agent at the boundary of the receptor over the
full scale—see analyzer.
*
time period of contact, that is: E~5~ $C ~t!%dt.
fume, n—properly, the solid particles generated by condensa-
tion from the gaseous state, generally after volatilization
exposure (by inhalation), n—situation in which a chemical or
frommeltedsubstances,andoftenaccompaniedbyachemi-
biological agent is present in the air that is inhaled by a
cal reaction such as oxidation.
person. EN 1540:2011
DISCUSSION—Fumes flocculate and sometimes coalesce. Popularly,
filter, n—a porous medium for collecting particulate matter.
the term is used in reference to any or all types of contaminant, and in
manylawsorregulationswiththeaddedqualificationthatthecontami-
absolute filter, n—a filter or filter medium of ultra-high
nant have some unwanted action.
collection efficiency for very small particles (submicrometre
size)sothatessentiallyallparticlesofinterestorofconcernare fungal spore, n—general term for a reproductive structure in
collected. fungi. D7338
D1356 − 20a
DISCUSSION—The spore is the structure that may be used for
e
U 5 3100
dissemination and reproduction, and may be resistant to adverse i
e
i
environmental conditions.
where e is the partial pressure of the water vapor in the moist air
gage pressure—see pressure.
and e is the saturation vapor pressure with respect to ice at the same
i
gas, n—one of the states of matter, having neither independent
temperature, t. D4023
shape nor volume and tending to expand indefinitely.
relative humidity with respect to water (U )—the ratio in
w
gas meter, n—an instrument for measuring the quantity of a percent of mole fraction of water vapor, x , in moist air to the
v
gas passing through the meter.
mole fraction of water vapor, x , that the moist air would
vw
have if it were saturated with respect to water at the same
gasometer, n—an apparatus employing a calibrated volume
pressure, p, and temperature, t:
which is used to calibrate gas-measuring devices.
X
v
U 5 3100
generic criteria, n—common characteristics pertaining to
w
X
vw
organizations’ human resources, material resources, and
DISCUSSION—If water vapor and air are assumed to behave as ideal
quality systems which provide a basis for assessing the
gases, then:
qualifications of testing or inspection agencies. D3614
e
U 5 3100
w
gustiness, adj—now referred to as intensity of turbulence e
w
whichisdefinedastheratiooftherootmeansquareofwind
where:
e = partial pressure of the water vapor in the moist air and
velocity fluctuations to the mean wind velocity.
e = saturation vapor pressure with respect to water at the same
w
temperature, t.
Hi-Vol (high-volume air sampler)—see sampler.
house depressurization, n—the situation, pertaining to a
D4023
specific location in a house, whereby the static pressure at
relative humidity with respect to ice—see relative humidity.
that location is lower than the static pressure in the imme-
diate vicinity outside the house.
relativehumiditywithrespecttowater—see relative humid-
DISCUSSION—The pressure difference between indoors and outdoors
ity.
is affected by building tightness (including the distribution of leakage
humidity range—see operating humidity range of analyzer
sitesacrossthebuildingenvelope),indoortemperaturedifference,local
under analyzer. See also operating humidity range of
winds, and the operation of indoor appliances such as exhaust fans,
sample under sample.
forced-air system fans, and vented combustion appliances (boilers,
fireplaces, furnaces, or water heaters). The existence and extent of
hypha, n—(pl. hyphae) tubular filament of fungal cells; the
house depressurization at a specific location, thus, varies over time
basic vegetative structure of the body of fungi (excluding
depending on outdoor conditions and the operation of indoor appli-
yeasts). D7338
ances.
hyaline, adj—colorless. D7391
human resources, n—those elements of support or capability
that are provided by humans using their mental and physical
hygrometer,n—aninstrumentformeasuringthehumidityofa
capabilities. D3614
gas.
humidity,n—ameasureoftheamountofwatervaporinagas.
dew-/frost-pointhygrometer,n—aninstrumentthatmeasures
Also see absolute humidity and relative humidity.
the surface temperature at which ambient water vapor
condenses. D4023
absolute humidity, vapor concentration, vapor density (d ),
v
n—theratioofthemassofwatervapor,m ,tothetotalvolume
v
electric hygrometer, n—an instrument that determines the
of the moist air, v:
watervaporcontentofanatmospherebymeasuringthechange
m
in resistance or capacitance of hygroscopic material. D4023
v
d 5
v
v
mechanical hygrometer, n—an instrument for determining
D4023
the water vapor content of an atmosphere by measuring the
relative humidity, n—the ratio of the actual water vapor
dimensional change produced in an hygroscopic material.
pressure to the saturation pressure.
D4023
relative humidity with respect to ice (U), n—the ratio in
i
ice-bulb temperature—see temperature.
percent of the mole fraction of water vapor, x , in moist air to
v
impaction, n—a forcible contact of particles of matter, a term
the mole fraction of water vapor, x , that the moist air would
vi
often used synonymously with impingement.
have if it were saturated with respect to ice at the same
pressure, p, and temperature, t.
impaction medium, n—in microbiology, a substance applied
to a microscope slide used to collect (or capture) particulate
X
v matter during sampling. D7391
U 5 3100
i
X
vi
impaction sample,n—asampletakenusingimpaction. D7391
DISCUSSION—If the water vapor and air are assumed to behave as
ideal gases, then DISCUSSION—In microbiology, examples of impaction samples in-
clude circular impaction samples and slit impaction samples.
D1356 − 20a
DISCUSSION—The inhalable fraction depends on the speed and
impactor, n—a device for collecting airborne or emission
direction of air movement, on breathing rate and other factors.
particulate matter in which the air or gas being sampled is
impacted or impinged against a surface.
inspection, n—the process of measuring, examining, testing,
cascade impactor, n—a type of impactor which employs
gaging, or otherwise evaluating materials, products,
several stages of impaction in series to collect successively
services, systems, or environments. D3614
smaller sizes of particles.
instantaneous sampling—see sampling.
inertial impactor, n—a device for collecting particles sepa-
interference, n—an undesired output caused by a substance or
rated from an air stream by inertia to force an impact onto an
substances other than the one being measured.
adhesive surface. Inertial impactors are available in many
DISCUSSION—The effect of interfering substance(s), on the measure-
designs,includingthosehavingaslitjet,yieldingarectangular
ment of interest, shall be expressed as: (6) percentage change of
sample trace, and a circular jet, yielding a circular sample
measurementcomparedwiththemolaramountoftheinterferant.Ifthe
trace. D7391
interference is nonlinear, an algebraic expression should be developed
(or curve plotted) to show this varying effect. D3249
inferential statistics, n—parameters used to make estimates
about a distribution and underlying population.
intermittent sampling—see sampling.
Ignacio and Bullot, 2006
inversion, n—a reversal of the normal atmospheric tempera-
ture gradient, thus an increase of temperature of the air with
infrared thermography, n—thermal imaging, also called
increasing altitude.
thermography, is the production of non-contact infrared, or
“heat” pictures from which temperature measurements can
isokinetic sampling—see sampling.
be made. D7338
laboratory bias—see bias.
impingement, n—the act of bringing matter forcibly in con-
laboratory blank, n—a blank substrate that undergoes the
tact.
same handling as the sample substrate in the laboratory,
DISCUSSION—As used in air sampling, impingement refers to a
including conditioning and loading into the samplers or
process for the collection of particulate matter in which the gas being
transport containers when this is done in the laboratory.
sampled is directed forcibly against a surface.
D6552
dryimpingement,n—theprocessofimpingementcarriedout
lag time—see analyzer.
so that particulate matter carried in the gas stream is retained
upon the surface against which the stream is directed. lapse rate, n—the rate of change of the absolute value of any
DISCUSSION—The collecting surface may be treated with a film of
meteorological element with increase of height.
adhesive.
DISCUSSION—When used without modifier, it refers to the rate of
decrease of temperature with increase of height.
wetimpingement,n—theprocessofimpingementcarriedout
within a body of liquid, the latter serving to retain the
limit of detection, LOD, n—lowest amount of an analyte that
particulate matter.
is detectable with a given confidence level. EN 1540:2011
impinger, n—broadly, a sampling instrument employing im- DISCUSSION—For normal distributions, the limit of detection can be
calculatedasthreetimesthestandarddeviationofblankmeasurements.
pingement of the collection of particulate matter.
When a minimum of seven blank measurements is performed, this
DISCUSSION—Commonly, this term is applied to specific instruments,
represents a probability of 50 % that the analyte will not be detected
the midget and standard Impinger.
when it is present at the concentration of the LOD. The LOD can be
midget impinger, n—a specific instrument employing wet
used as a threshold value to assert the presence of a substance with a
im
...