ASTM D1357-95(2019)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D1357 − 95 (Reapproved 2019)
Standard Practice for
Planning the Sampling of the Ambient Atmosphere
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1357; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.1 The purpose of this practice is to present the broad
concepts of sampling the ambient air for the concentrations of
2. Referenced Documents
contaminants. Detailed procedures are not discussed. General
2.1 ASTM Standards:
principles in planning a sampling program are given including
D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of
guidelines for the selection of sites and the location of the air
Atmospheres
sampling inlet.
D3249 Practice for General Ambient Air Analyzer Proce-
1.2 Investigations of atmospheric contaminants involve the
dures
study of a heterogeneous mass under uncontrolled conditions.
D3614 Guide for Laboratories Engaged in Sampling and
Interpretation of the data derived from the air sampling
Analysis of Atmospheres and Emissions
program must often be based on the statistical theory of
NOTE 1—A list of references are appended to this practice which
probability. Extreme care must be observed to obtain measure-
provide greater details including background information, air quality
ments over a sufficient length of time to obtain results that may
modeling techniques, and special purposes air sampling programs (1).
be considered representative.
3. Terminology
1.3 The variables that may affect the contaminant concen-
trations are the atmospheric stability (temperature-height
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this
profile), turbulence, wind speed and direction, solar radiation,
practice, refer to Terminology D1356.
precipitation, topography, emission rates, chemical reaction
4. Summary of Practice
rates for their formation and decomposition, and the physical
and chemical properties of the contaminant. To obtain concen-
4.1 This practice describes the general guidelines in plan-
trations of gaseous contaminants in terms of weight per unit
ning for sampling the ambient air for the concentrations of
volume, the ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure at
contaminants.
the location sampled must be known.
5. Significance and Use
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
5.1 Since the analysis of the atmosphere is influenced by
standard. phenomena in which all factors except the method of sampling
and analytical procedure are beyond the control of the
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
investigator, statistical consideration must be given to deter-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
mine the adequacy of the number of samples obtained, the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
length of time that the sampling program is carried out, and the
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
number of sites sampled. The purpose of the sampling and the
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
characteristics of the contaminant to be measured will have an
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
influence in determining this adequacy. Regular, or if possible,
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
continuous measurements of the contaminant with simultane-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
ous pertinent meteorological observations should be obtained
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
during all seasons of the year. Statistical techniques may then
1 2
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D22 on Air Quality For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.03 on Ambient Atmospheres contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
and Source Emissions. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2019. Published August 2019. Originally the ASTM website.
approved in 1955. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D1357 – 95 (2011). The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of
DOI: 10.1520/D1357-95R19. this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D1357 − 95 (2019)
be applied to determine the influence of the meteorological direction data obtained simultaneously near the sites, the
variables on the concentrations measured (2). monitoringresultswillprovideevidenceofthecontributionsof
the individual sources. Multiple samplers or monitors operat-
5.2 Statistical methods may be used for the interpretation of
ing simultaneously upwind and downwind from the source are
all of the data available (2). Trends of patterns and relation-
often very valuable and efficient.
ships between variables of statistical significance may be
detected. Much of the validity of the results will depend,
7. Meteorological Factors
however, on the comprehensiveness of the analysis and the
location and contaminant measured. For example, if 24-h 7.1 The meteorological parameters that are most important
samples of suspended particulate matter are obtained only in an atmospheric sampling program are:
periodically (for example, every 6 or 8 days throughout the 7.1.1 Wind direction and speed, the degree of persistence in
year), the geometric mean of the measured concentrations is direction, and gustiness;
representative of the median value assuming the data are log 7.1.2 Temperature and its changes with height above
normallydistributed.Thegeometricmeanlevelmaybeusedto ground; the mixing height, that is, the height above ground that
compare the air quality at different locations at which such the pollutants will diffuse to during the afternoon; and
regular but intermittent observations of suspended particulate 7.1.3 Solar radiation and hours of sunshine, humidity,
matter are made.
precipitation, and barometric pressure. These parameters are
important in assessing the pollution potential of an area and
6. Basic Principles
should be considered in the planning of a monitoring program
and in the interpretation of the data. Pertinent meteorological
6.1 The choice of sampling techniques and measurement
and climatological information may be obtained from the local
methodology, the characteristics of the sites, the number of
weather department. In many localities, however, the micro-
sampling stations, and the amount of data collected all depend
on the objectives of the monitoring program. These objectives meteorology may be unique and meteorological investigations
to provide data specific to the area may be needed.
may be one or more of the following:
6.1.1 Air quality assessment including determining maxi-
7.2 The influences of each of the meteorological parameters
mum concentration,
important to air quality are discussed in detail. The methods of
6.1.2 Health and vegetation effects studies,
carrying out the related meteorological investigations are also
6.1.3 Trend analysis,
discussed (3-5).
6.1.4 Evaluation of pollution abatement programs,
6.1.5 Establishment of air quality criteria and standards by
8. Topographical Factors
relating to effects,
8.1 Topography can influence the contaminant concentra-
6.1.6 Enforcement of control regulations,
tions in the atmosphere. For example, a valley will cause
6.1.7 Development of air pollution control strategies,
persistenceinwinddirectionsandintensifylow-levelnocturnal
6.1.8 Activation of alert or emergency procedures,
inversions that will limit the dispersion of pollutants emitted
6.1.9 Land use, transportation, and energy systems
into it. Mountains or plateaus may act as barriers affecting the
planning,
flow of air as well as the contaminant concentrations in their
6.1.10 Background evaluations, and
vicinity. Consideration should be given to the influence of
6.1.11 Atmospheric chemistry studies.
these features as well as that of large lakes, the sea, and oceans
6.2 In order to cover all the variable meteorological condi-
(2, 3).
tions that may greatly affect the air quality in an area, air
monitoring for lengthy periods of time may be necessary to
9. Apparatus
meet most of the above objectives.
9.1 Details of the apparatus or instruments employed in
6.3 The topography, demography, and micrometeorology of
sampling the air or carrying out associated meteorological
the area as well as the contaminant measured, must be
investigations are discussed in other ASTM methods and
considered in determining the number of monitoring stations
recommendations.
required in the area. Photographs and a map of the locations of
the sampling stations is desirable in describing the sampling
10. Sampling Procedure and Siting Concepts
station.
10.1 The choice of procedure for the air sampling is
6.4 Unless the purpose of the sampling programs is site
dependent on the contaminant to be measured. See Practice
specific, the sites monitored should, in general, be selected so
D3249 for recommendations for general ambi
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