ASTM F2283-12(2018)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation:F2283 −12 (Reapproved 2018) An American National Standard
Standard Specification for
Shipboard Oil Pollution Abatement System
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2283; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Committee (MEPC) resolution MEPC.107 (49) nor is it cov-
ered in this specification
1.1 This specification covers the design, manufacture,
installation, performance, and operation of a shipboard oil 1.5 There are means to reduce the volume of bilge or
pollutionabatementsystem(OPAS)thatcollects,transfers,and process oily waste, or both, that are not considered 15 ppm
processesalltheoilywastegeneratedfromincidentaloperation Bilge Separators systems. Examples include incinerators,
of machinery spaces. This specification applies to commercial evaporators, combinations thereof, and other technologies.
and public vessels and is intended for use by designers, Suchprocessesmayrequireaddressingallpotentialissueswith
manufacturers, purchasers, installers, and operators of ship- the system such as toxicology and emissions to atmosphere.
board OPAS to determine the requirements for system design, Such means or processes, or both, are out of scope of this
equipment manufacture, equipment purchase, system integra- specification.
tion and installation, and system in-service operation. This
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
specification and its supplementary sections may be tailored to
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
meet the specific user’s needs to cover from OPAS new
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
construction to retrofitting of individual OPAS equipment.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.2 OPAS is comprised of drain tanks, bilge suctions,
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
transfer pumps, Oily Bilge Water Holding Tanks, Oil Residue
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
(sludge)Tanks,15ppmBilgeSeparatorsystems,15ppmBilge
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Alarm, automatic stopping device, and deck connections. The
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
15 ppm Bilge Separator is considered to be applicable for use
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
to separate oily bilge water and ballast water from fuel oil
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
tanks. Treatment of ballast water is addressed in other
regulations/standards and is not addressed herein.
2. Referenced Documents
1.3 This specification covers the system from the point of
2.1 ASTM Standards:
entering the OPAS until the oil-water mixture is treated, the
A530/A530M Specification for General Requirements for
clean water meeting the applicable discharge limits is dis-
Specialized Carbon and Alloy Steel Pipe
charged overboard, and the separated oil is contained for on
A999/A999M Specification for General Requirements for
shore disposal or further treatment. It also includes concepts
Alloy and Stainless Steel Pipe
for minimizing oily waste generation. This specification is
B165 Specification for Nickel-CopperAlloy (UNS N04400)
intended to augment the existing regulations, provide the user
Seamless Pipe and Tube
options to meet their specific needs, and should not be
F992 Specification for Valve Label Plates
considered a replacement for overriding regulation.
F993 Specification for Valve Locking Devices
1.4 It is recognized that the development and testing of high
F1155 Practice for Selection and Application of Piping
capacity separating equipment designed for dealing with efflu-
System Materials
entfromcargotanksontankersposespecialproblemsandsuch
F1166 Practice for Human Engineering Design for Marine
equipment is not required to be tested under International
Systems, Equipment, and Facilities
Maritime Organization (IMO) Marine Environment Protection
F1323 Specification for Shipboard Incinerators
F1337 Practice for Human Systems Integration Program
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F25 on Ships
and Marine Technology and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F25.06 on
Marine Environmental Protection. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
CurrenteditionapprovedJuly1,2018.PublishedJuly2018.Originallyapproved contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as F2283 – 12. DOI: 10.1520/ Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
F2283-12R18. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F2283−12 (2018)
Requirements for Ships and Marine Systems, Equipment, shoot Bilge Water Treatment Systems
and Facilities
2.5 Other Documents:
F1510 Specification for Rotary Positive Displacement
ANSI/ISA 60079-13 or IEC 60079-1 Electrical Apparatus
Pumps, Ships Use
for Explosive Gas Atmospheres—Part 1: Flameproof
F1511 Specification for Mechanical Seals for Shipboard
Enclosures “d”
Pump Applications
ANSI/NEMA MG 1 Motors and Generators
F2044 Specification for Liquid Level Indicating Equipment,
IEC 60085 Electrical Insulation—Thermal Evaluation and
Electrical
Designation
F2045 Specification for Indicators, Sight, Liquid Level,
IEC 60092-350 Electrical Installations in Ships—Part 350:
Direct and Indirect Reading, Tubular Glass/Plastic
General Construction and Test Methods of Power,
F2446 Classification for Hierarchy of Equipment Identifiers
Control, and Instrumentation Cables for Shipboard and
and Boundaries for Reliability,Availability, and Maintain-
Offshore Applications
ability (RAM) Performance Data Exchange
IEC 60092-353 Electrical Installations in Ships—Part 353:
2.2 ANSI/ASME Standards: SingleandMulticoreNon-RadialFieldPowerCableswith
B16.1 Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flange Fittings
Extruded Solids Insulation for Rated Voltages 1 KV and 3
B16.5 Steel Pipe Flanges, Flanged Valves, and Fittings 150, KV
300, 400, 600, 900, 1500, and 2500 lb
IEC 60529 Degrees of Protection Provided by Enclosures,
B16.11 Forged Steel Fittings, SocketWelding, andThreaded International Protection Rating (IP Codes)
B16.24 Bronze Flanges and Flanged Fittings 150, 300 lb
64 Federal Register Number 173, 8 September 1999 Con-
tiguous Zone Proclamation ANSI/NFPA No. 70 National
2.3 Code of Federal Regulations:
Electrical Code
33 CFR Part 155 Department of Homeland Security, U.S.
IEEE 1580 Recommended Practice for Marine Cable for
Coast Guard (USCG), Oil or Hazardous Material Pollu-
Use on Shipboard and Fixed or Floating Marine Plat-
tion Prevention Regulations for Vessels
forms
46 CFR Part 147 Department of Homeland Security, U.S.
NFPA 70 National Electrical Code
Coast Guard (USCG), Hazardous Ships’ Stores
Public Law 92-500 Federal Water Pollution Control Act,
40 CFR Part 171 Department of Transportation (DoT),
October 18, 1972, as amended by Public Law 95-217,
Research and Special Programs Administration (RSPA),
Clean WaterAct, December 27, 1977, as amended Under-
General Information, Regulations, and Definitions
writers Laboratories Standard 913 (as revised April 8,
2.4 International Maritime Organization (IMO):
1976)
MARPOL 73/78 International Convention for the Preven-
UL 913 Standard for Intrinsically Safe Apparatus and Asso-
tion of Pollution from Ships, 1973 as modified by the
ciated Apparatus for Use in Class I, II, III, Division 1,
Protocolof1978,AnnexI—PreventionofPollutionbyOil
Hazardous (Classified) Locations
MEPC.107 (49) Resolution Revised Guidelines and Speci-
UL 1309 Standard for Safety Marine Shipboard Cable
fications for Pollution Prevention Equipment for Machin-
UL 1203 Explosion-Proof and Dust-Ignition Electrical
ery Space Bilges of Ships
Equipment for Use in Hazardous (Classified) Locations
IMO MEPC.187 (59) Amendments to the Annex of the
ISO 9377–2:2000 Water Quality—Determination of Hydro-
Protocol of 1978 Relating to the International Convention
carbon Oil Index—Part 2: Method Using Solvent Extrac-
for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973
tion and Gas Chromatography
IMO MEPC.1/Circ.759 Guidelines for a Shipboard Oil
Waste Pollution Prevention Plan
3. Terminology
IMO MEPC.1 Circ 642 2008 Revised Guidelines for Sys-
tems for Handling Oily Waste in Machinery Spaces of 3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
Ships Incorporating Guidance Notes for an Integrated 3.1.1 15 ppm bilge alarm—an instrument that is designed to
Bilge water Treatment System (IBTS) measure the oil content of oily mixtures from machinery space
bilges and fuel oil tanks that carry ballast and activate an alarm
IMO MEPC.1/Circ.760 Amendments to the 2008 Revised
Guidelines for Systems for Handling Oily Wastes in at a set concentration limit. Also, referred to in this specifica-
tion as Oil Content Monitor (OCM).
Machinery Spaces of Ships Incorporating Guidance Notes
for an Integrated Bilge Water Treatment System (IBTS)
(MEPC.1/CIRC.642, as amended by MEPC.1/CIRC.676)
Available from International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), 3, rue de
IMO MEPC.1 Circ 677 Guide to Diagnosing Contaminants
Varembé, 1st Floor, P.O. Box 131, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland, http://
in Oily Bilge Water to Maintain, Operate, and Trouble-
www.iec.ch.
Available from Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE),
445 Hoes Ln., Piscataway, NJ 08854-4141, http://www.ieee.org.
3 8
Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org. Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http://www.nfpa.org.
4 9
Available from U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent of Available from Underwriters Laboratories (UL), 2600 N.W. Lake Rd., Camas,
Documents, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Washington, DC 20401-0001, http:// WA 98607-8542, http://www.ul.com.
www.access.gpo.gov. Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO
AvailablefromInternationalMaritimeOrganization(IMO)Publishing,4Albert Central Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier,
Embankment, London SE1 7SR, United Kingdom, http://www.imo.org. Geneva, Switzerland, http://www.iso.org.
F2283−12 (2018)
3.1.2 15 ppm bilge separator—device that may include any 3.1.20 MARPOL 73/78—International Convention for the
combinations of a separator, filter, coalescer, or other means, Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973 as modified by the
and also a single unit designed to produce an effluent with oil Protocol of 1978.
content not exceeding 15 ppm. Also, referred to in this
3.1.21 MARPOL 73/78 Annex I—Prevention of Pollution by
document as Oil-Water Separator (OWS).
Oil
3.1.3 automatic stopping device—a device that automati-
3.1.22 MEPC—Marine Environment Protection Committee
cally stops any discharge overboard of oily mixture when the
3.1.23 oil—petroleum, synthetic oil, fuel oil, bio-fuel,
oil content of the effluent exceeds 15 ppm.Also, referred to in
sludge, oil refuse, and oil mixed with wastes other than
this document as diverter valve.
dredged soil.
3.1.4 bilge primary tank—a tank used as a means of
3.1.24 Oil Content Monitor (OCM)—referred in this speci-
pre-treatment for separation of oily bilge water.
fication as 15 ppm Bilge Alarm.
3.1.5 bulk oil—liquid phase composed mostly of oil or oil
3.1.25 oil residue (sludge)—the residual waste oil products
residue.
generated during the normal operation of a ship such as those
3.1.6 certifying administration—any entity appropriately
resulting from the purification of fuel or lubricating oil for
authorized by a government to carry out the functions pre-
main or auxiliary machinery, separated waste oil from oil
scribed in regulations pertaining to oily waste.
filtering equipment, waste oil collected in drip trays, and waste
3.1.7 commercial vessel—any vessel (that is, boat or ship)
hydraulic and lubricating oils. Sometimes, referred to as waste
engagedincommercialtradeorthatcarriespassengersforhire.
oil.
This would exclude pleasure craft that do not carry passengers
3.1.26 Oil Residue (sludge) Tank—a tank which holds oil
for hire or warships.
residue (sludge) from which sludge may be disposed directly
3.1.8 contiguous zone—the entire zone established by the
through the standard discharge connection or any other ap-
United States under Contiguous Zone Proclamation. Source
proved means of disposal. Sometimes, referred to as Waste Oil
Presidential Proclamation 7219 of August 2, 1999.
Tank.
3.1.9 discharge—includes,butisnotlimitedto,anyspilling,
3.1.27 oily bilge water—water which may be contaminated
leaking, pumping, pouring, emitting, emptying, or dumping,
by oil resulting from things such as leakage or maintenance
however caused.
workinmachineryspaces.Anyliquidenteringthebilgesystem
including bilge wells, bilge piping, tank top or bilge holding
3.1.10 diverter valve—referred to in this document as auto-
tanks is considered oily bilge water.
matic stopping device.
3.1.28 oilywaste—oilresidues(sludge)andoilybilgewater.
3.1.11 flag state—the authority under which a country
exercises regulatory control over the commercial vessel which
3.1.29 Oil Pollution Abatement System (OPAS)—system
is registered under its flag. This involves the inspection,
that collects, transfers, and processes all the oily waste gener-
certification, and issuance of safety and pollution prevention
ated during a ship’s normal service and allows overboard
documents.
discharge of waters meeting legal requirements.
3.1.12 free oil—oil in water that is not chemically emulsi-
3.1.30 OPAS Integrator—shipyard, installer, owner operator
fied or highly dispersed by mechanical means.
or any other organization responsible for providing the entire
OPAS.
3.1.13 GT—gross tonnage.
3.1.31 Oil-Water Separator (OWS)—referred in this docu-
3.1.14 hazardous materials—any material or combination
ment as 15 ppm Bilge Separator.
of material that poses a substantial danger to human beings,
plants, animals, and the marine environment. A material is
3.1.32 overboard discharge—treated bilge water which is
hazardous if it possesses one or more of the following
analyzed by the Bilge Alarm and pumped to the sea.
characteristics: ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, toxicity, and
3.1.33 ppm—parts of oil per million parts of water by
radioactivity.
volume.
3.1.15 Integrated Bilge Water Treatment System (IBTS)—a
3.1.34 public vessel—a vessel owned or bareboat chartered
systemtominimizetheamountofoilybilgewatergeneratedin
and operated by the United States, or by a State or political
machinery spaces by treating the leaked water and oil sepa-
subdivision thereof, or by a foreign nation, except when the
rately. It also provides an integrated means to process the oily
vessel is engaged in commerce.
bilge water and oil residue (sludge).
3.1.35 remove or removal—refers to containment and re-
3.1.16 IMO—International Maritime Organization
moval of the oil from the water and shorelines or the taking of
3.1.17 independent laboratory—a laboratory that is not
suchotheractionsasmaybenecessarytoprevent,minimize,or
owned or controlled by a manufacturer, supplier, or vendor of
mitigate damage to the public health or welfare, including, but
15 ppm bilge separators, or 15 ppm bilge alarms.
not limited to, fish, shellfish, wildlife, and public and private
3.1.18 manufacturer—a vendor, shipbuilder, shipyard, or property, shorelines, and beaches.
any other supplier of OPAS equipment or components, or both.
3.1.36 settleable solids—small particles that can sink in a
3.1.19 MARPOL—Marine Pollution convention given liquid.
F2283−12 (2018)
3.1.37 synthetic oil—oils that are not petroleum based. Residue (sludge) Tank to provide temporary holding of oily
bilge water and oil residue (sludge) for ashore disposal or oily
3.1.38 treated bilge water—bilge water that has been pro-
bilge water processing.
cessed by the 15 ppm Bilge Separator.
(1) Bilge Primary Tank—The Bilge Primary Tank is pro-
3.1.39 United States—the States, the District of Columbia,
vided as a pre-treatment unit for initial separation of bulk and
the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the Commonwealth of the
free oils and settleable solids from the oily bilge water prior to
Northern Mariana Islands, Guam,American Samoa, the Virgin
beingsenttotheOilyBilgeWaterHoldingTank.Bafflesdivide
Islands, and the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands.
thetankintwosections,anoilysectionandawatersection.All
3.1.40 vessel—every description of watercraft or other arti-
oily bilge water discharges and drains are directed to the oily
ficial contrivance used, or capable of being used, as a means of
section. In there, bulk and free oils float and accumulate at the
transportation on water other than a sea plane.
top, settleable solids start to sink and accumulate on the
3.1.41 waste oil—referred in this document as oil residue
bottom. The separated oil phase is transferred by skimming or
(sludge). other means to the oily residue (sludge) tank for disposal
ashore or disposal by other approved means. The bilge water
4. Ordering Information
flows under the first baffle and over the second baffle into the
4.1 Orders shall include the following information:
water section. The water phase drains or is pumped into the
4.1.1 Sizing requirements.
Oily Bilge Water Holding Tank.
4.1.2 Processing rate requirements.
(2) Oily Bilge Water Holding Tank—The Oily Bilge Water
4.1.3 Additional control requirements.
Holding Tank is provided to collect and provide temporary
4.1.4 All applicable requirements contained in the supple-
holding for the oily bilge water prior to its discharge, transfer,
mentary requirements section.
disposal or processing by the 15 ppm Bilge Separator. The
4.1.5 Anyadditionalrequirementsrequiredbythepurchaser
separated oil phase is transferred by skimming or other means
to meet special needs.
to the oily residue (sludge) tank for disposal ashore or disposal
by other approved means. The Bilge Primary and Oily Bilge
5. Materials and Manufacture
Water Holding Tanks may be combined to increase settling
5.1 Integrated Oil Pollution Abatement System Description:
time and to reduce space.
5.1.1 The purpose of the Oil Pollution Abatement System
(3) Oil Residue (sludge) Tank—An Oil Residue (sludge)
(OPAS) is to reduce the volume of oil-contaminated water that
Tank is provided to hold oil residue (sludge) from which oil
must be held onboard the ship. This is accomplished by
residue (sludge) may be directly transferred ashore through the
processing oily bilge water by the OPAS to produce treated
standard discharge connection or any other approved means of
bilge water meeting regulatory limits that can be discharged
disposal. Any accumulated water is drained or pumped to the
overboard through the 15 ppm Bilge Separator and 15 ppm
Bilge Primary Tank.
Bilge Alarm. The system allows treatment of the oily bilge
5.1.4 Transfer Sub-System:
water through the 15 ppm Bilge Separator; or transfer of the
5.1.4.1 The transfer system consists of transfer pumps,
oilybilgewaterdirectlytotheBilgePrimaryTankordischarge
piping, valves, hose connections, and other items intended to
through the standard deck connection. The OPAS as an
transfer oily waste. Oily waste transfer pump(s) moves oily
integrated system is intended to operate on oily bilge water
bilge water from the bilges by means of bilge wells and hose
collected after segregation of oil residue and oil free water to
connections, oily bilge water drain tanks or other oily bilge
minimize the amount of bilge water to be treated.The OPAS is
water sources to the Bilge Primary Tank or the Oily Bilge
composed of integrated sub-systems to accomplish the follow-
Water Holding Tank for subsequent processing by the 15 ppm
ing major functions; collection, holding, and transfer of oily
Bilge Separator system. The oily waste transfer pump(s) can
bilge water and oil residue (sludge), and processing and
also move oily bilge water from the bilges, oily bilge water
monitoring of oily bilge water to reduce its oil content to not
draintanks,OilyBilgeWaterHoldingTank,andBilgePrimary
exceed 15 ppm to allow its discharge to overboard. The
Tank to deck connections for off-loading to shore. In addition,
integrated OPAS is shown in Fig. 1.
the oily waste transfer pump(s) can move oil from the bilges to
5.1.2 Collection Sub-System:
the Oil Residue (sludge) Tank or to the deck connections in
5.1.2.1 The Collection sub-system consists of bilge wells,
case of an oil spill in the bilge area. The oil residue (sludge)
oily bilge water drain tanks, oil residue (sludge) drain tanks,
collecting pumps transfer collected oil residue (sludge) to the
oily drains, and oily bilge water drains to collect oily waste
Oil Residue (sludge) Tank. Also, this pump may be connected
generated during systems operation and maintenance, leaks,
to the oil removal line to move skimmed oil to the Oil Residue
and accidental oil spills. This collected oily bilge water is
(sludge) Tank if gravity drain cannot be achieved.
transferred to the Bilge Primary Tank using the oily waste
5.1.4.2 The oil residue (sludge) pump moves Oil Residue
transfer pump. Collected oil residue (sludge) is transferred to
(sludge) Tank content to the deck connections for offloading to
the Oil Residue (sludge) Tank using oil residue (sludge)
shore or to an incinerator or boiler if available.
collecting pump
5.1.3 Holding Sub-System: 5.1.4.3 Hose connections allow the use of hoses at the oily
5.1.3.1 The Holding sub-system consists of the Bilge Pri- waste transfer pump(s) suction piping to reach any point in the
mary Tank, Oily Bilge Water Holding Tank, and the Oil bilges.
F2283−12 (2018)
FIG. 1Notional Oil Pollution Abatement System
5.1.5 Processing and Monitoring Sub-Systems: lower concentration is specified in the purchase contract. The
5.1.5.1 The 15 ppm Bilge Separator and 15 ppm Bilge separated oil is sent to the Oil Residue (sludge) Tank and the
Alarm are installed to remove oil from the oily bilge water treated water phase effluent is monitored by a 15 ppm Bilge
pumped from the Oily Bilge Water Holding Tank, send the Alarm.The overboard discharge piping is provided with a Port
removed oil to the Oil Residue (sludge) Tank, and send the State Inspection valve and return piping to the Bilge Primary
water effluent overboard or back to the Primary Bilge Tank Tank to allow system inspection and testing.
depending on the decision of the 15 ppm Bilge Alarm. 5.1.5.4 Monitoring: 15 ppm Bilge Alarm and Automatic
5.1.5.2 Optional Pre-Treatment—Pre-treatment units may Stopping Device—A 15 ppm Bilge Alarm and automatic
be provided to enhance the 15 ppm Bilge Separator system stopping device are installed downstream of the 15 ppm Bilge
performance or reliability, or both. Separatortoensurecompliancewithenvironmentalregulations
5.1.5.3 Processing: 15 ppm Bilge Separator—The 15 ppm by preventing oil from being discharged overboard. The 15
Bilge Separator system may be a multi-staged treatment train ppm Bilge Alarm constantly monitors the effluent from the 15
consisting of several unit operations or separation technolo- ppm Bilge Separator and controls the automatic stopping
gies. The 15 ppm Bilge Separator system treats the oily bilge devicetoallowoverboarddischargeonlyiftheoilcontentdoes
water to produce an effluent not to exceed 15 ppm unless a not exceed 15 ppm or recycled back to the Bilge Primary Tank
F2283−12 (2018)
for reprocessing if it is greater than 15 ppm.Typically, a 3-way equipment and engine room washing; economizer water wash-
diverter valve is used as the automatic stopping device. ing; seawater/freshwater cooling (a potential source of biologi-
cal contaminants); firefighting foam; water treatment chemi-
5.2 Bilge Management: Design and Maintenance (Preven-
cals; engine coolant; grey water drains; sanitary system leaks
tion) (Ref: IMO MEPC.1 Circ 642,677 and 760):
and overflows; and air conditioning and refrigeration conden-
5.2.1 Successful bilge water management, design and main-
sate. Fig. 2 is provided for illustrative purposes. It is an
tenance requires a three pronged strategy—Minimizing oily
example of a flow diagram of several (of many potential)
waste entering the bilge; minimizing clean waste water from
sources of bilge water contamination.
entering the bilge; and minimizing contaminants entering the
Excessive clean water entering the bilge can overwork the
bilge. To prevent many of the problems with the operation of
OPAS and lead to system failure. Both the volume of waste oil
bilge treatment systems, it is important to identify potential
to be separated and the volume of water entering the bilge are
sources of bilge water contamination and incorporate in the
a major concern for proper management of on board bilge
design of OPAS features to minimize the introduction of
water. Prevention of excessive oily waste generation directly
excessive clean operating water and contaminants. Also nec-
associated with the maintenance, cleaning and operation of
essaryisthemanagementofbilgewaterinthedailyroutinesof
equipment and systems within a machinery space can decrease
machinery space operations. These management philosophies
the “wear and tear” on oily bilge water treatment systems and
should be incorporated into the operating and maintenance
the likelihood of system failure.
procedures of an OPAS (see Section 7). Bilge water contami-
5.2.2 An assessment of potential sources of bilge water
nants include, but are not limited to: oil (sludge) residues,
contamination and excessive clean water should be conducted
solvents, detergents, iron oxide particles (rust or “rouge”),
in the OPAS design phase and prior to retrofitting to assess the
engine room soot, and “biological” contaminants. Biological
design features, preventive measures and procedures required
contaminants are products of bacterial and microbial decom-
in the OPAS’ documentation.
position. These include sewage and growth of life forms in the
5.2.3 Design Features to Minimize Contaminants—The
bilge and piping. Chemicals, particulate matter, and biological
items in Table 1 present means to minimize bilge contaminants
detritus in bilge water can cause the OPAS to malfunction. In
and optimize bilge design. Applicability to retrofitted systems
a typical vessel, the main sources of oily waste, excessive
or newly installed systems is marked as appropriate.
water, and contamination in bilge water and Oily Bilge Water
5.3 Design of Oil Pollution Abatement System:
Holding Tanks include: diesel engine after coolers (clean
water); sludge from decanting/bottom draining storage and
NOTE 1—The design and installation of OPAS and its components shall
sludge tanks; lube oil and fuel oil purification (oily water); fuel
comply with the applicable classification and regulatory design standards
oil storage and settling tanks (oily water); lube oil and fuel oil and requirements.The information contained in this document is intended
to complement those standards and requirements.
filtration (oil); machinery leakages; condensate from air com-
pressors and compressed air systems; diesel engine piston 5.3.1 Collection Sub-System:
stuffing box leakages and piston underside blow-down (slow- 5.3.1.1 Vessels shall be designed to minimize oily bilge
speed diesels only); boiler water/condensate drains (different water generation and to facilitate segregation of oil residues,
than piston cooling water because these include other types of
non-oily bilge water, solvents, surfactants and detergents from
chemicals (for example, solvents), causing different concerns); oily bilge water as recommended in 5.2.3.
FIG. 2Example of Shipboard Flow Diagram: Sources of Contamination in Bilge Water
F2283−12 (2018)
TABLE 1 Design Features to Minimize Contaminants
Section Number Design Feature Retrofitting New Construction
5.2.3.1 Design machinery spaces to be as dry as practical and provide means for X
condensation containment and diversion by means of clean drains to minimize
the volume of water entering the bilge.
5.2.3.2 Incorporate oil drip pans and other oil containment devices to collect oily waste in XX
engine room and auxiliary spaces and pipe these oily wastes directly to oil
residue (sludge) tank or oil residue (sludge) drain tank.
5.2.3.3 Incorporate soot contaminated waste water collection systems, including but not X
limited, to particle filters and water holding tanks into systems’ design.
5.2.3.4 Direct overflow piping from sewage systems to a containment tank or overboard XX
with an alarm to indicate the same. Ensure that sewage drains do not comingle
with engine and auxiliary space bilges.
5.2.3.5 Pipe directly overboard evaporator dump in place of dumping to bilge. X X
5.2.3.6 Install premium seals in order to prevent leakage into the bilge. X X
5.2.3.7 Incorporate mechanical seals in machinery and auxiliary space pumps. Refer to XX
Specification F1511.
5.2.3.8 Install skimming arrangements for Oily Bilge Water Holding Tanks and Bilge Primary XX
Tanks in order to skim oil from the top for discharge into Oil Residue (sludge)
Tanks.
5.2.3.9 Optimize slow speed diesel cylinder oil to minimize leakage. X
5.2.3.10 Incorporate oil cooled cooling designs versus water cooled designs in slow speed X
diesel piston cooling systems.
5.2.3.11 Incorporate modern-type lip-seal systems with protections in place to minimize sea X
water intrusion and oil leakage in propeller shaft seal design.
5.2.3.12 Reduce or prevent the introduction of soot into bilge water by reducing the need for XX
economizer water washing to reduce soot.
5.2.3.13 Segregate air compressor blow down lines by piping these to drainage systems to XX
prevent oil contamination of existing bilge water.
5.2.3.14 Prevent the introduction of synthetic oils and emulsifying agents into bilge water or X
the ship’s OPAS.
5.2.3.15 Coat bilges with corrosion resistant coatings, particularly in low point collections ar- XX
eas.
5.2.2.16 Install tanks and piping with corrosion resistant coatings. X X
5.2.2.17 Install Bilge Primary Tank with the following characteristics: XX
High aspect ratio
Heating coils
Non-skin tank to minimize heat loss
Internal baffling to minimize mixing due to vessel movement
Access to allow cleaning/removal of heavy sludge.
5.2.2.18 Direct clean drains to prevent clean water from entering the OPAS. X X
5.3.1.2 The machinery spaces shall be provided with bilge Water Holding Tank for subsequent processing by the 15 ppm
wells, drain tanks, drain funnels, and drain pans to collect oily Bilge Separator. Refer to IMO MEPC.1/Circ 642.
waste generated during systems operation and maintenance, (2) The Bilge Primary Tank shall be designed as a baffled
leaks, and accidental oil spills. settling tank as shown in Fig. 1. The baffles shall divide the
5.3.1.3 Whenfeasible,oilybilgewaterandoilresiduesshall tank in two sections, an oil section and a water section.
drain directly to the Bilge Primary Tank oil section and the Oil (a) Oily bilge water may drain directly to the oil section
Residue (sludge) Tank, respectively. of this tank or can be collected in the bilges or smaller drain
5.3.1.4 Oily bilge water drain tanks shall be provided to tanks and transferred to the oil section of this tank using the
collect oily bilge water drains that cannot be directed to the oil oily waste transfer pumps.
section of the Bilge Primary Tank. (3) All oily bilge water discharges and drains entering this
5.3.1.5 OilResidue(sludge)draintanksshallbeprovidedto tank shall be directed to the oil section and as far as possible
collect oily drains that cannot be directed to the Oil Residue from the baffle.
(sludge) Tank. (4) Piping shall be provided to allow oily bilge water from
5.3.1.6 All collected oily bilge water shall be transferred to the bottom of the water section to flow to the top of the Oily
the oil section of the Bilge Primary Tank using the oily waste Bilge Water Holding Tank. This piping shall be as far as
transfer pump (s) or by gravity drain. possible from the baffle and shall be provided with a clearance
5.3.1.7 All collected oil residue (sludge) shall be transferred between the piping suction and the bottom of the tank to avoid
to the Oil Residue (sludge) Tank using the oil residue (sludge) suction of solids or sludge accumulated at the bottom of the
collecting pump (s) or by gravity drain. tank.
5.3.2 Holding Sub-System: (5) Each section of the tank shall be designed to allow
5.3.2.1 Bilge Primary Tank: separation of the bulk oil, large free oil droplets and settleable
(1) A Bilge Primary Tank shall be provided as a pre- solids by gravity as the oily bilge water moves from the oil
treatment unit for separation of bulk oil and settleable solids section to the water section of the tank. In general, tall and
from the oily bilge water prior to discharge into the Oily Bilge slender tanks are preferred over short and stout tanks to
F2283−12 (2018)
enhance oil and water gravity separation.The following design (2) Calculationsoftheexpectedoilybilgewatergeneration
considerations are provided as guidelines: rateshallbeperformedtodeterminetanksizeandshallaccount
for the propulsion plant, drainage systems, ship arrangement,
(a) Provide enough tank height to allow separated oil to
accumulate at the top of the water phase even during ship’s auxiliary equipment, condensation, equipment and machinery
cleaning, fuel stripping systems, and all other relevant infor-
movement.
mation.
(b) Theoilisconsideredseparatedwhenitreachesalevel
(3) For vessels greater than 400 gross tonnages (GT),
that is higher than the bottom opening of the baffle in the oil
OPAS design shall collect oily water in a dedicated Oily Bilge
section and the bottom clearance of the overflow piping to the
Water Holding Tank sized to hold the oily water production
Oily Bilge Water Holding Tank in the water section.
during normal routine operations of a typical voyage. Refer to
(c) The rise velocity of the oil droplets can be determined
MARPOL 73/78 Annex 1 and MEPC.187 (59).
using Stoke’s Law, which is defined as follows:
(4) For vessels less than 400 GT, oily waste shall be
V 5 g * d ∆ρ ⁄ 18 µ
@ # ~ !
permitted to be stored in the bilge or dedicated holding tank. If
where: not equipped with a 15 ppm Bilge Separator, it shall have the
capacity to hold oily waste for the entire duration of any
V = droplet rise velocity
voyage. Refer to MARPOL 73/78 Annex 1.
g = gravity constant
(5) Piping shall be provided from the bottom of this tank
d = diameter of oil droplet
∆ρ = specific gravity of water – specific gravity of oil for the 15 ppm Bilge Separator suction.
µ = viscosity of water
(6) A clearance shall be provided between the 15 ppm
(d) When feasible, design to remove the smallest free oil Bilge Separator suction piping and the bottom of the tank to
dropletpossible(forexamplewithinthe100to500micrometer avoid suction of solids or sludge accumulated at the bottom of
range). the tank.
(e) Consider expected average and peak influent flow (7) All the discharges entering this tank shall be directed as
far as possible from the suction piping of the 15 ppm Bilge
rates.
(f) Consider hydraulic residence time. Separator.
(8) Means shall be provided to manually or automatically
(6) Means shall be provided to manually or automatically
transfer any accumulated bulk oil on top of the water phase in
transferanyaccumulatedbulkoilfromeachofthetwosections
the tank to the Oil Residue (sludge) Tank. The oil may gravity
of the tank to the Oil Residue (sludge) Tank. The oil may
drain to the Oil Residue (sludge) Tank or drain tank by means
gravity drain to the Oil Residue (sludge) Tank or drain tank by
of an oil removal line with shut off valve and funnel to ensure
means of an oil removal line with shut off valve and funnel to
that only the oil phase is drained.
ensure that only the oil phase is drained. Alternatively:
(a) Alternatively,thedrainpipingmaybeconnectedtothe
(a) The drain piping may be connected to the suction
suction piping of the Sludge Collecting Pump if gravity drain
pipingoftheSludgeCollectingPumpifgravitydraincannotbe
cannot be achieved, provided that tank level indicators or other
achieved,providedthattanklevelindicatorsorothermeansare
means are available to allow pumping of the oil phase only.
available to allow pumping of the oil phase only.
(9) Means shall be provided for manually or automatically
(b) Or, a mechanical skimmer may be considered to
preventingtheaccumulatedoilphasetoreachthebellmouthof
accomplish this function.
the suction piping of the 15 ppm Bilge Separator.
(7) Means shall be provided for manually or automatically
(10) Means shall be provided to easily access and remove
preventing the accumulated oil phase in the oil section and the
anyaccumulatedsolidsandsludgefromthebottomofthetank.
water section, from moving to the water section and the Oily
5.3.2.3 Oil Residue (Sludge) Tank:
Bilge Water Holding Tank, respectively.
(1) An Oil Residue (sludge)Tank shall be provided to hold
(8) Means shall be provided to easily access and remove
oil residue (sludge) from which oil residue (sludge) may be
any accumulated solids and sludge from the bottom of the oil
directly transferred ashore through the standard discharge
and water sections of the Bilge Primary Tank.
connection or any other approved means of disposal.
(9) The bilge primary and Oily Bilge Water Holding Tanks
(2) The oily residue (sludge) tank(s) shall satisfy the
may be combined to reduce space or for any other design
requirement for sludge tanks prescribed in MARPOL 73/78
constraints. If combined, the 15 ppm Bilge Separator suction
Annex 1, Regulation 12.1.
shall be from the water section and all other Oily Bilge Water
(3) OilydrainsmaybesentdirectlytoOilResidue(sludge)
Holding Tank requirements shall apply to the water section.
Tank or may be collected into oil residue (sludge) drain tanks
5.3.2.2 Oily Bilge Water Holding Tank:
and then transferred to the Oil Residue (sludge)Tank using the
(1) An Oily BilgeWater HoldingTank shall be provided to oil residue (sludge) collecting pumps.
collect oily bilge water and provide temporary holding prior to
(4) Means shall be provided to manually or automatically
its processing, discharge, transfer or disposal. remove any water phase from the bottom of the tank to the oil
F2283−12 (2018)
sectionofthePrimaryBilgeTank.Thewatermaygravitydrain 5.3.3.13 Strainers with baskets shall be provided at the
to the oil section of the Primary Bilge Tank or oily bilge water pump’s suction to remove large particles that may damage the
draintankbymeansofawaterremovallinewithshutoffvalve pump.
and funnel to ensure that only the water phase is drained. 5.3.3.14 Means shall be provided such as differential pres-
(a) Alternatively, this tank may be fitted with an alterna-
sure switch with alarm to alert the operator when the strainer
tive arrangement, provided that this arrangement does not basket needs to be cleaned.
connect directly to the bilge piping system and allows removal
5.3.3.15 Deck Connections:
of the water phase only. (1) Transfer pump piping risers with standard deck dis-
(b) If the Oil Residue (sludge) Tank will be decanted to
charge connections shall be provided to enable ships to
the OPAS, a device such as a sight glass or level indictor shall discharge oily bilge waste water and oil residue (sludge) to
be provided to monitor the oil-water interface level in the Oil
shore facilities.
Residue (sludge) Tank to prevent introduction of oily sludge (2) An International Maritime Organization (IMO) stan-
into the OPAS.
dard discharge connections shall be provided to allow compat-
(5) Means shall be provided to easily access and remove ibility between the deck discharge connections and shore
anyaccumulatedsolidsandsludgefromthebottomofthetank.
facilities at worldwide ports. (MARPOL 73/78 Annex 1,
regulation 13)
5.3.3 Transfer Sub-System:
(3) Deck connections shall be outfitted with a containment
5.3.3.1 Oily Waste Transfer pump(s) and associated piping
device as in accordance with class or Flag state requirements.
shall be provided for handling of oily bilge water and trans-
5.3.3.16 Automated Transfer System (Optional):
ferring it to shore connections.
(1) This is an optional requirement and shall apply only
5.3.3.2 The Oily Waste Transfer pump(s) shall take suction
when specified by the purchase or contract. For specific
from: bilge wells, oily bilge water drain tanks, hose
requirements,refertoSectionS4SupplementaryRequirements
connections, Oily Bilge Water Holding Tank, oil and water
for Automated Oily Waste Transfer (AOWT) System.
sections of the Bilge Primary Tank, and any other sources of
bilge water.
NOTE 2—This supplementary requirement may be included in the
purchaser’s order or contract. When so included, the supplementary
5.3.3.3 Hoseconnectionsorothermeansmaybeprovidedat
requirement shall have the same force as if it were in the body of the
each space that generates oily water to allow complete access
specification.Supplementaryrequirementsdetailsnotfullydescribedshall
to the space by using a hose.
be agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier, but shall not
5.3.3.4 The Oily Waste Transfer pump(s) shall discharge to: negate any of the requirements in the body of the specification.
deck connections, Oily Bilge Water Holding Tank, and the oil
5.3.4 Processing and Monitoring Sub-Systems:
section of the Bilge Primary Tank. Also, this pump shall be
5.3.4.1 15 ppm Bilge Separator and 15 ppm Bilge Alarm
capable of discharging to the Oil Residue (sludge) Tank in the
shall be installed to remove oil from the oily bilge water
event of an oil spill in the bilge areas.
pumped from the Oily Bilge Water Holding Tank, send the
5.3.3.5 A dedicated oil residue (sludge) pump shall be
removed oil to the Oil Residue (sludge) Tank, and send the
provided to transfer oil residue from the Oil Residue (sludge)
water effluent overboard or back to the Bilge Primary Tank
Tank to shore connections or the ship’s incinerator (if pro-
depending on the decision of the 15 ppm Bilge Alarm.
vided).
5.3.4.2 Optional Pre-Treatment:
5.3.3.6 A dedicated oil residue (sludge) collecting pump
(1) TheOPASshouldaidintheseparationofoil,solidsand
shall be provided to transfer of oil residue from oil residue
other contaminants from the oily bilge water by pretreatment
(sludge) drain tanks to the Oil Residue (sludge) Tank.
prior to the oily bilge water being processed by the 15 ppm
5.3.3.7 The oil residue (sludge) pump and oil residue Bilge Separator. This pretreatment of oily bilge water should
(sludge) collecting pump may be combined. aid in increasing the efficiency of the 15 ppm Bilge Separator
and decrease operating labor and 15 ppm Bilge Separator
5.3.3.8 OPAS pumps shall impart low shear force into the
maintenance.
bilge water in all suction lines before the oil-water 15 ppm
(2) Optional Pre-Treatment technologies include particle
Bilge Separator, including the Oily Bilge Water Holding Tank,
removal and heat treatment among others.Atable of options is
therefore centrifugal pumps shall not be used for this purpose.
contained in supplementary section Table S1.1.
5.3.3.9 OPAS pumps shall meet Specification F1510 or
equivalent standard.
NOTE 3—One or more of the supplementary requirements listed in
Table S1.1 may be included in the purchaser’s order or contract. When so
5.3.3.10 The OPAS may be automated to take suction from
included, the supplementary requirement shall have the same force as if it
oily water generating spaces by means of level switches.
were in the body of the specification. Supplementary requirements details
5.3.3.11 A relief valve shall be installed at the discharge of
not fully described shall be agreed upon between the purchaser and the
each pos
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