ASTM D4850-23

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
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Designation: D4850 − 13 (Reapproved 2017) D4850 − 23
Standard Terminology Relating to
Fabrics and Fabric Test Methods
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4850; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—Terms from Test Method D3774 were added editorially in August 2018.
1. Scope
1.1 This terminology covers definitions of technical terms used in the industry related to textile fabrics. Terms that are generally
understood or adequately defined in other readily available sources are not included. Other terminology standards that have terms
related to textile fabrics are shown in 2.1
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D737 Test Method for Air Permeability of Textile Fabrics
D1230 Test Method for Flammability of Apparel Textiles
D1336 Test Method for Distortion of Yarn in Woven Fabrics
D1388 Test Method for Stiffness of Fabrics
D1424 Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics by Falling-Pendulum (Elmendorf-Type) Apparatus
D1775 Test Method for Tension and Elongation of Wide Elastic Fabrics (Withdrawn 2000)
D1776/D1776M Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
D1777 Test Method for Thickness of Textile Materials
D2261 Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics by the Tongue (Single Rip) Procedure (Constant-Rate-of-Extension Tensile
Testing Machine)
D2594D2594/D2594M Test Method for Stretch Properties of Knitted Fabrics Having Low Power
D2724 Test Method for Bond Strength of Bonded, Fused, and Laminated Apparel Fabrics
D2906 Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias for Textiles (Withdrawn 2008)
D3107 Test Methods for Stretch Properties of Fabrics Woven from Stretch Yarns
D3511D3511/D3511M Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Brush Pilling
Tester
D3512D3512/D3512M Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Random
Tumble Pilling Tester
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.59 on Fabric Test Methods,
GeneralPhysical Test Methods A.
Current edition approved July 15, 2017June 1, 2023. Published August 2017September 2023. Originally approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 20132017
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as D4850 – 13. – 13(2017) . DOI: 10.1520/D4850-13R17E01.10.1520/D4850-23.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D4850 − 23
D3514D3514/D3514M Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Elastomeric
Pad
D3773D3773/D3773M Test Methods for Length of Woven Fabric
D3774 Test Method for Width of Textile Fabric
D3775 Test Method for End (Warp) and Pick (Filling) Count of Woven Fabrics
D3776D3776/D3776M Test Methods for Mass Per Unit Area (Weight) of Fabric
D3786D3786/D3786M Test Method for Bursting Strength of Textile Fabrics—Diaphragm Bursting Strength Tester Method
D3787 Test Method for Bursting Strength of Textiles—Constant-Rate-of-Traverse (CRT) Ball Burst Test
D3789 Practice for Labeling Cans of Consumer Spray Paint (Withdrawn 1997)
D3882 Test Method for Bow and Skew in Woven and Knitted Fabrics
D3883 Test Method for Yarn Crimp and Yarn Take-up in Woven Fabrics
D3884 Guide for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Rotary Platform Abrader Method)
D3885 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Flexing and Abrasion Method)
D3886 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Inflated Diaphragm Apparatus)
D3887 Specification for Tolerance for Knitted Fabrics (Withdrawn 2017)
D3939D3939/D3939M Test Method for Snagging Resistance of Fabrics (Mace)
D3990 Terminology Relating to Fabric Defects
D4032 Test Method for Stiffness of Fabric by the Circular Bend Procedure
D4033 Test Method for Resistance to Yarn Slippage at the Sewn Seam in Upholstery Fabrics (Dynamic Fatigue Method)
(Withdrawn 2001)
D4034D4034/D4034M Test Method for Resistance to Yarn Slippage at the Sewn Seam in Woven Upholstery Fabrics
D4157 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder Method)
D4158 Guide for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Uniform Abrasion)
D4390 Practice for Evaluation of the Performance of Terry Bathroom Products for Household Use (Withdrawn 1994)
D4772 Test Method for Surface Water Absorption of Terry Fabrics (Water Flow)
D4350 Test Method for Corrosivity Index of Plastics and Fillers
D4685D4685/D4685M Test Method for Pile Fabric Abrasion
D4848 Terminology Related to Force, Deformation and Related Properties of Textiles
D4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test Methods
D4851 Test Methods for Coated and Laminated Fabrics for Architectural Use
D4964 Test Method for Tension and Elongation of Elastic Fabrics (Constant-Rate-of-Extension Type Tensile Testing Machine)
D4966 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Martindale Abrasion Tester Method)
D4970D4970/D4970M Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Martindale
Tester
D5034 Test Method for Breaking Strength and Elongation of Textile Fabrics (Grab Test)
D5035 Test Method for Breaking Force and Elongation of Textile Fabrics (Strip Method)
D5103 Test Method for Length and Length Distribution of Manufactured Staple Fibers (Single-Fiber Test)
D5278D5278/D5278M Test Method for Elongation of Narrow Elastic Fabrics (Static-Load Testing)
D5362 Test Method for Snagging Resistance of Fabrics (Bean Bag)
D5378 Performance Specification for Woven and Knitted Shower Curtains for Institutional and Household Use
D5426 Practices for Visual Inspection and Grading of Fabrics Used for Inflatable Restraints
D5430 Test Methods for Visually Inspecting and Grading Fabrics
D5446 Practice for Determining Physical Properties of Fabrics, Yarns, and Sewing Thread Used in Inflatable Restraints
D5587 Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics by Trapezoid Procedure
D5684 Terminology Relating to Pile Floor Coverings
D5793 Test Method for Binding Sites per Unit Length or Width of Pile Yarn Floor Coverings
D6207 Test Method for Dimensional Stability of Fabrics to Changes in Humidity and Temperature
D6614D6614/D6614M Test Method for Stretch Properties of Textile Fabrics – CRE Method
D6674 Guide for Proficiency Test Program for Fabrics
D6770 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Webbing (Hex Bar Method)
D6797 Test Method for Bursting Strength of Fabrics Constant-Rate-of-Extension (CRE) Ball Burst Test
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
abrasion, n—the wearing away of any part of a material by rubbing against another surface. D3884, D3885, D3886, D4157,
D4158, D4685D4685/D4685M, D4966
D4850 − 23
abrasion cycle, n—one complete movement across the surface of a material.
DISCUSSION—
The complete movement for an abrasion cycle is dependent on the action of the abrasion machine and the test method used. It may consist of one
back-and-forth unidirectional movement or one circular movement, or a combination of both. D3885
abrasion cycle, n—for the Martindale Abrasion Tester, 16 rubs required to complete a geometric shape, known as a Lissajous.
D4966
abrasion cycle, n—in abrasion testing, one or more movements of the abradant across a material surface, or the material surface
across the abradant, that permits a return to its starting position.
DISCUSSION—
The abrasion cycle is dependent on the programmed motions of the abrasion machine and the test standard used. It may consist of one back-and-forth
unidirectional movement such as for the flexing and abrasion test method; a circular movement such as for the rotary platform test method, or a
combination of both such as for the inflated diaphragm test method. For the oscillatory cylinder abrasion method, an abrasion cycle consists of one
double-rub. See double-rub. [D13.60] D4157, D6770
absorption, n—a process in which one material (the absorbent) takes in or absorbs another (the absorbate); as the absorption
of moisture by fibers. [D13.59] D4772
accuracy, n—of a test method, the degree of agreement between the true value of the property being tested (or accepted standard
value) and the average of many observations made according to the test method, preferably by many observers. [D13.60] D2906,
D6674
air permeability, n—the rate of air flow passing perpendicular through a known area under a prescribed air pressure differential
between the two surfaces of a material.
DISCUSSION—
3 2
Air permeability of fabric at a stated pressure differential between two surfaces of the fabric is generally expressed in SI units as cm /s/cm and in
3 2
inch-pound units as ft /min/ft calculated in operating conditions. (See permeability, porosity.) D737
air-supported roof, n—a fabric roof-system that is properly secured and primarily supported and held in place by air pressure.
D4851
architectural-use, n—in the building trade, a descriptive term for fabrics used in fabric roof-systems or similar industrial
applications. (See also fabric roof-system.) D4851
bagging, n—any material, such as fabric or other suitable material used to protect commodities during shipment and/or storage.
DISCUSSION—
Fabrics may be of the woven, knitted, or non-woven type, and are typically produced with cotton, jute, polyethylene, or polypropylene fibers. D4850
batch sample, n—the material(s) used for the proficiency test study taken from a common roll or garment lot and distributed
to the participants. [D13.60] D6674
bending length, n—(1) general—a measure of the interaction between fabric weight and fabric stiffness as shown by the way
in which a fabric bends under its own weight. It reflects the stiffness of a fabric when bent in one plane under the force of gravity,
and is one component of drape; (2) specific—the cube root of the ratio of the flexural rigidity to the weight per unit area. D1388
bias, n—in statistics, a constant or systematic error in test results. [D13.60] D6674
blister, n—in bonded, fused, or laminated fabrics, a bulge, swelling, or similar surface condition on either the face fabric or the
backing fabric characterized by the fabric being raised from the plane of the underlying component over a limited area to give
a puffy appearance. D2724
D4850 − 23
bond strength, n—of bonded, fused, or laminated fabrics, the tensile force expressed in ounces per 25 mm (1 in.) of width,
required to separate the component layers under specified conditions. D2724
bonded fabric, n—a layered fabric structure wherein a face or shell fabric is joined to a backing fabric, such as tricot, with an
adhesive that does not significantly add to the thickness of the combined fabrics. (See also laminated fabric, coated fabric.)
D2724
book fold, n—a fabric doubled selvage to selvage, then folded back and forth upon itself in predetermined lengths. (See also
shoe fold.)
DISCUSSION—
When the piece is completed, the fold-edges on each side are folded once more upon themselves so that the fold-edges are inside, forming a compact
package as long as one half the width of the fabric. D4850
bow, n—a fabric condition resulting when filling yarns or knitted courses are displaced from a line perpendicular to the selvages
and form one or more arcs across the width of the fabric. (See also double bow.) D3882, D3990
braided fabric, n—a structure produced by interlacing three or more ends of yarns in a manner such that the paths of the yarns
are diagonal to the vertical axis of the fabric. D4850
breaking force, n—the maximum force applied to a material carried to rupture (compare breaking point,breaking strength).
[D13.60] D3884, D3885, D4157, D4848, D5034, D5035, D6770
breaking load, n—deprecated term. Use breaking force. [D13.60] D4848, D5034
broken end, n—in woven fabrics, a void in the warp direction due to yarn breakage. D3990
bubble—See preferred term blister. [D13.59] D2724
burlap, n—a coarse, heavy, plain weave fabric of yarns, such as bast or cotton fiber yarn. D4850
bursting strength, n—the force or pressure required to rupture a textile by distending it with a force, applied at right angles to
the plane of the fabric, under specified conditions.
DISCUSSION—
The angle of application of force, and the area of the fabric upon which the force is applied varies continuously as the fabric stretches when it is tested
as directed in this method. D6797
bursting strength, n—the force or pressure required to rupture a fabric by distending it with a force, applied at right angles to
the plane of the fabric, under specified conditions. D3786D3786/D3786M, D3787, D3887
calibrate, v—to determine and record the relationship between a set of standard units of measure and the output of an instrument
or test procedure. [D13.60] D6674
circular bend, n—simultaneous, multidirectional deformation of a fabric in which one face of a flat specimen becomes concave
and the other becomes convex. D4032
coated fabric, n—a flexible material composed of a fabric and any adherent polymeric material applied to one or both surfaces.
(See also laminated fabric.) D4850, D4851, D5446
color contrast, n—in textiles, a general term for a visible color difference between two adjacent areas.
D4850 − 23
DISCUSSION—
For the purpose of Test Methods D3939D3939/D3939M and D5362, a color contrast is a visible color difference between a snag and the immediate
surrounding area of the fabric that has no defects. Color contrasts often occur when printed fabrics are snagged. D3939D3939/D3939M, D5362
constant-rate-of-extension tensile testing machine (CRE), n—a testing machine in which the rate of increase of the specimen
length is uniform with time. D6797
constant-rate-of-extension type tensile testing machine (CRE), n—in tensile testing, an apparatus in which the pulling clamp
moves at a uniform rate, and the force-measuring mechanism moves a negligible distance with increasing force, less than 0.13
mm (0.005 in.). D3787
constant-rate-of-load (CRL) tensile testing machine—a testing machine in which the rate of increase of the load being applied
to the specimen is uniform with time after the first 3 s. [D13.60] D4964, D5035, D5034
constant-rate-of-traverse (CRT) tensile testing machine—a testing machine in which the pulling clamp moves at a uniform
rate and the load is applied through the other clamp which moves appreciably to actuate a weighing mechanism, so that the rate
of increase of load or elongation is dependent upon the extension characteristics of the specimen. [D13.60] D3787, D5035,
D5034
corduroy, n—a filling cut-pile fabric in which the cut fibers form a surface of wales (rounded cords or ribs) which usually run
warpwise. D4685D4685/D4685M, D4850
count, n—in woven fabric, the number of warp yarns (ends) and filling yarns (picks) per unit distance as counted while the fabric
is held under zero tension, and is free of folds and wrinkles. D3775
count, n—in knitted fabrics, the number (counted units) of wale loops and course loops per 25 mm (1 in.). D3787
course, n—in knitted fabrics, a row of successive loops in the width direction of the fabric. D2594D2594/D2594M
crack mark, n—in bonded, fused, or laminated fabrics, a sharp break or crease in the surface contour of either the face fabric
or the backing fabric that becomes evident when the bonded, fused, or laminated composite is rolled, bent, draped, or folded.
[D13.54] D2724
crease retention, n—that property of a fabric which enables it to maintain an inserted crease. D4850
critical defect, n—a serious defect that judgment and experience indicate is likely to prevent the usability or proper performance
of a product from its intended purpose. D5430
cross-machine direction, CD, n—the direction in the plane of the fabric perpendicular to the direction of manufacture.
DISCUSSION—
This term is used to refer to the direction analogous to coursewise or filling direction in knitted or woven fabrics, respectively. [D13.59, D13.60]
D737, D1388, D1424, D1777, D2261
cut, n—as applied to woven fabric, a length approximately 60 yard in the greige. D4850
cut strip test, n—in fabric testing, a strip test in which the specimen is cut to the specified testing width. D5035
cycle, n—16 movements required for the completion of one Lissajous figure on a Martindale tester. [D13.60] D4970D4970/
D4970M
D4850 − 23
cycle, n—in the Martindale tester, the sixteen movements required to complete one Lissajous figure. [D13.60] D4966
defect, n—in inspection and grading, the departure or non-conformance of some characteristic from its intended level or state.
DISCUSSION—
In inspection and grading the characteristic is usually a visual one. However, defects such as heat damage or poorly finished textiles grading by hand
may be required. D5430
denim, n—a durable woven twill fabric, usually of all cotton or a blend of cotton and manufactured fibers, made from a variety
of yarn numbers, and in various fabric weights, colors, designs, and finishes. D4850
dimensional change, n—a generic term for changes in length, width, or thickness of a specimen subjected to specified
conditions.
DISCUSSION—
Dimensional change is usually expressed as a percent of the original dimension of the specimen. When a dimension increases it is often referred to
as growth. When a dimension decreases it is often referred to as shrinkage. D4850
dimensional stability, n—the ability of a material to retain its length and width dimensions under specified conditions.
DISCUSSION—
The dimensions are length and width and the specified conditions are those of cycled humidity and temperature. D6207
direction of slippage, n—at the seam, the line of movement parallel to either the filling or the warp on a woven fabric in which
minimum force is required to produce yarn slippage.
DISCUSSION—
The fabric may be pulled in both directions in many cases. D4034D4034/D4034M
distortion, n—in fabrics, a general term for a visible defect in the texture of a fabric.
DISCUSSION—
For the purpose of Test Methods D3939D3939/D3939M and D5362, snags are composed of different combinations of protrusions and distortions. A
distortion is characterized by a group of fibers, yarn, or a yarn segment that is displaced from its normal pattern so that there is a visible change in
the texture of the fabric; however, the displaced group of fibers, yarn, or yarn segment does not extend above the fabric surface. Distortions include
conditions where (1) tension on a snagged yarn has changed the size of some loops within a knitted fabric and the result is a pucker on the surface
of the fabric, and (2) tension on a snagged yarn has caused a yarn to break off within a woven fabric and the result is a change in the texture where
the yarn used to be. D3939D3939/D3939M, D5362
double bow, n—two fabric bows, arcing in the same direction, as in a flattened M or W depending on the viewing angle.
(Compare double reverse bow and double bow.)
DISCUSSION—
In tubular knits, there may be defferentail bowing between the top and the bottom of the tube. D3882, D3990
double hooked bow, n—one hooked bow at each side of the fabric that arc in opposite directions. (See also hooked bow.)
D3882, D3990
double reverse bow, n—two fabric bows arcing in opposite directions. (See also bow. Compare double bow.) D3882
double-rub, n—in oscillatory cylinder abrasion testing, one forward and one backward motion required to complete one cycle.
[D13.60] D4157
double-stroke, n—in flex and abrasion testing, an abrasion cycle that consists of one forward and one backward motion. D3885
duck, n—a compact, firm, heavy, plain-weave cotton fabric, mass per square yard 6 to 50 oz. (See also flat duck, and plied yarn
duck.) D4850
D4850 − 23
durable-press, adj—having the ability to retain substantially the initial shape, flat seams, pressed-in creases, and unwrinkled
appearance during use and after laundering or drycleaning. (See wash and wear.)
DISCUSSION—
The use of the term permanent-press,adj, as a substitute for durable-press is not recommended. D4850
elastic fabric, n—a fabric made from an elastomer either alone or in combination with other textiles.
DISCUSSION—
At room temperature an elastic fabric will stretch under tension and will return quickly and forcibly to substantially its original dimensions and shape
when tension is removed.
Elastic fabrics may be manufactured by weaving, braiding, knitting, or other processes. D1775, D4850, D4964
elastic tape, n—a tape containing rubber or other elastomers to permit rubber-like stretch in at least one direction. D4850
elastic webbing, n—a webbing containing rubber or other elastomers to permit rubber-like stretch in at least one direction.
D4850
elongation, n—the ratio of the extension of a material to the length of the material prior to stretching, expressed as a percent.
[D13.60] D4848, D4964, D5034, D5035
elongation, n—the ratio of the extension of a material to the length of the material prior to stretching. (Compare extension.)
[D13.59] D4848, D5278D5278/D5278M
end, n—in woven fabric, an individual warp yarn (single or ply) or cord. D3775
end count, n—in woven fabric, the number of individual warp yarns per inch of fabric regardless of whether they are comprised
of single or plied components D3775
extension, n—the change in length of a material due to stretching. [D13.59, D13.60] D4848, D4964, D5034
extension-recovery cycle, n—in tension testing, the continuous extension of a specimen, with a momentary hold at a specified
extension, followed by a controlled rate of return to zero extension. [D13.59] D4848, D4964
fabric, n—in textiles, a planar structure consisting of yarns or fibers. D737, D1388, D1424, D3787, D4850, D5587, D6797
fabric growth, n—in stretch testing, the increase in the original dimension of a specimen after the application of a specified force
for a prescribed time and subsequent removal of the force. (Compare fabric stretch.)
DISCUSSION—
Fabric growth is usually expressed as a percentage of the specimen prior to application of force (see also permanent deformation).
fabric roof-system, n—a system of coated fabric or laminated fabric along with support cables, edge ropes, clamps, neoprene,
roof drains, arch wear strips, and anchor bolts that constitutes the outside top covering of a building. D4851
fabric stretch, n—the increase in the dimension of a specimen of fabric resulting from a force applied under specified
conditions. (Compare elongation,extension,fabric growth.)
DISCUSSION—
The difference is usually expressed as a percentage of the initial dimension of the specimen.
fatiguing force, n—in testing sewn seams, the force that is repeatedly applied to a test specimen. D4033
filler, n—in testing sewn seams, nonfibrous material, such as insoluble clays or gypsum, together with starches, gums, and so
D4850 − 23
forth, added to a fabric to increase its weight or to modify the appearance or handle of the fabric. (Syn. back-sizing.) (Compare
sizing.) D4850
filling, n—in woven fabric, an individual yarn running from selvage to selvage at right angles to the warp in a woven fabric.
D3775
filling elongation and tension, n—stretch or tension measured at right angles to the warp direction of the fabric. D1775
filling-faced twill, n—a weave in which filling yarns float over warp yarns, to produce a diagonal effect in the resulting fabric.
(See also twill weave and warp faced twill.) D4850
filling tests, n—in fabric testing, tests in which the filling yarns are torn. D1424
filling-to-filling seam, n—a sewn seam in which the yarns in the filling direction on both sides of the sewn seam are
perpendicular to the seam. D4033
finished fabric weight, n—mass per unit area expressed in grams per square metre (ounces per square yard), grams per linear
metre (ounces per linear yard), or inversely as metres per kilogram (linear yards per pound), or square metres per kilogram
(square yards per pound). D3887
finished yield, n—in knitted fabrics, the number of finished square metres per kilogram (square yards per pound) of finished
fabric. D3887
flagging, n—in sewn seams, a mode of failure evidenced by slippage of one or more yarns entirely out of the original seam.
D4033
flat duck, n—duck fabric having the warp of two single yarns woven as one and either single or plied filling yarn. (See also
duck.) D4850
flexibility, n—that property of a material to endure repeated flexing, bending, or bowing without rupture. D3885, D4850
flexural rigidity, n—general—resistance to bending; specific—work per unit width which is required to bend a fabric to unit
radius of curvature. D1388
float, n—in woven fabrics, that portion of a warp or filling yarn that extends unbound over two or more warp or filling yarns;
in knitted fabrics, that portion of a yarn that is not knitted into loops.
DISCUSSION—
If intentionally introduced, floats are a constructional characteristic of knit or woven fabrics. If unintentionally present, they are considered to be
defects. D4850
foam tear, n—a condition wherein the foam portion of a laminated fabric ruptures prior to the failure of the bond. D2724
force, n—a physical influence exerted by one body on another which produces acceleration of bodies that are free to move and
deformation of bodies that are not free to move. [D13.59] D4848, D4964
force-recovery cycle, n—in elastic fabric testing, a continuous curve or plot of force versus elongation (with movement stopped
momentarily at point of reversal) describing the elongation and recovery of an elastic fabric; also known as the loading and
unloading cycle. D1775
D4850 − 23
fused fabric, n—a type of bonded fabric made by adhering a fusible fabric to another fabric, such as for use in an interlining.
D2724
fusible fabric, n—a utilitarian fabric which has a thermoplastic adhesive applied to one side, sometimes in a pattern of dots, so
that the surface can be bonded to another fabric surface by the use of heat and pressure. D2724
fuzz, n—tangled fiber ends that protrude from the surface of a yarn or fabric. [ D13.60] D3511D3511/D3511M, D3512D3512/
D3512M, D4970D4970/D4970M
gage, n—in knitted fabrics, a measure of fineness expressing the number of needles per unit of width (across the wales). D4850
gage, n—in full-fashioned hosiery, a measure of fineness expressing the number of needles per 38 m (1.5 in.) on the needle bar.
D4850
gage, n—in warp knitting, for simplex, tricot, milanese, number of needles per English inch; for raschel, kayloom, twice the
number of needles per English inch. D4850
gaiting, n—in warp knitting, the setting of a guide bar one or more needle spaces to the right or left in order to increase the
pattern possibilities. D4850
grab test, n—in fabric testing, a tensile test in which the central part of the width of the specimen is gripped in the clamps.
DISCUSSION—
For example, if the specimen width is 100 mm (4.0 in.) and the width of the jaw faces 25 mm (1.0 in.), the specimen is gripped in the clamp with
approximately 37.5 mm (1.5 in.) of fabric protruding from each side of the jaws. D4850, D5034
grade, n—in warp knitting, a term used to indicate the defect index evaluation of fabric determined by the number of defects
per unit, for example per pound, per linear yard, or per square yard. D4350, D4850
grade, v—to assign a numerical value based on number, size, and severity of defects seen during a visual inspection. D5430
hooked bow, n—a fabric condition in which the filling yarns or knitted courses are in the proper position for most of the fabric
width but are pulled out of alignment at one side of the fabric. (See also double hooked bow.) D3882
impregnated fabric, n—a fabric in which the interstices between the yarns are completely filled with the impregnating
compound throughout the thickness of the fabric, as distinguished from sized or coated fabrics, where these interstices are not
completely filled.
DISCUSSION—
A fabric woven from impregnated yarns, but not impregnated after weaving, is not an impregnated fabric. D4850
inspection, n—the process of measuring, examining, testing, gaging, or otherwise comparing a characteristic or property of a
material with applicable requirements. In this case only by visual examination. D5430
interlining, n—any textile which is intended for incorporation into an article of wearing apparel as a layer between an outer shell
and inner lining. D2724
jacket, n—a textile, woven or felted into tubular or sleeve form, ready for covering and shrinking on a machine roll. D4850
knitted fabric, n—a structure produced by interlooping one or more ends of yarn or comparable material. D3786D3786/
D3786M, D3787, D3789, D3882, D3887, D4850, D5378
D4850 − 23
laid fabric, n—a fabric made without filling yarn, the parallel warp yarns being held together by means of rubber latex or other
binding material. D4850
laminated fabric, n—a layered fabric structure wherein a face or outer fabric is joined to a continuous sheet material, such as
polyurethane foam, in such a way that the
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